Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 8: 5164 - 5181

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.478

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Zinc and Manganese on Laying Performance, Eggshell Quality and Bone Quality of Laying Ducks in Late Laying Period

  • JIN Yongyan , 1, 2 ,
  • TIAN Hefang 1 ,
  • CHEN Wei 1 ,
  • WANG Shuang 1 ,
  • XIA Weiguang 1 ,
  • JIN Chenglong 1 ,
  • HUANG Xuebing 1 ,
  • LI Kaichao 1 ,
  • WANG Shenglin 1 ,
  • LIU Wenchao 2 ,
  • ZHENG Chuntian 1 ,
  • ZHANG Ya’nan , 1, *
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  • 1 Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 2 College of Binhai Agricultural, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
*associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-02-09

  Online published: 2023-08-10

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary zinc and manganese on laying performance, eggshell quality and bone quality of laying ducks in late laying period. A 4×3 two-factor completely randomized trial design was used, in which zinc levels were 0, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg and manganese levels were 0, 20 and 40 mg/kg, respectively. A total of 864 healthy Longyan Shan-Ma ducks in late laying period (61 weeks of age) with similar laying rate were randomly divided into 12 groups with 6 replicates per group and 12 ducks per replicate. The control group was fed a corn-soybean meal type basal diet with 24 mg/kg zinc and 38 mg/kg manganese, and the experimental groups were supplemented with the corresponding levels of zinc and manganese in the basal diet. The pretrial period lasted for 2 weeks and the experimental period lasted for 16 weeks. The results showed as follows: 1) the average daily feed intake of laying ducks in weeks 9 to 12 and weeks 1 to 16 in 80 mg/kg zinc supplemental group was the lowest, and significantly lower than that in the other groups (P<0.05); the broken egg rate in weeks 1 to 4 was the lowest, which was significantly lower than that in 0 and 20 mg/kg zinc supplemental groups (P<0.05). Dietary zinc and manganese had significant interaction effects on laying rate in weeks 13 to 16 and weeks 1 to 16, average egg weight in weeks 1 to 4 and weeks 1 to 16, daily egg weight in weeks 13 to 16 and weeks 1 to 16, average daily feed intake in weeks 9 to 12 and weeks 13 to 16, and broken egg rate in weeks 1 to 4 (P<0.05). In weeks 1 to 16, the highest laying rate and daily egg weight were found in 80 mg/kg zinc+40 mg/kg manganese supplemental group, and the highest average egg weight was found in 20 mg/kg zinc+40 mg/kg manganese supplemental group. In weeks 1 to 4, the broken egg rate in 40 mg/kg zinc+20 mg/kg manganese supplemental group was the lowest. 2) Dietary zinc or manganese had no significant effects on eggshell quality indices of laying ducks (P>0.05); dietary zinc and manganese had significant interaction effects on eggshell strength at week 8, eggshell toughness at weeks 4 and 8, eggshell weight at week 8 and eggshell ratio at weeks 12 weeks (P<0.05). The eggshell quality in 40 mg/kg zinc+20 mg/kg manganese supplemental group was better. 3) Compared with no zinc supplemental group, the tibia circumference, femur circumference and fresh weight, humerus circumference and ulna density of laying ducks in 80 mg/kg zinc supplemental group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Dietary manganese had no significant effects on bone quality indices of laying ducks (P>0.05). Dietary zinc and manganese had significant interaction on ulna density of laying ducks (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary zinc and manganese can improve laying performance, improve eggshell quality and reduce broken egg rate of laying ducks in late laying period, but 80 mg/kg zinc can reduce bone quality. Under the premise of improving eggshell quality and reducing broken egg rate without affecting laying performance and bone quality, the dietary supplemental levels of zinc and manganese are 40 and 20 mg/kg for late laying ducks from 61 to 76 weeks of age, respectively.

Key words： zinc; manganese; laying ducks; late laying period; interaction

Cite this article

JIN Yongyan , TIAN Hefang , CHEN Wei , WANG Shuang , XIA Weiguang , JIN Chenglong , HUANG Xuebing , LI Kaichao , WANG Shenglin , LIU Wenchao , ZHENG Chuntian , ZHANG Ya’nan . Effects of Dietary Zinc and Manganese on Laying Performance, Eggshell Quality and Bone Quality of Laying Ducks in Late Laying Period[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(8) : 5164 -5181 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.478

一直以来,蛋壳质量是蛋禽行业关注的热点问题,尤其在产蛋后期,蛋壳品质下降尤为突出,蛋壳破损率约为高峰期的3倍[1];并且,笼养模式下,蛋禽常出现骨骼问题,尤其在产蛋后期,骨质疏松症的发生率增加[2-3],这些给蛋禽养殖业和蛋品加工业带来巨大的经济损失。研究发现,产蛋后期肠道和子宫组织等损伤[4-5],导致体内钙代谢降低,影响蛋壳超微结构形成和蛋壳品质[6]。而在蛋壳形成过程中,除肠道吸收的钙离子外,髓质骨作为动态钙库,也为蛋壳形成提供了20%~40%的钙离子[7]。因此,改善蛋禽骨骼质量和蛋壳品质是促进蛋禽业优质高效发展的重要措施。
微量元素锌和锰在蛋壳形成和骨骼矿化中发挥重要作用。前期研究表明,微量元素特别是锰和锌可改善蛋壳品质,尤其在产蛋后期效果显著[8-9]。锌作为碳酸酐酶的活性因子,饲粮添加锌可提高其在血浆和蛋壳腺内的活性而增加蛋壳厚度[10],改善蛋壳晶体结构,晶体黏合更加紧密、大小更加均匀[11-12]。锰作为半乳糖-β-1,3-葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶的辅助因子,可调控蛋壳腺内蛋白的糖基化和聚糖代谢,促进蛋壳乳突形成[13],改善蛋壳超微结构,提高蛋壳强度、韧性和弹性[14⇓-16]。此外,锌还可调节骨代谢降低骨质疏松的发生率[17]。锰是影响骨骼发育的重要微量元素,锰缺乏对软骨细胞发育造成负面影响,会促进软骨细胞的凋亡并抑制其增殖[18];饲粮添加锰会增加骨中锰和钙的沉积,提高骨密度和强度[19]。
本课题组近期研究发现,产蛋后期蛋鸭蛋壳力学特性的降低,主要是由于钙代谢降低导致蛋壳结构受损,尤其是乳突结构变异程度增加,蛋壳晶体致密性降低,导致强度和韧性等下降[20]。而饲粮添加锌可通过调控钙的代谢和沉积改善蛋壳的强度和韧性,并推荐产蛋后期蛋鸭饲粮中锌的适宜添加水平为80 mg/kg[一水合硫酸锌(ZnSO4·H2O),基础饲粮含锌34.0 mg/kg][6]。产蛋后期蛋鸭饲粮中添加锰可改善蛋鸭的骨骼性能,提高胫骨的长度、密度、矿物盐含量、鲜重及脱脂重;并建议蛋鸭饲粮中锰的适宜添加水平为40~80 mg/kg[一水合硫酸锰(MnSO4·H2O),基础饲粮含锰30.6 mg/kg][21]。然而,饲粮添加高水平的锰或锌会增加其在粪便中的排泄[21-22],影响生态健康。而微量元素之间存在一定的协同作用,可提高生物有效性,降低添加水平[23]。因此,本试验在前期获得锌和锰的适宜水平的基础上,研究饲粮同时添加锌和锰对产蛋后期蛋鸭产蛋性能、蛋壳品质和骨骼质量的影响,获得产蛋后期蛋鸭饲粮同时添加锌和锰的适宜水平,以期在改善蛋壳品质的同时,减少锌和锰环境排放量。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计与饲粮

采用4×3双因素完全随机试验设计,其中锌水平分别为0、20、40和80 mg/kg,锰水平分别为0、20和40 mg/kg。选取864只健康、产蛋率相近的产蛋后期(61周龄)龙岩山麻鸭,随机分为12个组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只鸭。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,参照《蛋鸭营养需要量》(GB/T 41189—2021)设计,其组成及营养水平见表1,其中锌含量24 mg/kg、锰含量38 mg/kg;各试验组在基础饲粮中额外添加锌(ZnSO4·H2O)和锰(MnSO4·H2O),具体添加水平见表2。预试期2周,正试期16周。预试期各组蛋鸭产蛋性能见表3。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

原料Ingredients 含量Content 营养水平Nutrient levels2) 含量Content
玉米Corn 55.00 表观代谢能AME/(MJ/kg) 10.46
豆粕Soybean meal 27.00 粗蛋白质CP 17.00
小麦麸Wheat bran 6.50 赖氨酸Lys 0.85
石粉Limestone 8.80 蛋氨酸Met 0.45
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.30 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.75
氯化钠NaCl 0.20 钙Ca 3.60
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.18 总磷TP 0.60
L-赖氨酸L-Lys 0.02 非植酸磷NPP 0.35
预混料Premix1) 1.00 锌Zn/(mg/kg) 24.0
合计Total 100.00 锰Mn/(mg/kg) 38.0

1)预混料为每千克基础饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the basal diet:VA 9 000 IU,VD3 2 000 IU,VE 40 IU,VK 0.8 mg,VB1 2.0 mg,VB2 4.0 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 600 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 11 mg,吡哆醇 pyridoxine 2.5 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 30 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.5 mg,Cu(as copper sulfate)40 mg,Fe(as ferrous sulfate)80 mg,I(as potassium iodide)0.3 mg,Se(as sodium selenite)0.5 mg。

2)锌和锰含量为实测值,其他营养水平均为计算值。Contents of Zn and Mn were measured values, while the other nutrient levels were calculated values.

表2 试验设计

Table 2 Experimental design mg/kg

组别
Groups		 锌添加水平
Zn supplemental
level		 锰添加水平
Mn supplemental
level
T1 0 0
T2 0 20
T3 0 40
T4 20 0
T5 20 20
T6 20 40
T7 40 0
T8 40 20
T9 40 40
T10 80 0
T11 80 20
T12 80 40
表3 产蛋后期蛋鸭预试期(59~60周龄)产蛋性能

Table 3 Laying performance of laying ducks in late laying period during pretrial period (59 to 60 weeks of age)

锌添加水平
Zn supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 锰添加水平
Mn supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 产蛋率
Laying rate/%		 平均蛋重
Average egg
weight/g		 日产蛋重
Daily egg weight/
[g/(只·d)]		 平均日采食量
ADFI/
[g/(只·d)]		 料蛋比
F/G		 破蛋率
Broken egg
rate/%
0 84.5 69.6 58.9 165 2.82 5.67
0 20 81.8 71.0 58.1 166 2.88 8.86
40 86.0 69.2 59.6 166 2.80 4.98
0 84.2 71.0 59.7 165 2.79 3.32
20 20 82.1 70.1 57.6 165 2.87 4.30
40 81.3 70.5 57.3 165 2.88 5.44
0 83.9 71.2 59.7 167 2.79 3.90
40 20 86.6 69.3 60.0 167 2.79 4.71
40 81.8 71.0 58.1 166 2.87 2.83
0 83.6 68.6 57.4 166 2.91 3.89
80 20 84.2 70.4 59.3 167 2.83 3.93
40 87.2 70.7 61.6 167 2.71 6.13
SEM 0.770 0.167 0.558 0.328 0.026 0.440
主效应平均值Means of main effects

锌添加水平		 0 84.1 70.2 58.9 165 2.83 6.50

Zn supplemental		 20 82.5 70.5 58.2 165 2.85 4.35

level/(mg/kg)		 40 84.1 70.5 59.3 166 2.82 3.82
80 85.0 70.3 59.4 166 2.82 4.65
锰添加水平 0 84.1 70.7 58.9 165 2.83 4.20
Mn supplemental 20 83.7 70.2 58.7 166 2.84 5.45
level/(mg/kg) 40 84.1 70.2 59.2 166 2.82 4.85

P值		 锌Zn 0.744 0.885 0.876 0.282 0.980 0.158
P-value 锰Mn 0.976 0.429 0.953 0.844 0.938 0.507
锌×锰Zn×Mn 0.659 0.080 0.710 0.987 0.734 0.479

同列数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same column, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

1.2 动物饲养与管理

试验开展时间为2021年5月—9月,试验场地位于广东省广州市增城区中新镇九和村武警基地。本试验充分考虑位置效应,采用3层阶梯式蛋鸭笼,以层为单位每层各组各设置2个重复,试验动物单笼单养。试验期间,每日08:30和15:30分别饲喂1次,采用乳头式饮水器供蛋鸭自由饮水。每日光照时长为16 h,相对湿度保持在60%~65%。

1.3 样本采集与指标测定

1.3.1 产蛋性能

以重复为单位,每天采集鸭蛋,记录产蛋数、蛋重、破蛋数以及采食量。以4周为1个阶段,计算每阶段各组产蛋率、平均蛋重、日产蛋重、平均日采食量、料蛋比和破蛋率,计算公式如下:
产蛋率(%)=100×总产蛋数/(蛋鸭只数×产蛋天数);
平均蛋重(g)=总蛋重/总蛋数;
日产蛋重[g/(只·d)]=总蛋重/蛋鸭只数/天数;
平均日采食量[g/(只·d)]=总采食量/蛋鸭只数/天数;
料蛋比=总采食量/总蛋重;
破蛋率(%)=100×总破蛋数/总蛋数。

1.3.2 蛋壳品质

每组每个重复取接近平均蛋重的3枚鸭蛋进行蛋品质指标测定,每4周测定1次。采用游标卡尺分别测量鸭蛋的长径和短径,以长经比短径计算蛋形指数;采用蛋壳强度仪(EFR-01)测定蛋壳强度;蛋壳冲洗晾干后,采用万分位电子分析天平(PWN124ZH/E)测定蛋壳重,并计算蛋壳比例;去除壳膜,用数显千分尺分别测定鸭蛋壳尖端、中部和钝端钙化层厚度,取平均值作为蛋壳厚度的数值;蛋壳韧性参考Mabe等[24]提出的计算方法。
蛋壳韧性=0.777×(2.388+2.993 4×6/R)×(F/T3/2)。
式中:F为蛋壳强度;T为蛋壳厚度;R为鸭蛋赤道半径。

1.3.3 骨骼质量

正试期第16周末,每个重复选取2只健康、产蛋正常的蛋鸭,屠宰分离左右2侧胫骨、股骨、肱骨、桡骨和尺骨,剔除肌肉等软组织待测。1)骨密度和骨矿物质含量:取1只蛋鸭右侧骨骼进行,采用双能X射线光吸收法(双能X线骨密度仪,DTX-200,Osteometer MediTech,美国)分析骨密度和骨矿物质含量。2)骨骼基本特性:取2只蛋鸭左侧骨骼,采用万分位电子分析天平(PWN124ZH/E)测定骨鲜重;采用游标卡尺测定骨长;使用棉线在骨骼中点位置缠绕3圈,采用直尺测定棉线长度除以3,得到骨管围。3)脱脂重:取基本特性测定完全的骨骼,高温蒸煮6 min,放置于105 ℃烘箱烘24 h脱水干燥,转用纯度为99.5%的乙醚浸泡96 h脱脂,再用105 ℃烘箱烘4 h,称重得到骨脱脂重。4)骨指数=100×骨鲜重/体重。

1.4 数据统计

利用SPSS 26.0中的双因素方差分析处理数据,统计模型中包含主效应分析和交互作用,主效应和交互作用有显著差异时对数据进行Duncan氏多重比较分析。P<0.05表示差异显著,各组试验数据以平均值和均值标准误表示。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲粮添加锌和锰对产蛋后期蛋鸭产蛋性能的影响

由表4可知,饲粮添加锌显著影响蛋鸭第9~12周和第1~16周平均日采食量以及第1~4周破蛋率(P<0.05)。其中,80 mg/kg锌添加组第9~12周和第1~16周平均日采食量最低,显著低于其他组(P<0.05);第1~4周破蛋率最低,显著低于0和20 mg/kg锌添加组(P<0.05)。饲粮添加锰显著影响蛋鸭第1~16周产蛋率和日产蛋重以及第9~12周平均日采食量(P<0.05)。其中,20 mg/kg锰添加组第1~16周产蛋率最高,显著高于其他组(P<0.05);第1~16周日产蛋重最高,显著高于未添加锰组(P<0.05)。40 mg/kg锰添加组第9~12周平均日采食量最低,显著低于其他组(P<0.05)。饲粮添加锌和锰对蛋鸭第13~16周和第1~16周产蛋率、第1~4周和第1~16周平均蛋重、第13~16周和第1~16周日产蛋重、第9~12周和第13~16周平均日采食量以及第1~4周破蛋率有显著交互作用(P<0.05)。第1~16周,蛋鸭产蛋率和日产蛋重均在80 mg/kg锌+40 mg/kg锰添加组最高,平均蛋重在20 mg/kg锌+40 mg/kg锰添加组最高;第1~4周,破蛋率在40 mg/kg锌+20 mg/kg锰添加组最低。
表4 饲粮添加锌和锰对产蛋后期蛋鸭产蛋性能的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary Zn and Mn on laying performance of laying ducks in late laying period

锌添加水平
Zn
supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 锰添加水平
Mn
supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 产蛋率Laying rate/% 平均蛋重Average egg weight/g 日产蛋重Daily egg weight/[g/(只·d)]
第1~
4周
Wees
1 to 4		 第5~
8周
Weeks
5 to 8		 第9~
12周
Weeks
9 to 12		 第13~
16周
Weeks
13 to 16		 第1~
16周
Weeks
1 to 16		 第1~
4周
Wees
1 to 4		 第5~
8周
Weeks
5 to 8		 第9~
12周
Weeks
9 to 12		 第13~
16周
Weeks
13 to 16		 第1~
16周
Weeks
1 to 16		 第1~
4周
Wees
1 to 4		 第5~
8周
Weeks
5 to 8		 第9~
12周
Weeks
9 to 12		 第13~
16周
Weeks
13 to 16		 第1~
16周
Weeks
1 to 16
0 80.1 77.9 73.6 76.2abc 76.8d 70.2abcde 69.1 69.5 69.0 69.5ab 56.3 57.1 55.6 52.2abcd 54.2cd
0 20 85.5 85.0 79.6 80.0a 83.2ab 71.1abc 70.0 69.8 68.6 70.0ab 60.6 59.7 55.8 55.2ab 58.0ab
40 85.9 81.8 77.3 72.7abcd 79.5bcd 69.0e 68.3 68.0 68.5 68.5ab 59.0 56.3 52.6 48.6cde 53.9d
0 83.7 80.6 72.1 73.5abcd 78.4cd 70.8abcd 70.0 69.6 69.1 69.9ab 60.1 56.6 51.3 50.9bcd 55.5bcd
20 20 83.4 81.0 74.3 70.7cd 80.6abcd 70.0bcde 68.9 69.2 68.6 69.2ab 58.5 56.4 51.0 48.3de 54.0d
40 83.3 79.4 74.5 72.3abcd 77.2cd 71.5ab 71.0 71.3 69.5 70.8a 58.9 55.6 51.9 50.0bcde 56.2abcd
0 82.5 81.5 74.7 74.8abcd 78.8cd 71.8a 69.6 69.9 69.2 70.1ab 59.2 58.4 51.3 53.0abcd 54.8cd
40 20 86.4 81.7 79.8 78.4ab 81.5abc 69.4de 68.5 68.8 67.7 68.6b 60.3 56.6 54.0 54.1abc 56.3abcd
40 83.5 78.3 76.1 71.9bcd 77.4cd 70.9abcd 69.2 69.7 69.2 69.8ab 60.0 54.5 52.2 51.0bcd 54.2cd
0 85.6 82.5 81.0 68.4d 78.4cd 69.7cde 68.5 68.8 68.7 68.8b 58.1 55.9 55.1 45.0e 53.7d
80 20 85.7 84.8 76.6 70.8cd 79.9abcd 70.3abcde 69.6 70.0 69.0 69.8ab 60.4 59.3 55.0 49.1cde 57.0abc
40 87.0 85.9 81.6 80.0a 83.9a 70.4abcde 69.8 69.5 68.8 69.7ab 60.7 60.0 56.8 57.3a 58.7a
SEM 0.458 0.656 0.788 0.767 0.443 0.162 0.188 0.211 0.165 0.161 0.329 0.430 0.524 0.611 0.308
主效应平均值Means of main effects
锌添加水平 0 83.8 75.4 73.6 76.0 79.9 70.1 69.2 69.1 68.7 69.3 58.6 57.9 54.4 52.0 55.4
Zn 20 83.4 80.4 73.6 72.2 78.6 70.8 69.9 70.0 69.1 70.0 59.2 56.2 51.4 49.7 55.3
supplemental 40 84.1 80.1 76.7 75.0 79.0 70.7 69.2 69.5 68.7 69.5 59.9 56.4 52.3 52.7 55.0
level/(mg/kg) 80 86.0 84.5 79.9 72.9 80.9 70.2 69.3 69.4 68.9 69.4 59.8 58.6 55.8 50.0 56.7
锰添加水平 0 83.1 76.4 73.0 73.2 78.1b 70.7 69.3 69.4 69.0 69.6 58.4 57.0 53.1 50.1 54.6b
Mn supplemental 20 85.2 83.2 77.6 74.7 81.4a 70.2 69.3 69.5 68.5 69.4 59.9 58.1 53.9 52.0 56.5a
level/(mg/kg) 40 84.8 81.2 77.5 74.1 79.5b 70.5 69.7 69.6 69.0 69.7 59.6 56.5 53.3 51.4 55.6ab

P值		 锌Zn 0.142 0.365 0.139 0.119 0.291 0.214 0.339 0.476 0.864 0.496 0.512 0.284 0.076 0.139 0.249

P-value		 锰Mn 0.080 0.238 0.140 0.547 0.005 0.542 0.736 0.910 0.387 0.668 0.137 0.407 0.893 0.397 0.023
锌×锰Zn×Mn 0.300 0.264 0.223 0.003 0.010 0.001 0.060 0.093 0.701 0.027 0.166 0.257 0.812 <0.001 0.001
锌添加水平
Zn
supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 锰添加水平
Mn
supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 平均日采食量ADFI/[g/(只·d)] 料蛋比F/G 破蛋率Broken egg rate/%
第1~
4周
Wees
1 to 4		 第5~
8周
Weeks
5 to 8		 第9~
12周
Weeks
9 to 12		 第13~
16周
Weeks
13 to 16		 第1~
16周
Weeks
1 to 16		 第1~
4周
Wees
1 to 4		 第5~
8周
Weeks
5 to 8		 第9~
12周
Weeks
9 to 12		 第13~
16周
Weeks
13 to 16		 第1~
16周
Weeks
1 to 16		 第1~
4周
Wees
1 to 4		 第5~
8周
Weeks
5 to 8		 第9~
12周
Weeks
9 to 12		 第13~
16周
Weeks
13 to 16		 第1~
16周
Weeks
1 to 16
0 163 160 158a 161ab 161 2.87 2.96 3.04 3.22 3.02 6.03abc 5.89 4.89 5.82 5.49
0 20 164 162 157a 159abc 160 2.70 2.73 2.85 2.89 2.79 7.94a 6.49 6.10 6.82 6.66
40 164 162 156a 154c 160 2.79 2.94 2.98 3.33 3.01 5.79abc 5.40 5.16 6.10 5.61
0 164 161 154a 155c 159 2.73 2.86 3.09 3.02 2.93 4.36bcd 6.09 4.73 6.94 5.14
20 20 163 161 156a 156c 159 2.78 2.97 3.08 3.17 3.00 6.64ab 5.53 5.18 6.36 6.25
40 163 162 158a 162a 161 2.76 2.93 3.09 3.31 3.02 5.35bcd 6.61 5.92 8.13 6.72
0 164 163 156a 157bc 160 2.78 2.90 3.05 3.06 2.95 5.86abc 6.44 5.94 6.07 6.23
40 20 164 162 157a 158abc 160 2.78 2.99 3.26 3.13 3.04 2.95d 3.52 4.86 5.65 4.45
40 163 161 145b 157bc 157 2.77 2.96 2.83 3.18 2.93 4.52bcd 4.56 5.37 6.51 5.22
0 163 162 149b 155c 158 2.81 2.89 2.75 3.33 2.94 3.76cd 4.88 5.00 8.06 5.14
80 20 165 164 146b 155c 157 2.73 2.85 2.96 3.30 2.96 3.56cd 4.58 4.98 6.27 4.90
40 164 160 146b 157bc 156 2.72 2.75 2.78 2.88 2.79 5.13bcd 5.05 5.03 6.58 5.43
SEM 0.266 0.396 0.702 0.450 0.301 0.015 0.027 0.038 0.044 0.026 0.271 0.284 0.239 0.262 0.195
主效应平均值Means of main effects
锌添加水平 0 164 162 157a 158 160a 2.79 2.88 2.96 3.14 2.94 6.54a 5.92 5.38 6.30 5.92
Zn 20 163 161 156a 157 160a 2.76 2.92 3.08 3.17 2.98 5.38ab 6.08 5.20 7.22 6.03
supplemental 40 164 162 153b 157 159a 2.77 2.95 3.05 3.12 2.97 4.64bc 4.87 5.39 6.08 5.30
level/(mg/kg) 80 164 162 147c 156 157b 2.75 2.83 2.83 3.17 2.90 3.79c 4.87 5.01 6.97 5.19
锰添加水平 0 163 162 154a 156 159 2.80 2.90 2.98 3.16 2.96 4.78 5.80 5.14 6.68 5.50
Mn supplemental 20 164 162 154a 157 159 2.75 2.88 3.03 3.12 2.95 5.39 5.02 5.31 6.27 5.62
level/(mg/kg) 40 164 161 151b 157 158 2.76 2.90 2.92 3.17 2.94 5.19 5.37 5.32 6.85 5.75

P值		 锌Zn 0.849 0.898 <0.001 0.258 <0.001 0.833 0.459 0.087 0.980 0.655 0.001 0.276 0.948 0.423 0.295

P-value		 锰Mn 0.682 0.458 0.011 0.740 0.348 0.390 0.957 0.455 0.886 0.943 0.492 0.536 0.932 0.668 0.860
锌×锰Zn×Mn 0.628 0.639 <0.001 0.004 0.062 0.495 0.475 0.381 0.091 0.291 0.041 0.555 0.854 0.657 0.216

2.2 饲粮添加锌和锰对产蛋后期蛋鸭蛋壳品质的影响

由表5可知,饲粮添加锌或锰对蛋鸭蛋壳品质指标均无显著影响(P>0.05);饲粮添加锌和锰对第8周蛋壳强度、第4周和第8周蛋壳韧性、第8周蛋壳重以及第12周蛋壳比例有显著交互作用(P<0.05)。其中,40 mg/kg锌+20 mg/kg锰添加组蛋壳品质较好。
表5 饲粮添加锌和锰对产蛋后期蛋鸭蛋壳品质的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary Zn and Mn on eggshell quality of laying ducks in late laying period

锌添加水平
Zn
supplemental
level/
(mg/kg)		 锰添加水平
Mn
supplemental
level/
(mg/kg)		 蛋壳强度
Eggshell strength/N		 蛋壳韧性
Eggshell toughness/(N/mm3/2)		 蛋壳重
Eggshell weight/g		 蛋壳比例
Eggshell ratio/%		 蛋壳厚度
Eggshell thickness/mm
第
4周
Week
4		 第
8周
Week
8		 第
12周
Week
12		 第
16周
Week
16		 第
4周
Week
4		 第
8周
Week
8		 第
12周
Week
12		 第
16周
Week
16		 第
4周
Week
4		 第
8周
Week
8		 第
12周
Week
12		 第
16周
Week
16		 第
4周
Week
4		 第
8周
Week
8		 第
12周
Week
12		 第
16周
Week
16		 第
4周
Week
4		 第
8周
Week
8		 第
12周
Week
12		 第
16周
Week
16
0 35.0 32.7abc 32.3 32.5 544abc 455b 459 590 5.84 5.91ab 5.93 5.89 8.63 8.58 8.87a 8.46 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.27
0 20 35.4 32.3abc 32.0 32.8 498bc 449b 452 564 6.18 6.09ab 6.09 6.14 8.95 8.75 8.85a 8.60 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.28
40 33.0 32.2abc 31.2 36.7 504bc 464b 455 629 5.87 5.80b 5.82 6.04 8.63 8.52 8.53a 8.89 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.28
0 34.5 30.5bc 32.5 35.1 510bc 447b 448 576 6.00 5.91ab 5.50 6.24 8.66 8.55 8.01b 8.88 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.28
20 20 36.3 33.9abc 36.0 32.1 550ab 481ab 501 559 5.93 5.95ab 5.96 6.01 8.77 8.68 8.89a 8.68 0.30 0.32 0.32 0.28
40 33.4 35.9ab 35.3 35.5 496bc 505ab 488 600 5.95 6.20a 6.04 6.20 8.70 8.75 8.76a 8.77 0.30 0.32 0.32 0.28
0 34.8 33.7abc 32.3 33.3 510bc 486ab 482 565 6.08 6.15a 5.93 6.14 8.81 8.79 8.61a 8.76 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.28
40 20 36.6 37.1a 32.9 34.4 543abc 544a 452 583 6.10 5.90ab 5.89 5.91 8.73 8.79 8.72a 8.64 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.27
40 35.7 29.4c 31.5 32.9 521abc 437b 457 570 6.20 5.95ab 6.00 6.13 9.01 8.54 8.75a 8.86 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.28
0 36.0 34.4abc 34.2 34.1 537abc 470b 479 571 5.92 6.11ab 5.93 6.12 8.84 8.83 8.70a 8.89 0.30 0.32 0.32 0.28
80 20 32.6 32.8abc 33.3 31.6 483c 489ab 471 539 6.23 5.91ab 5.97 6.10 9.01 8.58 8.77a 8.71 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.28
0.28 40 37.5 33.4abc 34.3 32.2 576a 462b 496 555 6.05 6.10ab 5.91 6.01 8.86 8.77 8.75a 8.80 0.31 0.32 0.32
SEM 0.476 0.495 0.461 0.472 5.884 6.489 5.396 6.737 0.034 0.029 0.035 0.031 0.038 0.036 0.048 0.038 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
主效应均值Means of main effects
锌添加水平 0 34.5 32.4 31.8 34.0 515 456 455 594 5.96 5.93 5.95 6.02 8.74 8.62 8.72 8.65 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.28
Zn 20 34.7 33.4 34.6 34.2 518 477 479 578 5.96 6.02 5.83 6.15 8.71 8.66 8.55 8.78 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.28
supplemental 40 35.7 33.4 32.3 33.5 525 489 464 572 6.13 6.00 5.94 6.06 8.85 8.70 8.69 8.75 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.28
level/(mg/kg) 80 35.4 33.5 33.9 32.6 532 474 482 555 6.07 6.04 5.93 6.08 8.90 8.73 8.74 8.80 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.28
锰添加水平 0 35.1 32.8 32.8 33.7 525 464 467 575 5.96 6.02 5.82 6.10 8.73 8.68 8.52 8.75 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.28
Mn supplemental 20 35.2 34.0 33.5 32.7 518 491 469 561 6.11 5.96 5.98 6.04 8.68 8.70 8.81 8.66 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.28
level/(mg/kg) 40 34.9 32.7 33.1 34.3 524 466 474 589 6.02 6.01 5.94 6.10 8.80 8.64 8.70 8.83 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.28

P值		 锌Zn 0.782 0.816 0.124 0.630 0.723 0.294 0.252 0.228 0.207 0.556 0.613 0.563 0.221 0.718 0.447 0.518 0.777 0.441 0.312 0.339

P-value		 锰Mn 0.963 0.452 0.817 0.399 0.861 0.144 0.854 0.256 0.186 0.647 0.155 0.707 0.367 0.814 0.037 0.185 0.591 0.987 0.693 0.231
锌×锰Zn×Mn 0.270 0.025 0.787 0.403 0.004 0.046 0.390 0.675 0.394 0.025 0.085 0.246 0.454 0.278 0.028 0.501 0.236 0.084 0.725 0.238

2.3 饲粮添加锌和锰对产蛋后期蛋鸭骨骼质量的影响

表6~表10分别表示饲粮添加锌和锰对产蛋后期蛋鸭胫骨、股骨、肱骨、桡骨和尺骨质量的影响。由上述表可知,饲粮添加锌显著影响蛋鸭胫骨管围、股骨管围和鲜重、肱骨管围、桡骨鲜重以及尺骨密度和鲜重(P<0.05)。其中,80 mg/kg锌添加组胫骨管围最低,显著低于0和20 mg/kg锌添加组(P<0.05);20、40和80 mg/kg锌添加组股骨管围显著低于未添加锌组(P<0.05),40和80 mg/kg锌添加组股骨鲜重显著低于其他组(P<0.05);80 mg/kg锌添加组肱骨管围最低,显著低于0和20 mg/kg锌添加组(P<0.05);40 mg/kg锌添加组桡骨鲜重最低,显著低于其他组(P<0.05);40和80 mg/kg锌添加组尺骨密度显著低于其他组(P<0.05),40 mg/kg锌添加组尺骨鲜重最低,显著低于其他组(P<0.05)。饲粮添加锰对蛋鸭骨骼质量指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮添加锌和锰对蛋鸭尺骨密度有显著交互作用(P<0.05),尺骨密度在80 mg/kg锌+20 mg/kg锰添加组最低。
表6 饲粮添加锌和锰对产蛋后期蛋鸭胫骨质量的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary Zn and Mn on tibia quality of laying ducks in late laying period

锌添加水平
Zn supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 锰添加水平
Mn supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 骨密度
Bone density/
(g/cm2)		 骨矿物质含量
Bone mineral
content/(g/cm)		 骨长
Bone length/cm		 骨管围
Bone
circumference/
cm		 骨鲜重
Bone fresh
weight/g		 骨脱脂重
Bone fat-free
weight/g		 骨指数
Bone index/
%
0 0.22 1.51 98.1 2.08 4.90 2.77 0.45
0 20 0.23 1.54 100.0 2.10 5.14 3.32 0.45
40 0.19 1.43 98.5 2.12 5.18 2.84 0.46
0 0.22 1.54 100.0 2.05 5.12 3.06 0.46
20 20 0.22 1.52 98.1 2.09 5.22 2.90 0.47
40 0.22 1.59 99.0 2.06 5.06 3.41 0.42
0 0.19 1.43 98.6 2.03 4.89 2.91 0.46
40 20 0.22 1.46 97.9 2.06 4.78 2.95 0.41
40 0.20 1.36 99.3 2.06 4.83 2.76 0.46
0 0.20 1.39 101.0 2.02 5.12 3.03 0.47
80 20 0.20 1.55 100.0 2.04 4.75 3.05 0.42
40 0.19 1.54 101.0 2.04 4.81 2.93 0.43
SEM 0.003 0.026 0.308 0.061 0.060 0.056 0.005
主效应均值Means of main effects

锌添加水平		 0 0.21 1.49 99.02 2.10a 5.07 3.00 0.45

Zn supplemental		 20 0.22 1.55 99.12 2.07a 5.14 3.09 0.45

level/(mg/kg)		 40 0.20 1.41 98.57 2.05ab 4.84 2.88 0.44
80 0.20 1.49 100.56 2.04b 4.89 3.00 0.44
锰添加水平 0 0.21 1.47 99.50 2.05 5.01 2.94 0.46
Mn supplemental 20 0.22 1.52 99.12 2.07 4.97 3.05 0.44
level/(mg/kg) 40 0.20 1.48 99.36 2.07 4.97 2.97 0.44

P值		 锌Zn 0.096 0.349 0.134 0.010 0.269 0.500 0.883

P-value		 锰Mn 0.105 0.732 0.872 0.238 0.962 0.703 0.208
锌×锰Zn×Mn 0.670 0.812 0.438 0.995 0.807 0.247 0.129
表7 饲粮添加锌和锰对产蛋后期蛋鸭股骨质量的影响

Table 7 Effects of dietary Zn and Mn on femur quality of laying ducks in late laying period

锌添加水平
Zn supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 锰添加水平
Mn supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 骨密度
Bone density/
(g/cm2)		 骨矿物质含量
Bone mineral
content/(g/cm)		 骨长
Bone length/cm		 骨管围
Bone
circumference/
cm		 骨鲜重
Bone fresh
weight/g		 骨脱脂重
Bone fat-free
weight/g		 骨指数
Bone index/
%
0 0.26 1.24 56.4 2.20 3.98 2.58 0.20
0 20 0.25 1.19 57.8 2.20 3.96 2.50 0.21
40 0.21 1.19 56.7 2.19 3.93 2.03 0.22
0 0.26 1.20 57.3 2.15 4.19 2.52 0.22
20 20 0.26 1.20 56.7 2.14 3.95 2.10 0.22
40 0.24 1.20 57.2 2.15 3.92 2.51 0.22
0 0.23 1.18 57.2 2.16 3.55 2.22 0.20
40 20 0.25 1.23 56.7 2.17 3.62 2.26 0.20
40 0.23 1.18 56.6 2.12 3.68 1.98 0.20
0 0.21 1.16 57.4 2.17 3.66 1.94 0.21
80 20 0.25 1.37 57.8 2.12 3.73 2.34 0.21
40 0.23 1.23 57.0 2.12 3.70 2.34 0.21
SEM 0.005 0.027 0.158 0.008 0.044 0.055 0.004
主效应均值Means of main effects

锌添加水平		 0 0.24 1.21 56.9 2.20a 3.96a 2.36 0.21

Zn supplemental		 20 0.25 1.20 57.0 2.15b 4.01a 2.38 0.22

level/(mg/kg)		 40 0.23 1.20 56.8 2.15b 3.61b 2.16 0.20
80 0.23 1.25 57.4 2.14b 3.70b 2.24 0.21
锰添加水平 0 0.24 1.20 57.1 2.17 3.83 2.34 0.21
Mn supplemental 20 0.25 1.24 57.2 2.16 3.82 2.31 0.21
level/(mg/kg) 40 0.23 1.20 56.9 2.15 3.81 2.19 0.21

P值		 锌Zn 0.316 0.908 0.624 0.035 0.003 0.344 0.410

P-value		 锰Mn 0.162 0.714 0.635 0.397 0.933 0.723 0.909
锌×锰Zn×Mn 0.510 0.924 0.623 0.835 0.897 0.109 0.995
表8 饲粮添加锌和锰对产蛋后期蛋鸭肱骨质量的影响

Table 8 Effects of dietary Zn and Mn on humerus quality of laying ducks in late laying period

锌添加水平
Zn supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 锰添加水平
Mn supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 骨密度
Bone density/
(g/cm2)		 骨矿物质含量
Bone mineral
content/(g/cm)		 骨长
Bone length/cm		 骨管围
Bone
circumference/
cm		 骨鲜重
Bone fresh
weight/g		 骨脱脂重
Bone fat-free
weight/g		 骨指数
Bone index/
%
0 0.18 1.71 94.4 2.57 4.07 1.08 0.39
0 20 0.20 1.96 96.1 2.53 4.16 1.00 0.40
40 0.17 1.48 96.2 2.54 3.20 0.52 0.40
0 0.19 1.78 95.7 2.52 4.05 1.09 0.35
20 20 0.21 2.19 94.8 2.59 3.90 0.92 0.44
40 0.19 1.84 96.0 2.54 3.93 0.84 0.34
0 0.17 1.53 95.2 2.55 3.73 0.48 0.35
40 20 0.18 1.77 97.5 2.52 3.40 0.87 0.38
40 0.17 1.86 93.6 2.51 3.39 0.81 0.44
0 0.17 1.73 94.2 2.49 3.65 1.09 0.39
80 20 0.18 1.87 97.8 2.49 3.73 0.82 0.40
40 0.19 1.85 96.6 2.51 3.71 0.80 0.39
SEM 0.036 0.053 0.310 0.066 0.297 0.096 0.008
主效应均值Means of main effects
锌添加水平 0 0.18 1.72 95.6 2.55a 3.81 0.90 0.40

Zn supplemental		 20 0.20 1.94 95.5 2.55a 3.96 0.91 0.38

level/(mg/kg)		 40 0.17 1.71 95.4 2.52ab 3.52 0.86 0.39
80 0.18 1.82 96.2 2.49b 3.69 0.87 0.39
锰添加水平 0 0.18 1.69 94.9 2.53 3.86 0.92 0.37
Mn supplemental 20 0.19 1.95 96.5 2.53 3.80 0.92 0.40
level/(mg/kg) 40 0.18 1.75 95.6 2.52 3.55 0.80 0.39

P值		 锌Zn 0.309 0.403 0.802 0.046 0.431 0.476 0.780

P-value		 锰Mn 0.309 0.127 0.080 0.930 0.387 0.298 0.185
锌×锰Zn×Mn 0.939 0.678 0.109 0.395 0.632 0.328 0.187
表9 饲粮添加锌和锰对产蛋后期蛋鸭桡骨质量的影响

Table 9 Effects of dietary Zn and Mn on radius quality of laying ducks in late laying period

锌添加水平
Zn supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 锰添加水平
Mn supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 骨密度
Bone density/
(g/cm2)		 骨矿物质含量
Bone mineral
content/(g/cm)		 骨长
Bone length/cm		 骨管围
Bone
circumference/
cm		 骨鲜重
Bone fresh
weight/g		 骨脱脂重
Bone fat-free
weight/g		 骨指数
Bone index/
%
0 0.16 0.78 75.5 1.29 1.05 0.67 0.10
0 20 0.17 0.89 76.5 1.32 1.02 0.68 0.09
40 0.14 0.62 74.9 1.32 1.11 0.65 0.10
0 0.16 0.71 75.1 1.32 1.01 0.60 0.09
20 20 0.16 0.72 75.6 1.35 1.07 0.61 0.10
40 0.17 0.79 74.6 1.34 1.05 0.63 0.08
0 0.15 0.67 74.9 1.30 0.94 0.60 0.09
40 20 0.17 0.74 75.1 1.32 0.98 0.65 0.08
40 0.14 0.66 76.1 1.20 0.95 0.55 0.09
0 0.14 0.68 74.8 1.30 1.11 0.63 0.10
80 20 0.14 0.67 76.1 1.31 1.04 0.64 0.09
40 0.17 0.78 76.3 1.31 1.08 0.62 0.10
SEM 0.003 0.021 0.237 0.010 0.015 0.011 0.002
主效应均值Means of main effects

锌添加水平		 0 0.16 0.76 75.7 1.31 1.06a 0.67 0.09

Zn supplemental		 20 0.16 0.74 75.1 1.33 1.05a 0.61 0.09

level/(mg/kg)		 40 0.15 0.69 75.4 1.27 0.96b 0.60 0.09
80 0.15 0.71 75.7 1.30 1.08a 0.63 0.10
锰添加水平 0 0.15 0.71 75.1 1.30 1.03 0.62 0.09
Mn supplemental 20 0.16 0.76 75.8 1.33 1.03 0.65 0.09
level/(mg/kg) 40 0.16 0.71 75.4 1.29 1.05 0.61 0.09

P值		 锌Zn 0.472 0.628 0.784 0.210 0.020 0.178 0.176

P-value		 锰Mn 0.464 0.612 0.449 0.365 0.770 0.415 0.375
锌×锰Zn×Mn 0.098 0.199 0.686 0.507 0.758 0.838 0.263
表10 饲粮添加锌和锰对产蛋后期蛋鸭尺骨质量的影响

Table 10 Effects of dietary Zn and Mn on ulna quality of laying ducks in late laying period

锌添加水平
Zn supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 锰添加水平
Mn supplemental
level/(mg/kg)		 骨密度
Bone density/
(g/cm2)		 骨矿物质含量
Bone mineral
content/(g/cm)		 骨长
Bone length/cm		 骨管围
Bone
circumference/
cm		 骨鲜重
Bone fresh
weight/g		 骨脱脂重
Bone fat-free
weight/g		 骨指数
Bone index/
%
0 0.12a 0.22 80.2 2.01 3.08 1.79 0.28
0 20 0.12ab 0.18 79.0 2.00 2.99 1.72 0.26
40 0.11ab 0.20 79.5 2.04 3.19 1.53 0.27
0 0.12a 0.20 81.0 2.03 3.08 1.64 0.27
20 20 0.12a 0.22 80.4 1.99 3.11 1.59 0.28
40 0.10bc 0.18 80.7 1.99 3.12 1.88 0.26
0 0.11bc 0.19 79.9 1.93 2.80 1.62 0.26
40 20 0.12ab 0.22 80.3 1.96 2.89 1.64 0.25
40 0.10bc 0.17 81.2 1.81 2.70 1.37 0.26
0 0.11ab 0.18 80.4 2.05 3.04 1.45 0.28
80 20 0.09c 0.18 80.3 1.98 3.03 1.60 0.27
40 0.11ab 0.20 80.1 1.98 3.00 1.64 0.27
SEM 0.002 0.007 0.253 0.018 0.036 0.036 0.003
主效应均值Means of main effects

锌添加水平		 0 0.12a 0.20 79.5 2.02 3.09a 1.69 0.27

Zn supplemental		 20 0.12a 0.20 80.7 2.00 3.10a 1.69 0.27

level/(mg/kg)		 40 0.11b 0.19 80.4 1.90 2.80b 1.55 0.25
80 0.10b 0.19 80.3 2.00 3.02a 1.57 0.27
锰添加水平 0 0.12 0.20 80.3 2.00 3.00 1.63 0.27
Mn supplemental 20 0.11 0.20 80.0 1.98 3.00 1.64 0.26
level/(mg/kg) 40 0.11 0.19 80.4 1.95 3.00 1.59 0.26

P值		 锌Zn 0.005 0.869 0.459 0.071 0.011 0.288 0.201

P-value		 锰Mn 0.068 0.758 0.768 0.504 0.999 0.927 0.409
锌×锰Zn×Mn 0.011 0.668 0.945 0.674 0.855 0.181 0.850

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮添加锌和锰对产蛋后期蛋鸭产蛋性能的影响

前期研究表明,饲粮添加80 mg/kg锌可提高蛋鸭的产蛋率和日产蛋重,降低料蛋比[6]。然而,在本试验中,饲粮添加锌(20~80 mg/kg)对蛋鸭的产蛋性能无显著影响,一方面是由于锌的作用受到锰的交互影响;另一方面,可能是由于饲喂时间不足(16周),前期试验中,产蛋性能也是在饲喂17~20周才出现显著升高[6]。但是,本试验发现,饲粮添加锌可降低鸭蛋的破蛋率。与之相似,齐茜[25]在蛋鸡饲粮中添加40和80 mg/kg羟基蛋氨酸螯合锌均显著降低了破蛋率。这可能是与锌作为碳酸酐酶的组成成分,能够通过调节碳酸钙晶体沉积,参与蛋壳形成有关[26]。锰是维持家禽生长发育和繁殖的必需微量元素之一,可调控激素分泌,参与生殖器官发育,调控生产性能。研究表明,饲粮添加锰(40~120 mg/kg)可提高雌二醇和促卵泡素的分泌,促进卵泡发育,减少闭锁卵泡,从而改善蛋种鸭的产蛋性能,提高产蛋率和日产蛋重,降低料蛋比;但高水平(160 mg/kg)的添加无进一步改善作用,且与80 mg/kg相比,激素分泌下降,产蛋性能降低[19]。
相似地,蛋鸡饲粮长期添加有机锰(40~80 mg/kg)可提高蛋鸡的产蛋率和日产蛋重,降低料蛋比,但是过量(400 mg/kg)添加会产生负面作用[27]。锰可提高蛋鸭的产蛋率和产蛋量,降低料蛋比,并随添加水平提高(20~160 mg/kg)呈二次变化,且40 mg/kg添加组的产蛋性能最好[21]。由此可见,饲粮中适宜水平的锰可改善蛋禽的产蛋性能,但不能过量添加。本试验中,饲粮添加20 mg/kg锰可提高蛋鸭的产蛋率和日产蛋重,产蛋性能最佳。并且,本试验中,锌和锰交互影响了蛋鸭的产蛋率、平均蛋重、日产蛋重、平均日采食量和破蛋率。与前期在蛋鸡上的研究结果一致,饲粮添加40 mg/kg有机锌和30 mg/kg有机锰可降低破蛋率[28];添加有机锌(32 mg/kg)和有机锰(26 mg/kg)可降低产蛋后期蛋鸡采食量,改善蛋壳品质[29]。本试验条件下,综合产蛋性能指标和降低破蛋率,产蛋后期蛋鸭饲粮以同时添加40 mg/kg锌和20 mg/kg锰为宜。

3.2 饲粮添加锌和锰对产蛋后期蛋鸭蛋壳品质的影响

前期大量的研究表明,饲粮中的锌或锰均可改善蛋鸡[8,30⇓-32]和蛋鸭[21-22,28]的蛋壳品质,尤其在产蛋后期效果显著。蛋鸡和蛋鸭的蛋壳形成过程相似,但在蛋壳超微结构和组分之间也存在差异[33]。对比前期试验结果可知,与锌主要提高鸡蛋壳厚度相比,锌在改善鸭蛋壳品质的效果更显著,还可提高蛋壳强度和韧性[6,10];与锰对鸭蛋壳无显著持续改善作用相比,锰在改善鸡蛋壳品质的效果显著,可提高蛋壳强度、厚度和韧性[21,32]。然而,本试验发现,锌和锰作为主效应,对蛋壳品质并无显著改善作用,但锰和锌互作影响了蛋壳品质,能够提高蛋壳强度、蛋壳韧性、蛋壳重及其比例。这与前期在蛋鸡上的研究结果一致,饲粮添加锰和锌可提高后期蛋鸡的蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度,改善蛋壳超微结构[24,34-35]。并且,40 mg/kg锌+20 mg/kg锰添加组的蛋壳品质较好,蛋壳强度、蛋壳韧性、蛋壳重及其比例均较高。由此可见,锰和锌在改善蛋壳品质方面存在协同作用,与单独添加锌或锰相比,联合应用可减少锌和锰的添加水平。

3.3 饲粮添加锌和锰对产蛋后期蛋鸭骨骼质量的影响

除了饲粮提供钙外,髓质骨(主要填充于胫骨、股骨、肱骨、桡骨和尺骨)作为蛋禽性成熟后的动态钙源库,为蛋壳形成提供40%~60%的钙[36]。因此,蛋禽骨骼质量的好坏也会影响蛋壳品质。锌主要通过催化骨代谢相关的金属酶活性促进骨形成。在骨骼重塑过程中,锌离子从组织中释放,进入破骨细胞酸性微环境中,调控骨吸收。适量的锌可阻止破骨细胞的骨吸收过程,促进骨形成关键胶原蛋白的合成及羟基磷灰石的结晶和硬化[37-38],并刺激成骨细胞矿化[39⇓-41],提高骨骼质量。本试验中,饲粮添加80 mg/kg的锌显著降低了蛋鸭胫骨管围、股骨管围和鲜重、肱骨管围以及尺骨密度等。上述结果的差异和骨骼质量降低可能是由多种因素造成的。饲粮锰经消化吸收进入机体后,锰离子可促进血管再生[42-43],为骨组织提供必需的营养物质;还可参与骨组织间的分子交流,在骨重塑过程中发挥重要作用[44⇓-46]。饲粮添加锰(80和160 mg/kg)可改善产蛋鸭和蛋种鸭的胫骨质量,提高骨中钙和锰含量[19,21]。但本试验中,饲粮添加锰(20~40 mg/kg)不影响产蛋后期蛋鸭的骨骼质量,可能与添加水平较低有关。饲粮同时添加锌和锰交互影响了尺骨密度,尺骨密度在80 mg/kg锌+20 mg/kg锰添加组最低。由此可见,锌和锰在调节骨代谢方面受添加水平的影响。

4 结论

本试验条件下,饲粮同时添加锌和锰可提高产蛋后期蛋鸭产蛋性能,改善蛋壳品质,降低破蛋率,但80 mg/kg锌会降低骨骼质量。在改善蛋壳品质和降低破蛋率,且不影响产蛋性能和骨骼质量的前提下,建议产蛋后期蛋鸭(61~76周龄)饲粮中锌和锰的添加水平分别为40和20 mg/kg(基础饲粮锌含量24 mg/kg,锰含量38 mg/kg)。

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WANG L. Function of a specific vessel subtype in osteoporosis and its clinical significance[D]. Ph.D. Thesis. Suzhou: Soochow University, 2018. (in Chinese)

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