1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Corn | 56.76 | ||
| 豆粕Soybean meal (43%) | 27.00 | ||
| 玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal (60%) | 3.00 | ||
| 花生粕Peanut meal (50%) | 3.00 | ||
| 玉米酒精糟Corn alcohol dregs | 2.80 | ||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 | ||
| 石粉Limestone | 1.25 | ||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.58 | ||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 2.70 | ||
| 微量元素预混料Trace element premix1) | 0.20 | ||
| 维生素预混料Vitamin premix2) | 0.04 | ||
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride (50%) | 0.12 | ||
| 固体蛋氨酸Solid Met | 0.32 | ||
| 赖氨酸Lys (70%) | 0.74 | ||
| 苏氨酸Thr (98.5%) | 0.17 | ||
| 植酸酶Phytase (20 000 U/g) | 0.02 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels3) | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 21.00 | ||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.33 | ||
| 钙Ca | 1.00 | ||
| 有效磷AP | 0.48 | ||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.20 | ||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.65 | ||
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.88 | ||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.78 | ||
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.19 |
1)微量元素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Trace element premix provides the following per kg of the diet:Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 40 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 4 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 30 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 40 mg。 2)维生素预混料为每千克饲料提供Vitamin premix provides the following per kg of the diet:VA 25 000 IU,VD3 5 000 IU,VE 50 IU,VB2 18 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 175 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 50 mg,VB12 0.05 mg,生物素 biotin 0.75 mg。 3)营养水平均为计算值。Nutrient levels are all calculated values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集
1.5 检测指标及方法
1.5.1 血清生化指标的测定
1.5.2 血清和空肠免疫指标的测定
1.5.3 空肠免疫相关基因表达的检测
表2 去除基因组DNA反应体系Table 2 Reaction system for removing genomic DNA |
| 试剂Reagents | 用量Volume |
|---|---|
| 5×gDNA Eraser Buffer | 2 μL |
| gDNA Eraser | 1 μL |
| 总RNA Total RNA | 1 μg |
| 无RNA酶水RNase-free water | 补足至10 μL |
表3 反转录体系Table 3 Reaction system for reverse transcription |
| 试剂Reagents | 用量Volume/μL |
|---|---|
| 上一步的反应液 Reaction liquid from previous step | 10 |
| Prime Script mix | 4 |
| 无RNA酶水RNase-free water | 6 |
| 合计Total | 20 |
表4 PCR反应体系Table 4 Reaction system of PCR |
| 试剂Reagents | 体积Volume/μL |
|---|---|
| SYBR® Green Pro Taq HS Premix(Rox Plus)(2×) | 10.0 |
| PCR上游引物PCR Foward Primer | 0.8 |
| PCR下游引物PCR Reverse Primer | 0.8 |
| cDNA | 2.0 |
| 无RNA酶水RNase-free water | 6.4 |
| 合计Total | 20.0 |
表5 PCR引物序列Table 5 Primer sequences for PCR |
| 基因 Genes | 登录号 Accession number | 引物序列 Primer sequences (5'—3') | 产物长度 Product size/bp |
|---|---|---|---|
| β-肌动蛋白β-actin | NM_205518.1 | F:ATGTGGATCAGCAAGCAGGAGTA R:TTTATGCGCATTTATGGGTTTTGT | 113 |
| 白细胞介素-1 IL-1 | NM_204524.1 | F:GGTCAACATCGCCACCTACA R:CATACGAGATGCAAACCAGCAA | 86 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6 | NM_204628.1 | F:CCTTTCAGACCTACCTGGAATT R:ACTTCATCGGGATTTATCACCA | 130 |
| 肿瘤坏死因-α TNF-α | NM_204267.1 | F:TGTGTATGTGCAGCAACCCGTAGT R:GGCATTGCAATTTGGACAGAAGT | 229 |
1.6 数据统计与分析
2 结果
2.1 GMC对肉仔鸡血清生化指标的影响
表6 GMC对肉仔鸡血清生化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of GMC on serum biochemical indexes of broilers mmol/mL |
| 项目 Items | GMC添加水平GMC supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 300 | 600 | 900 | 1 200 | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 7日龄7 days of age | ||||||||
| 葡萄糖GLU | 13.54±0.30 | 11.87±0.42 | 13.14±0.39 | 12.96±0.48 | 12.86±0.28 | 0.837 | 0.566 | |
| 甘油三酯TG | 0.98±0.14 | 0.94±0.18 | 1.11±0.09 | 0.89±0.10 | 1.02±0.14 | 0.958 | 0.989 | |
| 总胆固醇TC | 3.54±0.24 | 3.60±0.28 | 3.62±0.23 | 3.24±0.22 | 3.31±0.22 | 0.274 | 0.509 | |
| 14日龄14 days of age | ||||||||
| 葡萄糖GLU | 13.68±0.26a | 11.53±0.32c | 12.98±0.69ab | 11.91±0.44bc | 13.42±0.12a | 0.806 | 0.055 | |
| 甘油三酯TG | 0.69±0.09ab | 0.39±0.01b | 0.60±0.13b | 0.57±0.06b | 0.94±0.16a | 0.112 | 0.008 | |
| 总胆固醇TC | 3.46±0.35ab | 2.22±0.12c | 2.82±0.17bc | 3.08±0.41b | 4.10±0.22a | 0.103 | 0.001 | |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 GMC对肉仔鸡血清免疫指标的影响
表7 GMC对肉仔鸡血清免疫指标的影响Table 7 Effects of GMC on serum immune indexes of broilers pg/mL |
| 项目 Items | GMC添加水平GMC supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值P-value | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 300 | 600 | 900 | 1 200 | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||||||||
| 7日龄7 days of age | ||||||||||||||||
| 白细胞介素-1 IL-1 | 595.00 ±11.46a | 561.66 ±4.53b | 547.85 ±5.85bc | 546.19 ±9.53bc | 532.38 ±9.76c | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6 | 32.92 ±0.52a | 30.26 ±0.79bc | 29.53 ±0.21c | 31.55 ±0.76ab | 29.25 ±0.50c | 0.013 | 0.021 | |||||||||
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | 80.73 ±1.24a | 75.07 ±1.06ab | 70.44 ±2.12b | 75.44 ±2.38ab | 70.65 ±2.54b | 0.007 | 0.010 | |||||||||
| 14日龄14 days of age | ||||||||||||||||
| 白细胞介素-1 IL-1 | 568.57 ±8.82d | 568.57 ±4.90d | 675.71 ±7.67b | 621.14 ±6.21c | 768.09 ±2.65a | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6 | 31.00 ±0.48c | 31.10 ±0.56c | 34.30 ±0.38b | 37.84 ±1.28a | 33.63 ±0.80b | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||||||||
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | 75.69 ±2.55c | 76.36 ±1.90bc | 80.90 ±3.88bc | 86.03 ±4.40ab | 90.95 ±2.14a | <0.001 | 0.002 | |||||||||
2.3 GMC对肉仔鸡空肠免疫指标的影响
表8 GMC对肉仔鸡空肠免疫指标的影响Table 8 Effects of GMC on jejunal immune indexes of broilers |
| 项目 Items | GMC添加水平GMC supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 300 | 600 | 900 | 1 200 | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 7日龄7 days of age | ||||||||
| 白细胞介素-1 IL-1/(pg/mg prot) | 156.59 ±6.63b | 160.07 ±4.21ab | 163.90 ±3.82ab | 171.94 ±2.73a | 164.35 ±4.06ab | 0.063 | 0.103 | |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mg prot) | 8.38 ±0.57ab | 7.15 ±0.41b | 8.17 ±0.32ab | 7.08 ±0.15b | 9.37 ±0.51a | 0.260 | 0.018 | |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mg prot) | 20.79 ±0.35 | 20.73 ±0.42 | 20.96 ±0.37 | 20.06 ±0.17 | 21.73 ±0.33 | 0.332 | 0.176 | |
| 分泌型免疫球蛋白A sIgA/(ng/mg prot) | 575.85 ±33.42 | 629.24 ±57.93 | 601.53 ±41.58 | 568.73 ±39.60 | 576.82 ±38.67 | 0.448 | 0.464 | |
| 14日龄14 days of age | ||||||||
| 白细胞介素-1 IL-1/(pg/mg prot) | 162.19 ±6.21a | 160.86 ±4.78ab | 144.50 ±4.10bc | 138.84 ±4.42c | 158.53 ±7.47ab | 0.156 | 0.028 | |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mg prot) | 7.43 ±0.12 | 8.23 ±0.27 | 6.61 ±0.06 | 7.49 ±0.16 | 7.27 ±0.15 | 0.212 | 0.423 | |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mg prot) | 21.03 ±0.39 | 23.38 ±0.46 | 19.80 ±0.28 | 22.24 ±0.46 | 20.13 ±0.38 | 0.171 | 0.201 | |
| 分泌型免疫球蛋白A sIgA/(ng/mg prot) | 539.12 ±8.33 | 547.85 ±6.88 | 542.73 ±10.28 | 551.28 ±7.74 | 588.05 ±7.95 | 0.671 | 0.892 | |
2.4 GMC对肉仔鸡空肠免疫相关基因表达的影响
表9 GMC对肉仔鸡空肠免疫相关基因表达的影响Table 9 Effects of GMC on expression of immune-related genes in jejunum of broilers |
| 项目 Items | GMC添加水平GMC supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 300 | 600 | 900 | 1 200 | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 7日龄7 days of age | ||||||||
| 白细胞介素-1 IL-1 | 1.00±0.18 | 1.28±0.07 | 0.63±0.26 | 0.96±0.06 | 0.71±0.01 | 0.199 | 0.453 | |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6 | 1.00±0.20 | 0.83±0.21 | 1.04±0.22 | 0.94±0.13 | 0.96±0.28 | 0.866 | 0.986 | |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | 1.00±0.11 | 0.94±0.07 | 1.06±0.21 | 0.77±0.11 | 1.05±0.17 | 0.990 | 0.944 | |
| 14日龄14 days of age | ||||||||
| 白细胞介素-1 IL-1 | 1.00±0.08a | 0.99±0.12a | 0.80±0.07a | 0.54±0.02b | 0.44±0.17b | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6 | 1.00±0.06a | 0.86±0.11c | 1.62±0.22a | 1.30±0.11ab | 1.35±0.05ab | 0.042 | 0.047 | |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | 1.00±0.18 | 0.86±0.20 | 1.07±0.08 | 0.88±0.20 | 0.66±0.07 | 0.210 | 0.304 | |
