Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 8: 5236 - 5249

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.484

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Adding Essential Oil Blend to Diets with Different Concentrate-Forage Ratios on Growth Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility, Serum Indexes and Rumen Fermentation Parameters of Weaned Lambs

  • DONG Airong , 1 ,
  • CHEN Qian 1 ,
  • SHI Haitao , 1, * ,
  • ZHANG Zhengfan 1 ,
  • YU Miao 2 ,
  • LYU Jirong 2 ,
  • GUO Chunhua , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal and Veterinary Science, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
  • 2 Chengdu Dadi Hank Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611130, China
*SHI Haitao, associate professor, E-mail: ;
GUO Chunhua, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-02-13

  Online published: 2023-08-10

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of adding two essential oil blend (EOB)to diets with different concentrate-forage ratios on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, serum indexes and rumen fermentation parameters of weaned lambs. A 2×2 factor experimental design was used, with concentrate-forage ratios (50:50, 70:30) and EOB types (EOB1, EOB2) as two factors. Forty-eight (24 males, 24 females) 2-month-old weaned black goats with an average body weight of (19.55±2.16) kg were selected. According to body weight, they were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 4 replicates per group, of which 2 replicates were all rams, 2 replicates were all ewes and 3 sheep per replicate. They were low concentrate diets supplemented with EOB1 (LD-EOB1), LD-EOB2, high concentrate diets supplemented with EOB1 group (HD-EOB1), HD-EOB2, respectively. The amount of EOB additives was 100 g/t. Including a 70-day feeding experiment and an 8-day digestion and metabolism experiment. During the feeding experiment, the pretest was 10 days and the period was 60 days. After the feeding experiment, 4 sheep with similar body weight were selected from each treatment to be fed in a single cage. The pretest was 3 days and the period was 5 days. The results showed as follows: 1) there were no significant differences in average daily gain (ADG), average dry matter intake (ADMI) and feed-to-weight ratio (F/G) between the two EOB groups (P>0.05). At 1 to 60 days of age, the F/G of goats in the HD group was significantly lower than that in the LD group (P<0.05). 2) The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) in EOB2 group tended to be higher than that in EOB1 group (P=0.065). The apparent digestibility of DM in the HD group was significantly higher than that in the LD group (P<0.05), and the digestibility of CP tended to be higher than that in the LD group (P=0.056). The essential oil and concentrate-forage ratio had no significant effect on the apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (P>0.05). 3) Serum triglyceride content in EOB2 group was significantly higher than that in EOB1 group (P<0.05), lactate dehydrogenase activity and urea nitrogen content in EOB1 group were significantly lower than those in EOB1 group (P<0.05). Serum alanine transaminase activity in HD group was significantly higher than that in LD group (P<0.05). 4) The serum total superoxide dismutase activity in EOB2 group was significantly higher than that in EOB1 group (P<0.05). The serum total superoxide dismutase activity in HD group was significantly higher than that in LD group (P=0.054). 5)The ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen concentration in the EOB2 group was significantly lower than that in the EOB1 group (P<0.05), while the ruminal pH was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the ruminal microprotein content tended to increase (P=0.056). The ruminal pH and ammoniacal nitrogen concentration in the HD group were significantly lower than those in the LD group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in microprotein content between them (P>0.05). In conclusion, compared with EOB1, adding EOB2 to goat diet can improve the digestion and absorption of dietary protein, improve the antioxidant performance of goats, reduce the low acidity environment of the rumen caused by HD diet, and improve the internal environment of the rumen. Compared with the LD group (50∶50), the HD group (70∶30) can improve the digestibility of dietary nutrients, promote the metabolism of protein, effectively improve the feed utilization rate and enhance the antioxidant performance of the body. Therefore, the dietary concentrate-forage ratio of weaned lamb can be increased to 70∶30 in the early stage of fattening, but it is not suitable for the whole period of fattening, and the effect of EOB2 is better than that of EOB1.

Key words： essential oil blend; concentrate-forage ratio; weaned lambs; growth performance; apparent digestibility; serum indexes

Cite this article

DONG Airong , CHEN Qian , SHI Haitao , ZHANG Zhengfan , YU Miao , LYU Jirong , GUO Chunhua . Effects of Adding Essential Oil Blend to Diets with Different Concentrate-Forage Ratios on Growth Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility, Serum Indexes and Rumen Fermentation Parameters of Weaned Lambs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(8) : 5236 -5249 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.484

反刍动物因具有独特的瘤胃内环境,可利用单胃动物不能利用的纤维和非蛋白氮等营养物质。饲粮精粗比是指动物饲粮中精料与粗料干物质(DM)含量的比例,是调控瘤胃内环境的重要因素。研究发现,在反刍动物养殖生产中饲粮精料比例应以不高于60%为最佳, 70%的精料比例可能是极限[1]。饲粮精料比例过低,会引起反刍动物腹泻、脂肪肝、瘤胃胀气等代谢病;而饲粮精料比例过高,会导致反刍动物瘤胃酸中毒、蹄叶炎及奶牛酮病的发生,均不利于反刍动物的生长,严重影响其生产性能[2]。羔羊因其身体机能发育还不完全,瘤胃内微生物区系尚未建立,反刍功能不健全,耐粗饲能力差,因此可适当增加饲粮精料比例,满足其营养需要。近年来,研究发现植物精油等天然具有生物活性的饲料添加剂能改善瘤胃发酵功能,例如提高养分表观消化率、降低甲烷排出量等,从而改善动物健康和提高生产效率[3⇓-5]。因此,本试验研究了不同精粗比饲粮中添加不同种类复合植物精油(EOB)对断奶羔羊生长性能、养分表观消化率、血清指标和瘤胃发酵参数的影响,为EOB在山羊饲粮中的应用研究和推广提供一定的科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验所用2种EOB均为白色粉末状复合物,均由成都某生物科技有限公司提供。EOB1主要成分为肉桂醛(≥10%)、香芹酚(≥5%)、丁香酚(>1.0%)等;EOB2主要成分为香芹酚(≥10%)、肉桂醛(≥5%)、丁香酚(>1.0%)等。

1.2 试验设计及动物

试验采用2×2因子试验设计,以饲粮精粗比[50∶50或70∶30]和EOB种类(EOB1或EOB2)作为2个因素。选择48只(24只公,24只母)2月龄体况良好、平均体重为(19.55±2.16) kg的断奶黑山羊(乐至型),按体重随机分为4个处理,分别为低精饲粮(LD)+EOB1(LD-EOB1)、LD-EOB2、高精饲粮(HD)+EOB1(HD-EOB1)、HD-EOB2,每个处理4个重复,每个重复3只羊,其中2个重复全为公羊,2个重复全为母羊。整个试验包括70 d的饲养试验和8 d的消化代谢试验。饲养试验预试期10 d,正试期60 d;饲养试验结束后,各处理选取4只(2只公,2只母)体重相近的试验羊转入代谢笼,单笼饲喂,消化代谢试验预试期3 d,正试期5 d。各组EOB添加量均为100 g/t。

1.3 试验饲粮

参考NY/T 816—2004《肉羊饲养标准》配制全混合颗粒饲料,由四川某饲料有限公司生产,基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 精粗比
Concentrate-forage ratios
50∶50 70∶30
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 30.00 41.00
玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal 7.00 8.00
豆粕Soybean meal 6.00 13.00
糖蜜Molasses 2.00 2.00
磷脂粉Phospholipid powder 1.00 2.00
喷浆玉米皮Gunite corn skin 24.00 8.00
苜蓿Alfalfa 18.00 16.00
稻壳Rice husk 8.00 6.00
碳酸钙CaCO3 1.00 1.00
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.50 0.50
食盐NaCl 0.30 0.30
碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 0.20 0.20
预混料Premix1) 2.00 2.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
干物质DM 91.72 91.78
消化能DE/(MJ/kg) 11.03 11.98
粗蛋白质CP 17.05 17.40
粗脂肪EE 3.27 3.52
中性洗涤纤维NDF 18.56 14.49
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 7.34 6.12
钙Ca 1.05 0.96
总磷TP 0.59 0.51

1)每千克预混料中含有 One kilogram of premix contained the following: Cu (as copper sulfate) 500 mg,Fe(as ferrous sulfate) 1 500 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 2 500 mg,Mn 175 mg,Se 15 mg,I 20 mg,Co 15 mg,VA 4.0×105 IU,VD3 1.0×105 IU,VE 2 500 IU。

2) 消化能根据原料组成计算所得,其余为实测值。DE was calculated based on the ingredient composition, while the others were measured values.

1.4 饲养管理

试验动物进圈前,将圈舍进行清洁和消毒处理,试验羊统一驱虫。试验期间保持圈舍通风、清洁,圈舍定期消毒。试验羊每天饲喂2次(09:00和16:00),自由采食和饮水。

1.5 测定指标及方法

1.5.1 生长性能的测定

分别在正试期第1、30、60天晨饲前对试验羊空腹称重。每日饲喂时,准确记录喂料量及剩料量,试验结束后计算平均日增重(ADG)、平均干物质采食量(ADMI)以及料重比(F/G)。
ADG=(终末体重-初始体重)/试验天数;
ADMI=总干物质采食量/试验天数;
F/G=ADMI/ADG。

1.5.2 饲粮样及粪样采集和指标测定

分别在消化代谢试验正试期,按四分法采集饲粮样,连续采集5 d,混匀,密封保存。采用全收粪法,在代谢笼内连续5 d收集每只羊的鲜粪,去除其中的羊毛及杂质后称重,取总量的10%,按照100 g鲜粪加入10%稀硫酸10 mL对粪样进行固氮,-20 ℃保存。
饲粮样及粪样带回实验室65 ℃烘干,粉碎后进行常规营养成分的测定,计算各养分表观消化率。样品中的DM和粗蛋白质(CP)含量的测定参照张丽英[6]主编的《饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术》中的检测方法测定,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量的测定参照Van Soest等[7]的方法。各养分表观消化率计算公式如下:
饲粮中某养分表观消化率(%)=[(食入该养分含量-粪中该养分含量)/食入该养分含量]×100。

1.5.3 血清采集和指标测定

在正式试验第60天晨饲前,每个重复选择2只羊,进行空腹颈静脉采血10 mL,放入离心机3 500 r/min离心15 min,并置于-20 ℃保存。
血清生化指标:采用全自动生化分析仪(BS-240VET)测定血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性及尿素氮(UN)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、葡萄糖(Glu)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(T-CHO)含量。
血清抗氧化指标:采用南京建成生物工程研究所试剂盒测定血清中总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,丙二醛(MDA)含量及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)。

1.5.4 瘤胃液采集和指标测定

每组选取采血完成后的8只山羊,喂食2~3 h后采用瘤胃口腔导管法采集瘤胃液,每头羊采集15 mL,分装于3个5 mL离心管,放于-20 ℃保存,用于测定pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度和微生物蛋白(MCP)含量。
pH的测定:瘤胃液分装后,保留1个5 mL离心管,立即用pHS-10型便携式pH计测定瘤胃液的pH。
NH3-N浓度的测定:参考冯宗慈等[8]的比色法测定,即取5 mL瘤胃液在3 500~4 000 r/min下,离心10 min,量取2 mL上清液,置于10 mL试管内,再加入8 mL盐酸(0.2 mol/L)至10 mL摇匀,静置10 min后,在波长700 nm下进行比色。
MCP含量的测定:参照Bradford[9]的方法,即使用考马斯亮蓝G-250试剂盒测定。

1.6 统计与分析

用Excel 2010对试验数据进行初步整理,再用SPSS 18.0统计软件进行双因素方差分析,用Duncan氏多重比较检验组间差异显著性,结果以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P<0.01表示差异极显著,P<0.05表示差异显著,0.05≤P<0.10表示有差异显著的趋势。

2 结果

2.1 不同精粗比饲粮添加EOB对断奶羔羊生长性能的影响

由表2可知,EOB对第1~30天、第31~60天和第1~60天的ADG、ADMI、F/G均无显著影响(P>0.05)。在第1~60天,HD组F/G显著低于LD组(P<0.05);在第31~60天和第1~60天,HD组ADMI有低于LD组的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10),精粗比对ADG无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表2 不同精粗比饲粮添加EOB对断奶羔羊生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of adding EOB to diets with different concentrate-forage ratios on growth performance of weaned lambs

项目
Items		 体重Body weight/kg 平均日增重ADG/g 平均干物质采食量ADMI/kg 料重比F/G
第1天
Day 1		 第3天
Day 30		 第60天
Day 60		 第1~
30天
Days
1 to 30		 第31~
60天
Days
31 to 60		 第1~
60天
Days
1 to 60		 第1~
30天
Days
1 to 30		 第31~
60天
Days
31 to 60		 第1~
60天
Days
1 to 60		 第1~30天
Days
1 to 30		 第31~
60天
Days
31 to 60		 第1~60天
Days
1 to 60
复合植
物精油
EOB		 EOB1 19.58 25.58 30.57 207.97 166.25 184.26 0.93 1.04 0.99 5.08 6.35 5.42
EOB2 19.52 25.00 30.23 190.29 174.31 178.47 0.91 1.02 0.97 5.49 6.05 5.56
SEM 0.45 0.66 0.72 14.33 11.69 9.82 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.46 0.35 0.30
饲粮
Diet		 LD 19.59 24.83 29.89 189.39 168.61 172.73 0.96 1.07 1.02 5.73 6.49 5.97a
HD 19.51 25.75 30.91 208.06 171.94 190.00 0.88 0.99 0.94 4.83 5.91 5.01b
SEM 0.45 0.66 0.72 14.33 11.72 9.67 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.43 0.34 0.25
复合植物
精油×
饲粮
EOB×diet		 LD-EOB1 19.68 25.38 30.47 205.76 169.72 182.13 0.98 1.08 1.03 5.18 6.41 5.67
LD-EOB2 19.51 24.28 29.31 173.03 167.50 163.33 0.94 1.07 1.00 6.29 6.57 6.27
HD-EOB1 19.48 25.78 30.67 210.51 162.78 186.39 0.88 1.01 0.95 4.98 6.29 5.18
HD-EOB2 19.53 25.72 31.15 206.11 181.11 193.61 0.88 0.98 0.93 6.68 5.53 4.85
SEM 0.64 0.94 1.03 20.44 16.83 13.81 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.62 0.49 0.35
P值
P-value		 复合植物精油
EOB		 0.927 0.537 0.318 0.388 0.629 0.679 0.709 0.659 0.601 0.540 0.559 0.764
饲粮Diet 0.895 0.325 0.743 0.362 0.842 0.213 0.119 0.085 0.066 0.161 0.245 0.015
复合植物精油×
饲粮
EOB×diet		 0.865 0.597 0.441 0.468 0.547 0.328 0.801 0.749 0.935 0.270 0.408 0.105

EOB1:复合植物精油1;EOB2:复合植物精油2;LD:低精饲粮;HD:高精饲粮;LD-EOB1:低精饲粮添加复合植物精油1;LD-EOB2:低精饲粮添加复合植物精油2;HD-EOB1:高精饲粮添加复合植物精油1;HD-EOB2:高精饲粮添加复合植物精油2。同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01), 无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

EOB1:essential oil blend 1; EOB2: essential oil blend 2,LD: low-concentrate diet; HD: high-concentrate diet; LD-EOB1: low-concentrate diet supplemented with essential oil blend 1; LD-EOB2: low-concentrate diet supplemented with essential oil blend 2; HD-EOB1: high-concentrate diet supplemented with essential oil blend 1; HD-EOB2: high-concentrate diet supplemented with essential oil blend 2. In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01),while with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference. The same as below.

2.2 不同精粗比饲粮添加EOB对断奶羔羊养分表观消化率的影响

由表3可知,EOB2组CP表观消化率有高于EOB1组的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10),EOB对DM、NDF和ADF表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。HD组DM表观消化率显著高于LD组(P<0.05),CP表观消化率也有提高的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10),精粗比对NDF和ADF表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表3 不同精粗比饲粮添加EOB对断奶羔羊养分表观消化率的影响

Table 3 Effects of adding EOB to diets with different concentrate-forage ratios on nutrient apparent digestibility of weaned lambs %

项目
Items		 干物质
DM		 粗蛋白质
CP		 中性洗涤纤维
NDF		 酸性洗涤纤维
ADF
复合植物精油
EOB		 EOB1 48.87 53.81 44.58 43.32
EOB2 48.01 63.34 45.60 43.48
SEM 3.11 3.25 0.79 0.86
饲粮Diet LD 44.25b 53.67 44.59 44.36
HD 52.63a 63.49 45.59 42.45
SEM 2.68 3.21 0.79 0.79
复合植物精
油×饲粮
EOB×diet		 LD-EOB1 42.43 45.75 43.52 43.75
LD-EOB2 46.07 61.86 45.66 44.97
HD-EOB1 55.30 65.11 45.64 42.90
HD-EOB2 49.95 65.11 45.54 41.99
SEM 3.88 3.06 1.12 1.16
P值
P-value		 复合植物植物精油
EOB		 0.849 0.065 0.374 0.897
饲粮Diet 0.044 0.056 0.383 0.107
复合植物植物精
油×饲粮
EOB×diet		 0.359 0.074 0.335 0.424

2.3 不同精粗比饲粮添加EOB对断奶羔羊血清生化指标的影响

由表4可知,EOB2组血清中TG含量显著高于EOB1组(P<0.05),LDH活性和UN含量显著低于EOB1组(P<0.05),精油对血清中ALT、ALP、AST活性及Glu、TP、T-CHO和ALB含量均无显著影响(P>0.05);HD组血清ALT活性显著高于LD组(P<0.05),精粗比对血清中其他生化指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表4 不同精粗比饲粮添加EOB对断奶羔羊血清生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of adding EOB to diets with different concentrate-forage ratios on serum biochemical indexes of weaned lambs

项目
Items		 谷丙转氨酶
ALT/
(U/L)		 甘油三酯
TG/
(mmol/L)		 尿素氮
UN/
(mmol/L)		 乳酸脱氢酶
LDH/
(U/L)		 葡萄糖
Glu/
(mmol/L)		 碱性磷酸酶
ALP/
(U/L)		 总蛋白
TP/
(g/L)		 总胆固醇
T-CHO/
(mmol/L)		 谷草转氨酶
AST/
(U/L)		 白蛋白
ALB/
(g/L)
复合植物精油
EOB		 EOB1 27.20 0.24b 7.57A 485.90a 2.47 533.38 69.93 2.71 110.07 28.88
EOB2 28.47 0.33a 6.49B 413.02b 2.27 499.48 69.23 2.44 107.13 29.43
SEM 0.57 0.02 0.22 21.83 0.25 39.83 1.24 0.18 8.42 0.33
饲粮
Diet		 LD 26.84b 0.27 7.30 424.66 2.27 556.96 70.59 2.48 108.83 28.94
HD 28.83a 0.30 6.79 468.14 2.47 489.44 68.58 2.66 108.37 29.38
SEM 1.10 0.03 0.26 24.02 0.25 38.14 1.20 0.18 8.44 0.33
复合植物精
油×饲粮
EOB×diet		 LD-EOB1 25.78 0.23 7.97 455.16 2.07 567.00 71.65 2.71 106.35 28.72
LD-EOB2 27.90 0.31 6.63 400.30 2.47 536.87 69.53 2.26 111.30 29.17
HD-EOB1 28.62 0.26 7.18 510.54 2.87 499.77 68.22 2.71 113.78 29.05
HD-EOB2 29.03 0.34 6.32 425.74 2.07 477.04 68.93 2.62 102.95 29.70
SEM 0.70 0.03 0.29 31.07 0.35 58.29 1.75 0.26 12.37 0.48
P值
P-value		 复合植物植物精油
EOB		 0.131 0.021 0.002 0.030 0.578 0.557 0.693 0.294 0.807 0.251
饲粮Diet 0.013 0.405 0.148 0.218 0.581 0.227 0.249 0.495 0.970 0.369
复合植物植物
精油×饲粮
EOB×diet		 0.995 0.928 0.465 0.637 0.123 0.609 0.292 0.474 0.550 0.824

2.4 不同精粗比饲粮添加EOB对断奶羔羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表5可知,EOB2组血清T-SOD活性比EOB1组显著提高了7.39%(P<0.05),血清T-AOC提高了6.57%,同时血清MDA含量下降了6.29%(P>0.05)。HD组血清中T-SOD活性有高于LD组的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10),且血清GSH-Px、CAT活性和T-AOC较LD组分别提高了5.93%、5.94%和9.40%,MDA含量降低了9.92%(P>0.05)。
表5 不同精粗比饲粮添加EOB对断奶羔羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of adding EOB to diets with different concentrate-forage ratios on serum antioxidant indexes of weaned lambs

项目
Items		 总超氧化物歧化酶
T-SOD/
(U/L)		 丙二醛
MDA/
(nmol/L)		 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/
(U/mL)		 过氧化氢酶
CAT/
(U/L)		 总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/
(U/mL)
复合植物精油
EOB		 EOB1 271.31b 2.86 38.43 2.28 4.72
EOB2 291.35a 2.68 35.75 2.22 5.03
SEM 6.25 0.35 2.37 0.27 0.30
饲粮
Diet		 LD 272.90 2.62 35.90 2.19 4.68
HD 291.44 2.88 38.03 2.32 5.12
SEM 6.39 0.35 2.40 0.27 0.29
复合植物
精油×饲粮
EOB×diet		 LD-EOB1 266.64 2.40 37.37 2.12 4.39
LD-EOB2 279.17 2.80 34.42 2.30 4.91
HD-EOB1 276.92 3.17 39.25 2.53 5.06
HD-EOB2 305.96 2.58 36.81 2.15 5.18
SEM 8.03 0.52 3.56 0.40 0.43
P值
P-value		 复合植物
植物精油
EOB		 0.035 0.714 0.438 0.865 0.469
饲粮Diet 0.054 0.613 0.539 0.744 0.298
复合植物
植物精油×
饲粮EOB×diet		 0.230 0.244 0.698 0.202 0.755

2.5 不同精粗比饲粮添加EOB对断奶羔羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响

由表6所示,EOB2组瘤胃pH显著高于EOB1组(P<0.05),而NH3-N浓度显著极降低(P<0.01),MCP含量有增高的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10),HD组瘤胃pH和NH3-N浓度显著低于LD组(P<0.05)。
表6 不同精粗比饲粮添加EOB对断奶羔羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响

Table 6 Effects of adding EOB to diets with different concentrate-forage ratios on rumen fermentation parameters of weaned lambs mg/dL

项目Items pH 氨态氮NH3-N 微生物蛋白MCP
复合植物精油
EOB		 EOB1 6.55b 9.11a 19.69
EOB2 6.70a 6.46b 25.49
SEM 0.05 0.79 1.99
饲粮Diet LD 6.71a 9.86A 20.57
HD 6.54b 6.31B 24.21
SEM 0.05 0.67 2.15
复合植物精油×饲粮
EOB×diet		 LD-EOB1 6.63 10.80 19.30
LD-EOB2 6.79 7.99 21.84
HD-EOB1 6.48 7.08 20.01
HD-EOB2 6.61 5.55 28.41
SEM 0.60 0.90 2.75
P值
P-value		 复合植物植物精油EOB 0.040 0.030 0.056
饲粮Diet 0.015 0.002 0.249
复合植物植物精油×
饲粮EOB×diet		 0.846 0.470 0.304

3 讨论

3.1 不同精粗比饲粮添加EOB对断奶羔羊生长性能的影响

饲粮精粗比通过调控饲粮结构和营养水平来提高饲粮精料比例,适宜的饲粮精粗比能够调控瘤胃微生物和胃肠道消化酶活性,从而提高反刍动物的生产性能和饲料利用率。Cantalapiedra-Hijar等[10]研究发现,2种精粗比(70∶30、30∶70)饲粮的干物质采食量(DMI)无显著差异。Mele等[11]研究发现,给断奶羔羊饲喂精料比例为37%和66%的饲粮时,DMI均无显著差异。Abijaoudé等[12]和Aguerre等[13]分别在山羊和奶牛饲粮中将精料比例从45%增加到70%,发现DMI均无显著差异,这与Chen等[14]在牦牛上的研究结果不同,他们发现DMI随着饲粮中精料比例(30%~60%)的增加而增加。
郝怀志等[15]通过研究不同精粗比(40∶60、50∶50、60∶40)饲粮对肉用绵羊生长性能的影响,发现60∶40组ADG和DMI均高于40∶60、50∶50组,F/G显著降低。饲粮营养物质被消化吸收进而转化为机体沉积,因此ADG反映了饲粮综合营养价值和DMI与饲料转化率间的变化规律[16]。本试验中,随饲粮精料比例的增加,ADG有线性升高的趋势,而ADMI和F/G均逐渐降低,与徐相亭等[17]和尹福泉等[18]研究结果相同,随着饲粮精料比例的升高,饲粮中CP含量和消化能随之升高,消化能的摄入量的增加,促使动物ADG提高,F/G降低。
姚喜喜等[19]研究发现,在荷斯坦奶牛饲粮中添加牛至精油,能有效改善饲粮适口性,提高ADG和产奶量。姜辉等[20]研究也得出相同结果,其认为主要原因是牛至精油具有特殊的挥发性香味,具有诱食性,使动物DMI增加,同时牛至精油能改善瘤胃内微生物的生长,增强酶的活性,有利于饲料消化,促进动物的生长。也有研究称,香芹酚和肉桂醛是酚类和醛类挥发油中抑菌作用最强的精油,在一定浓度下可调控瘤胃发酵功能[21]。而Santos等[22]研究发现,当奶牛饲粮中添加混合精油(丁香酚、香叶酯和香菜油)时,DMI显著降低;Benchaar等[23]和Cardozo等[24]的研究也得到相同结果。植物精油在不同研究中其结果不同,可能与饲粮适口性和精油挥发性等有关。本研究中,山羊生长性能在2种EOB间无显著差异,可能与2种EOB的成分和剂量相关。

3.2 不同精粗比饲粮添加EOB对断奶羔羊养分表观消化率的影响

饲粮精粗比主要通过影响瘤胃内微生物数量,来影响反刍动物的饲料利用率。靳继鹏等[25]研究发现,母羊妊娠前期对DM、OM、NDF、ADF、Ca、P的表观消化率均随饲粮精粗比的增加而升高。Lima等[26]发现随着饲粮中精料比例从25%增加到75%,微生物发酵由胃肠道转移至后肠道,因此提高了山羊对饲粮中DM、OM和GE的消化率。Cantalapiedra-Hijar等[10]研究发现,增加山羊饲粮中精料的比例可以提高除ADF以外的养分消化率。在高度集约化的养殖模式下,部分生产者为了获得最大利益,在生产中给反刍动物提供了较高的精饲料比例,短期内会有一定的效果,但长期饲喂高精饲粮,瘤胃会快速发酵大量的酸,影响瘤胃内环境稳态,可能会造成瘤胃酸中毒等疾病。Grant等[27]指出,当瘤胃内pH低于6.2时,瘤胃纤维素分解菌的生长将受到抑制。本研究中,HD组山羊对DM和CP的表观消化率高于LD组,可能是精粗比较低的饲粮,其结构性碳水化合物比例较低,使得饲粮在动物胃肠道中的流通速率减缓,在瘤胃中的滞留时间增加,从而提高了有机物的消化率[28]。且根据反刍动物自身生理结构特点,以及国家玉米豆粕减量计划,都决定了在反刍动物饲粮中不宜提倡精料过高。本研究使用的动物是断奶羔羊,瘤胃尚未发育成熟,消化能力决定了这个阶段精料比例比成年期高一些,但试验期只有2~3个月,因此精粗比为70∶30的饲粮也不能用于山羊的育肥全期。
Lin等[29]研究发现,在绵羊饲粮中添加EOB(丁香、牛至、肉桂和柠檬油混合物)不影响DM、NDF和ADF的消化率。Zamiri等[30]研究发现,百里香酚对绵羊NDF、EE的消化率和氮平衡有显著影响。张成喜等[31]在奶牛饲粮中分别添加12、18、24 g/(d·头)肉桂醛均能提高DM、CP、NDF、ADF、Ca和P的表观消化率,丁大伟等[32]在奶牛饲粮中添加牛至油和肉桂醛的复合物也得到相同结果。王娟等[33]的研究发现,添加4 g/d的植物精油可以显著提高绵羊对青贮玉米NDF的降解率,并对ADF、CP、DM的降解率也有明显的促进作用,可能与饲粮中添加精油后,增加了饲粮在瘤胃中的停留时间有关[30]。饲粮中添加植物精油可抑制饲料中黄曲霉等有害微生物的滋生,防止饲粮发霉变质;也可抑制瘤胃微生物脱氨基作用,调控瘤胃的发酵性能;促进消化液的分泌,增强消化功能,从而提高机体对养分的消化吸收[34-35]。本研究中,EOB2组CP的表观消化率高于EOB1组,推测可能是EOB2对瘤胃微生物脱氨基作用的抑制效果大于EOB1,且EOB2更有利于促进瘤胃蛋白降解菌的活性,从而提高饲粮蛋白质利用率。

3.3 不同精粗比饲粮添加EOB对断奶羔羊血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标的变化反映动物机体健康、营养水平以及机体代谢状态。LDH是参与糖酵解和糖异生过程的重要酶类物质,其主要是催化乳酸和丙酮酸之间氧化还原反应。本研究中,EOB1组血清LDH活性显著高于EOB2组,表明饲粮中添加EOB1更有利于加快乳酸与丙酮酸的氧化还原反应。ALT是反映肝脏功能的指标,当动物机体蛋白质代谢水平增加或肝细胞因炎症、中毒等受损时,其活性会偏高[36]。Chen等[14]发现,饲粮精粗比对肝酶活性无显著影响。本研究中,HD组血清ALT活性显著高于LD组,与杨艳玲等[37]研究结果相同。UN是蛋白质代谢后的产物,其水平的高低是蛋白质与氨基酸之间平衡的重要指标[38]。在本研究中,精粗比不影响血清中UN含量,与Chen等[14]的研究结果相同。EOB2组血清UN含量显著低于EOB1组,表明饲粮中添加EOB2更有利于促进饲粮蛋白质的代谢。TG是血液脂肪的组成部分,其含量的高低可以反映脂类的吸收和代谢状况[39]。刘立山等[40]研究发现,饲粮中添加牛至精油,可显著降低荷斯坦公牛血液中TG含量。Hong等[41]发现植物精油可抑制肝脏中3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A (HMG-CoA)还原酶活性,而HMGCoA是胆固醇合成的关键调节酶,因此植物精油可减少胆固醇血症的发生。本研究中,EOB2组血清TG含量较EOB1中药显著提高了37.50%,这可能与肉桂醛具有降低血糖血脂的作用有关[42]。

3.4 不同精粗比饲粮添加EOB对断奶羔羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

饲粮精粗比是衡量反刍动物饲粮营养学特性的重要指标,适宜的饲粮精粗比能够提高机体抗氧化能力,促进动物机体的健康。侯志高等[43]研究发现,当精料比例为55%时,血清T-AOC、SOD活性显著高于其他比例,MDA含量显著降低。施力光等[44]研究了不同精粗比(50∶50、20∶80、80∶20)饲粮对海南黑山羊抗氧化性能的影响,发现精粗比为20∶80和80∶20组血清T-AOC及CAT、GSH-Px活性均低于对照组(50∶50)。本研究中,随着饲粮精粗比的提高,血清中T-SOD活性有升高的趋势,且GSH-Px、CAT活性和T-AOC分别提高了5.93%、5.94%和9.40%,MDA含量降低了9.92%,表明HD组山羊抗氧化能力高于LD组,与前人研究结果有所差异,可能与试验动物及饲粮组成有关[2]。
抗氧化能力即机体对抗氧化自由基的能力,当动物受到某些环境因素影响时,机体便会产生大量自由基,从而导致疾病的发生[45]。Jirovetz等[46]发现,与丁香酚和抗氧化剂相比,丁香油在不同浓度下对二苯基苦酰肼基(DPPH)自由基的抑制活性最强。也有研究表明,植物精油抗氧化活性较强的原因可能与植物精油中酚类化合物和黄酮类化合物有关[47]。王新伟等[48]研究发现,植物精油的抗氧化能力具有剂量效应,且香芹酚抗氧化能力优于肉桂醛。陈会良等[49]在奶牛饲粮中添加10%牛至油,血清SOD和GSH-Px活性分别提高6.97%和10.86%,血清MDA含量下降7.94%。Fernandez-Panchon等[50]研究发现,肉桂醛等植物精油能够为自由基提供氢或自由电子,使游离电子离开芳环结构,从而决定精油的抗氧化能力。本研究中,EOB2组血清T-SOD活性和T-AOC较EOB1组分别提高了7.39%和6.57%,而MDA含量下降了6.29%,表明在本试验条件下,山羊饲粮中添加EOB2更有利于提高机体的抗氧化能力。

3.5 不同精粗比饲粮添加EOB对断奶羔羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响

反刍动物瘤胃液pH的高低反映了瘤胃微生物的活动、发酵水平及营养物质消化吸收等状况[51]。本研究中瘤胃液pH范围为6.45~6.80,且饲粮中添加EOB2提高了瘤胃pH,表明EOB2较EOB1能一定程度缓解饲喂HD引起的瘤胃低酸。Benchaar等[23]研究发现,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加精油混合物的奶牛瘤胃液的平均pH显著升高(6.40 vs 6.30)。而Tekippe等[52]发现,当奶牛饲粮中添加植物精油时,瘤胃pH没有显著变化。关于精油对瘤胃pH影响的报道结果各不相同,这可能与精油的有效成分[53]和剂量[50]有关。在本研究中,HD组的瘤胃pH显著低于LD组,原因可能是随着饲粮精料比例的增加,非结构性碳水化合物的含量增加,产生大量的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA),最终导致瘤胃pH降低。Benchaar等[23]发现,饲粮中添加精油混合物对奶牛瘤胃液NH3-N浓度无显著影响。Castillejos等[53]也发现在连续培养发酵罐中以5、50和500 mg/L的剂量添加百里香酚和丁香酚时,NH3-N浓度无显著变化。Yang等[54]研究发现,添加大蒜和杜松子也并没有增加泌乳奶牛瘤胃中NH3-N的浓度。Cardozo等[35]在体外试验中发现,肉桂醛可以通过抑制瘤胃微生物脱氨来降低瘤胃液中NH3-N的浓度。本研究表明,EOB1组瘤胃NH3-N浓度显著高于EOB2组,原因可能是香芹酚对机体脱氨的抑制作用强于肉桂醛。研究表明,瘤胃MCP浓度的升高与瘤胃液中水解蛋白和能量水平较高有关[55]。本试验中,EOB2组瘤胃MCP含量显著高于EOB1组,其可能原因是饲粮中添加EOB2,促进了瘤胃蛋白降解菌的活性,提高了饲粮蛋白质在瘤胃中的降解率,从而使得瘤胃微生物合成蛋白效率的提高。

4 结论

饲粮中添加EOB2可提高山羊对饲粮中蛋白质的消化吸收,增强山羊机体的抗氧化性能;精粗比为70∶30的饲粮可提高饲粮中营养物质的消化率,有效提高饲料利用率,增强山羊机体的抗氧化性能,且在HD中添加EOB2能缓解瘤胃酸度的降低,改善瘤胃内环境。因此,断奶山羊育肥前期饲粮精粗比可提高到70∶30,但不宜用于育肥全期,且HD中添加EOB2效果优于EOB1。

References

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