1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 糙米来源Table 1 Sources of brown rice |
| 样品编号Sample numbers | 来源Source | 样品编号Sample numbers | 来源Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 湖南岳阳 | 6 | 湖南吉首 | |
| 2 | 安徽广德 | 7 | 湖南永州 | |
| 3 | 湖北枝江 | 8 | 江西景德镇 | |
| 4 | 广西柳州 | 9 | 贵州黔南州 | |
| 5 | 河南驻马店 | 10 | 湖南长沙 |
1.2 试验设计
表2 基础饲粮和糙米饲粮组成(风干基础)Table 2 Composition of basal diet and brown rice diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 糙米饲粮Brown rice diet | 基础饲粮Basal diet |
|---|---|---|
| 玉米Corn | 41.28 | 70.10 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 16.02 | 27.20 |
| 糙米Brown rice | 40.00 | |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 石粉Limestone | 0.90 | 0.90 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 维生素及矿物质预混料Vitamin and mineral premix | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
维生素及矿物质预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The vitamin and mineral premix provided the following per kg of diets: VA 4 200 IU,VD3 400 IU,VE 36 IU,VK3 1.2 mg,VB12 23 μg,VB2 5.63 mg,VB5 20.5 mg,VB3 28 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1.00 g,叶酸 folic acid 0.8 mg,VB1 3.4 mg,VB6 2.7 mg,VH 0.18 mg,Mn (MnSO4) 40.0 mg,Fe (FeSO4) 70.0 mg,Zn (ZnSO4) 70.0 mg,Cu (CuSO4) 70.0 mg,I (KI) 0.3 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.3 mg。 |
1.3 饲养管理与样品采集
1.4 指标测定
1.4.1 理化特性分析
1.4.2 有效能测定
1.5 统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 糙米的理化特性
表3 糙米的理化性质(风干基础)Table 3 Physicochemical characteristics of brown rice (air-dry basis) |
| 样品 编号 Sample numbers | 总能 GE/ (MJ/ kg) | 干物质 DM/% | 粗蛋 白质 CP/% | 粗灰分 Ash/% | 粗脂肪 EE/% | 钙 Ca/% | 总磷 TP/% | 粗纤维 CF/% | 中性洗 涤纤维 NDF/ % | 酸性洗 涤纤维 ADF/ % | 总淀粉 TS/% | 抗性 淀粉 RS/% | 容重 Volume- weight/ (kg/L) | 千粒重 1 000 grain weight/ (g/ 千粒) | 千粒 容积 1 000 grain volume/ (mL/ 千粒) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15.90 | 88.40 | 6.63 | 1.22 | 2.62 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.85 | 4.46 | 1.71 | 69.38 | 20.68 | 0.77 | 18.30 | 22.6 |
| 2 | 15.18 | 87.22 | 6.30 | 1.09 | 2.41 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.82 | 4.00 | 1.87 | 69.01 | 11.17 | 0.73 | 21.39 | 26.0 |
| 3 | 15.15 | 86.82 | 5.34 | 1.05 | 1.10 | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.60 | 4.49 | 1.46 | 75.01 | 6.65 | 0.76 | 21.04 | 27.0 |
| 4 | 15.95 | 87.75 | 8.39 | 1.00 | 2.08 | 0.01 | 0.17 | 1.26 | 5.00 | 1.09 | 58.36 | 18.09 | 0.75 | 14.59 | 19.9 |
| 5 | 15.37 | 87.11 | 8.05 | 1.29 | 1.50 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 1.19 | 4.22 | 1.76 | 56.76 | 15.97 | 0.76 | 18.77 | 24.7 |
| 6 | 15.64 | 87.99 | 5.90 | 1.14 | 1.65 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.90 | 5.09 | 2.08 | 69.00 | 17.54 | 0.77 | 24.41 | 32.0 |
| 7 | 15.71 | 87.52 | 6.37 | 0.95 | 1.32 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.98 | 7.21 | 1.04 | 66.22 | 20.37 | 0.76 | 19.71 | 25.9 |
| 8 | 15.28 | 87.26 | 7.11 | 1.13 | 2.77 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 1.53 | 9.58 | 2.49 | 76.38 | 16.69 | 0.78 | 20.20 | 24.5 |
| 9 | 15.07 | 86.40 | 6.64 | 0.87 | 1.64 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.85 | 4.17 | 1.82 | 72.77 | 4.70 | 0.77 | 25.82 | 22.1 |
| 10 | 14.98 | 87.42 | 6.55 | 0.87 | 2.59 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 2.17 | 0.74 | 77.94 | 1.08 | 0.75 | 21.02 | 27.5 |
| 平均值 Mean | 15.42 | 87.39 | 6.73 | 1.06 | 1.97 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.92 | 5.04 | 1.61 | 69.08 | 13.29 | 0.76 | 20.53 | 25.2 |
| 最大值 Max | 15.95 | 88.40 | 8.39 | 1.29 | 2.77 | 0.03 | 0.20 | 1.53 | 9.58 | 2.49 | 77.94 | 20.68 | 0.78 | 25.82 | 32.0 |
| 最小值 Min | 14.98 | 86.40 | 5.34 | 0.87 | 1.10 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 2.17 | 0.74 | 56.76 | 1.08 | 0.73 | 14.59 | 19.9 |
| 变异 系数 CV/% | 2.28 | 0.66 | 13.68 | 13.41 | 30.63 | 34.76 | 11.39 | 39.90 | 40.05 | 32.85 | 10.30 | 52.36 | 1.73 | 15.27 | 13.3 |
2.2 糙米饲粮的化学组成
表4 糙米饲粮的化学组成(风干基础)Table 4 Chemical composition of brown rice diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 样品编号 Sample numbers | 总能 GE/(MJ/kg) | 干物质 DM | 粗蛋白质 CP | 粗灰分 Ash | 粗脂肪 EE | 粗纤维 CF | 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15.21 | 88.21 | 3.01 | 4.15 | 1.96 | 2.59 | 11.03 | 3.53 |
| 2 | 15.16 | 88.40 | 2.59 | 4.54 | 1.92 | 2.83 | 11.33 | 3.94 |
| 3 | 14.92 | 87.69 | 3.31 | 4.52 | 3.28 | 2.79 | 11.52 | 3.48 |
| 4 | 15.56 | 88.90 | 4.24 | 4.37 | 3.57 | 2.42 | 9.78 | 3.16 |
| 5 | 15.23 | 87.60 | 4.60 | 4.45 | 1.62 | 2.83 | 11.19 | 4.18 |
| 6 | 15.16 | 87.94 | 4.35 | 4.36 | 2.65 | 3.29 | 11.80 | 4.44 |
| 7 | 15.19 | 88.59 | 4.96 | 4.82 | 3.61 | 2.63 | 11.59 | 4.20 |
| 8 | 14.43 | 87.74 | 2.80 | 4.47 | 2.41 | 3.10 | 11.64 | 4.45 |
| 9 | 15.11 | 87.26 | 3.07 | 4.54 | 2.16 | 3.99 | 11.59 | 4.14 |
| 10 | 14.99 | 88.03 | 2.80 | 4.69 | 3.50 | 1.89 | 11.37 | 4.19 |
| 平均值Mean | 15.09 | 88.04 | 3.57 | 4.49 | 2.67 | 2.84 | 11.28 | 3.97 |
| 最大值Max | 15.56 | 88.90 | 4.96 | 4.82 | 3.61 | 3.99 | 11.80 | 4.45 |
| 最小值Min | 14.43 | 87.26 | 2.59 | 4.15 | 1.62 | 1.89 | 9.78 | 3.16 |
| 变异系数CV/% | 1.91 | 0.57 | 24.39 | 4.12 | 28.62 | 19.63 | 5.11 | 10.96 |
2.3 糙米对生长育肥猪的DE和ME
表5 生长育肥猪糙米的平均DE和ME(风干基础)Table 5 Average DE and ME for brown rice fed to growing-finishing pigs (air-dry basis) |
| 样品编号 Sample numbers | 消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) | 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 代谢能/消化能 ME/DE/% | 总能的表观全肠道消化率 ATTD of GE/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15.34 | 15.12 | 98.58 | 95.18 |
| 2 | 14.75 | 14.39 | 97.55 | 93.94 |
| 3 | 14.29 | 13.33 | 93.24 | 94.21 |
| 4 | 15.47 | 15.17 | 98.04 | 93.40 |
| 5 | 14.63 | 14.46 | 98.88 | 93.16 |
| 6 | 13.61 | 13.46 | 98.88 | 91.57 |
| 7 | 14.47 | 13.94 | 96.30 | 93.63 |
| 8 | 12.45 | 12.37 | 99.36 | 92.96 |
| 9 | 13.95 | 13.28 | 95.28 | 92.73 |
| 10 | 13.18 | 12.77 | 96.82 | 91.45 |
| 平均值Mean | 14.22 | 13.83 | 97.29 | 93.22 |
| 最大值Max | 15.47 | 15.17 | 99.36 | 95.18 |
| 最小值Min | 12.45 | 12.37 | 93.24 | 91.45 |
| 变异系数CV/% | 6.63 | 6.88 | 1.98 | 1.22 |
2.4 相关性分析
表6 糙米理化特性与DE、ME的相关性分析(风干基础)Table 6 Correlation analysis between DE, ME and physicochemical characteristics of brown rice (air-dry basis) |
| 项目 Items | 消化能 DE | 代谢能 ME | 总能 GE | 干物质 DM | 粗蛋 白质 CP | 粗脂肪 EE | 粗灰分 Ash | 粗纤维 CF | 中性洗 涤纤维 NDF | 酸性洗 涤纤维 ADF | 钙 Ca | 总磷 TP | 总淀粉 TS | 抗性 淀粉 RS | 容重 Volume- weight | 千粒重 1 000 grain weight |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 代谢能ME | 0.959** | |||||||||||||||
| 总能GE | 0.597 | 0.704* | ||||||||||||||
| 干物质DM | 0.302 | 0.468 | 0.773** | |||||||||||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 0.273 | 0.423 | 0.351 | 0.101 | ||||||||||||
| 粗脂肪EE | -0.214 | -0.044 | -0.007 | 0.391 | 0.248 | |||||||||||
| 粗灰分Ash | 0.220 | 0.377 | 0.349 | 0.390 | 0.206 | 0.076 | ||||||||||
| 粗纤维CF | -0.069 | 0.105 | 0.496 | 0.227 | 0.397 | -0.020 | 0.507 | |||||||||
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | -0.346 | -0.261 | 0.265 | 0.059 | 0.097 | 0.067 | 0.191 | 0.703* | ||||||||
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | -0.332 | -0.214 | -0.081 | -0.083 | -0.067 | 0.174 | 0.564 | 0.650* | 0.494 | |||||||
| 钙Ca | -0.238 | -0.045 | 0.319 | 0.495 | -0.009 | 0.091 | 0.686* | 0.627 | 0.252 | 0.621 | ||||||
| 总磷TP | 0.576 | 0.626 | 0.569 | 0.667* | -0.124 | 0.116 | 0.454 | -0.012 | 0.046 | -0.114 | 0.090 | |||||
| 总淀粉TS | -0.688* | -0.774** | -0.607 | -0.224 | -0.685* | 0.301 | -0.418 | -0.438 | 0.042 | 0.116 | -0.108 | -0.287 | ||||
| 抗性淀粉RS | 0.372 | 0.532 | 0.869** | 0.662* | 0.331 | 0.025 | 0.596 | 0.727* | 0.575 | 0.268 | 0.496 | 0.608 | -0.577 | |||
| 容重 Volume-weight | -0.425 | -0.373 | 0.156 | 0.066 | -0.038 | -0.059 | 0.195 | 0.447 | 0.533 | 0.468 | 0.556 | -0.314 | 0.227 | 0.267 | ||
| 千粒重 1 000 grain weight | -0.530 | -0.604 | -0.594 | -0.451 | -0.641* | -0.221 | -0.278 | -0.132 | -0.128 | 0.364 | 0.174 | -0.458 | 0.554 | -0.493 | 0.229 | |
| 千粒容积 1 000 grain volume | -0.474 | -0.467 | -0.269 | 0.107 | -0.660* | -0.220 | 0.085 | -0.053 | -0.081 | 0.118 | 0.455 | 0.054 | 0.345 | -0.141 | 0.007 | 0.535 |
表中数据为相关系数。数据右上角标注“**”表示相关性极显著(P<0.01),标注“*”表示相关性显著(P<0.05)。 | |
The data in the table are correlation coefficients. “**” marked on the top right corner of the data indicates extremely significant correlation (P<0.01), and “*” marked on the top right corner of the data indicates significant correlation (P<0.05). |
2.5 基于糙米的有效化学成分含量构建其生长育肥猪有效能值预测模型
表7 基于糙米有效化学成分含量对DE与ME的预测方程(风干基础)Table 7 Prediction equations for DE and ME based on effective chemical component contents of brown rice (air-dry basis) |
| 项目 Items | 预测方程 Prediction equations | 相对标准偏差 RSD/% | 决定系数 R2 | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE | DE=23.392-0.118TS-1.073CF | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.11 |
| DE | DE=0.721-0.086TS-1.409CF+1.347GE | 0.53 | 0.79 | 0.09 |
| DE | DE=-6.878-0.110TS-2.734CF+1.925GE+1.037ADF | 0.42 | 0.89 | 0.09 |
| DE | DE=-13.149-0.104TS-2.603CF+2.309GE+1.426ADF-53.251Ca | 0.27 | 0.96 | <0.05 |
| ME | ME=0.085+0.967DE | 0.29 | 0.92 | <0.01 |
| ME | ME=-0.970+1.014DE+26.100Ca | 0.23 | 0.96 | 0.05 |
| ME | ME=0.802+0.890DE+0.028RS | 0.17 | 0.96 | 0.05 |
| ME | ME=-1.930+1.047DE+25.174Ca+0.255EE | 0.05 | 0.98 | <0.05 |
| ME | ME=33.449+0.711DE+0.048RS+0.204EE-0.176NDF-0.350DM | 0.04 | 0.99 | <0.05 |
| ME | ME=2.194+0.894DE+16.815Ca+0.312EE-0.028TS | 0.03 | 0.99 | <0.01 |
2.6 基于已有数据库参数验证糙米生长育肥猪有效能值的预测模型
表8 基于已有数据库参数验证糙米对猪有效能值的预测方程Table 8 Verification of prediction equations of effective energy values of brown rice for pigs based on existing database |
| 预测方程 Prediction equations | 数据库Databases | |
|---|---|---|
| 《中国猪营养需要》(2020) Nutrient Requirements of Swine in China (2020)[12] | INRA(2004)[13] | |
| DE=-13.149-0.104TS-2.603CF+2.309GE+ 1.426ADF-53.251Ca | 12.52(11.53) | 15.4(13.17) |
| ME=2.194+0.894DE+16.815Ca+0.312EE-0.028TS | 11.80(12.68) | 15.0(14.72) |
表中括号外数据为数据库中的有效能值(风干状态),括号内数据为数据库中营养指标(风干状态)带入预测方程后计算出的有效能值。 | |
The data outside the parentheses in the table are the effective energy values (air-dry basis) in the databases, while the data inside the parentheses are the effective energy values calculated after the nutritional indicators (air-dry basis) in the databases are brought into the prediction equation. |
