Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 9: 5652 - 5662

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.521

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Goldenrod and Poinsettia on Growth Performance, Skin and Abdominal Fat Color of Yellow-Feathered Chickens

  • FAN Qiuli , 1 ,
  • TAO Zhengguo 2 ,
  • LI Hui 2 ,
  • WANG Yibing 1 ,
  • WANG Junyan 1 ,
  • XIONG Taidi 1 ,
  • ZHANG Sheng 1 ,
  • JIANG Shouqun , 1, *
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  • 1 Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, Guangzhou 510640 China
  • 2 Guangzhou Leader Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-04-13

  Online published: 2023-09-13

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Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of goldenrod and poinsettia added to the wheat-soybean meal diet on growth performance, color of back skin, abdominal skin, tibial and abdominal fat and pigment deposition gene expression of yellow-feathered chickens, to provide reference for the application of natural carotenoids in chickens. A total of 540 healthy one-day-old ephedra male chickens with similar body weight were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates per group and 30 chickens per replicate. Chickens in the control group were fed a basal diet, chickens in pigment 1 group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 1 000 mg/kg goldenrod and 1 000 mg/kg poinsettia, and chickens in pigment 2 group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 2 000 mg/kg goldenrod and 2 000 mg/kg poinsettia. The experiment lasted for 48 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the body weight at 48 days of age and average daily gain during 22 to 48 days of age and 1 to 48 days of age of pigment 1 group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the feed to gain ratio during 22 to 48 days of age and 1 to 48 days of age of pigment 1 and 2 groups was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). 2) For back skin, compared with the control group, the brightness (L*) value at 21 days of age of pigment 2 group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the L* value of pigment 1 and 2 groups at 45 min after slaughter was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the redness (a*) value at 35 days of age of pigment 2 group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the a* value at 45 min and 48 h after slaughter of pigment 1 and 2 groups was significantly increased (P<0.05); the yellowness (b*) value at 21, 35, 48 days of age and 45 min and 48 h after slaughter of pigment 1 and 2 groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the b* value at 21, 35 and 48 days of age of pigment 2 group was significantly higher than that of pigment 1 group (P<0.05). 3) For abdominal skin, compared with the control group, the L* value at 45 min and 48 h after slaughter of pigment 2 group was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the a* value at 21 and 48 days of age and 45 min and 48 h after slaughter of pigment 1 and 2 groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the a* value at 21 days of age of pigment 2 group was significantly higher than that of pigment 1 group (P<0.05); the b* value at 21, 35 and 48 days of age and 45 min and 48 h after slaughter of pigment 1 and 2 groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the b* value at 21 days of age and 48 h after slaughter of pigment 2 group was significantly higher than that of pigment 1 group (P<0.05). 4) For tibia, compared with the control group, the L* value at 35 days of age of pigment 1 and 2 groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the a* value at 21, 35 and 48 days of age of pigment 1 and 2 groups was significantly increased (P<0.05); the b* value at 21, 35 and 48 days of age of pigment 1 and 2 groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the b* value at 35 and 48 days of age of pigment 2 group was significantly higher than that of pigment 1 group (P<0.05). 5) For abdominal fat, compared with the control group, the a* and b* values at 48 days of age of pigment 1 and 2 groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the b* value at 48 days of age of pigment 2 group was significantly higher than that of pigment 1 group (P<0.05). 6) Compared with the control group, the gene expression level of BCO2 in skin, liver and kidney of pigment 2 group was significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, the wheat-soybean meal diet supplemented with goldenrod and poinsettia can improve the growth performance and pigmentation effect of skin and abdominal fat in different phases of chickens, and affect the pigment deposition gene expression, and the effect of low supplement level (1 000 mg/kg) on growth performance is better than that of high supplement level (1 000 mg/kg), while the coloring effect of high supplement level is better than low supplement level.

Key words： goldenrod; poinsettia; yellow-feathered chickens; growth performance; skin color; abdominal fat color

Cite this article

FAN Qiuli , TAO Zhengguo , LI Hui , WANG Yibing , WANG Junyan , XIONG Taidi , ZHANG Sheng , JIANG Shouqun . Effects of Goldenrod and Poinsettia on Growth Performance, Skin and Abdominal Fat Color of Yellow-Feathered Chickens[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(9) : 5652 -5662 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.521

近年来,江浙沪及两广地区黄羽肉鸡市场价格受消费文化的影响越来越大,着色度成为了消费者衡量黄羽肉鸡感官品质的关键指标之一[1-2]。类胡萝卜素属于四萜化合物,广泛存在于植物的叶绿体和染色质中,不仅具有抗炎、抗氧化、提高肠道屏障功能和免疫功能等作用[3-4],同时作为着色剂也被广泛应用于食品和改善蛋黄着色效果[5]。肉鸡皮肤颜色的呈现由表皮层中的类胡萝卜素和真皮层中的黑色素沉积共同决定,但肉鸡自身又无法合成类胡萝卜素,且从玉米和玉米蛋白粉等饲料原料中摄取的玉米黄素和玉米黄质等又无法满足市场要求,需要额外添加类胡萝卜素以达到改善皮肤和胫脚着色的目的[6-7]。随着近年来玉米短缺及价格升高,小麦产量不断提高及价格走低,小麦在家禽饲料中的应用也越来越广泛,这使得色素的添加需求也更为迫切。β-胡萝卜素-9',10'-加氧酶(BCO2)可将类胡萝卜素中不能进行直接着色的维生素A前体和非维生素A前体,如α、β-胡萝卜素和叶黄素分解为可进行直接着色的β-阿朴-10'-胡萝卜素醇,进而调控表皮着色[8]。研究报道,化学合成的黄色类胡萝卜素阿朴酯和红色类胡萝卜素斑蝥黄对产蛋后期鸡的肝脏和肾脏均产生负面影响[9]。天然类胡萝卜素不仅安全可靠,而且有益于人类健康,但目前天然类胡萝卜素在生产中主要应用于改善水产动物体色和蛋鸡蛋黄着色效果[10-11],在肉鸡上的研究报道相对较少,尤其是应用在小麦-豆粕型饲粮中。本课题组前期研究了小麦-豆粕型饲粮中单独添加黄色类胡萝卜素——叶黄素对肉鸡着色效果的影响[12],但暂无黄色类胡萝卜素和红色类胡萝卜素混合添加于小麦-豆粕型饲粮中改善肉鸡生长性能和着色效果方面的报道。基于此,本试验旨在研究小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加不同水平金菊黄(黄色类胡萝卜素)和一品红(红色类胡萝卜素)对1~48日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能,背部、腹部和胫脚颜色,腹脂颜色以及色素沉积关键基因表达的影响,为天然类胡萝卜素在肉鸡生产中的应用提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

麻黄肉鸡为新广K996,购自佛山某公司。金菊黄有效成分为天然叶黄素,源自万寿菊,以总类胡萝卜素计为20 g/kg;一品红有效成分为天然辣椒红素,源自红辣椒,以总类胡萝卜素计为10 g/kg,均由广州某公司提供。

1.2 试验设计

选择540只初始体重为(40.43±0.03) g且发育良好的1日龄快速型麻黄肉公鸡,采用单因子随机设计,分为对照组、色素1组和色素2组,每组6个重复,每个重复30只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,色素1组在基础饲粮中添加1 000 mg/kg金菊黄和1 000 mg/kg一品红,色素2组在基础饲粮中添加2 000 mg/kg金菊黄和2 000 mg/kg一品红。试验期48 d,分为1~21日龄、22~42日龄和43~48日龄3个饲养阶段。基础饲粮主要由小麦、豆粕和花生粕等原料组成,试验不同饲养阶段均在预混料中添加300 mg/kg由武汉某生物公司提供的小麦复合酶。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (DM basis)%

项目
Items		 1~21日龄
1 to 21 days of age		 22~42日龄
22 to 42 days of age		 43~48日龄
43 to 48 days of age
原料 Ingredients
硬质小麦 Hard wheat (CP 14.5%) 67.80 72.90 77.40
豆粕 Soybean meal (CP 44%) 13.00 9.50 7.80
花生粕 Peanut meal (CP 47.8%) 11.20 8.70 5.80
豆油 Soybean oil 2.50 3.80 4.50
石粉 Limestone 1.13 1.13 1.06
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 2.09 1.78 1.53
L-赖氨酸 L-lysine (98%) 0.68 0.64 0.48
DL-蛋氨酸 DL-methionine (99%) 0.30 0.25 0.13
食盐 NaCl 0.30 0.30 0.30
预混料 Premix1) 1.00 1.00 1.00
合计 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 12.04 12.49 12.77
粗蛋白质 CP 21.08 19.05 17.5
赖氨酸 Lys 1.29 1.15 0.96
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 Met+Cys 0.93 0.85 0.71
钙 Ca 1.00 0.92 0.84
总磷 TP 0.74 0.67 0.62
有效磷 AP 0.47 0.41 0.36

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age,VA 12 000 IU,VB1 2.4 mg,VB2 5 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 42 mg,VB6 2.8 mg,VB12 0.016 mg,VD3 600 IU,VE 45 IU,VK 2.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.12 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 12 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1 300 mg,Fe (FeSO4) 80 mg,Cu (CuSO4) 7 mg,Mn (MnSO4) 80 mg,Zn (ZnSO4) 85 mg,I (KI) 0.7 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.15 mg;22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age,VA 9 000 IU,VB1 2.3 mg,VB2 5 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 35 mg,VB6 2.4 mg,VB12 0.015 mg,VD3 500 IU,VE 35 IU,VK 2.2 mg,生物素 biotin 0.10 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.7 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1 000 mg,Fe (FeSO4) 80 mg,Cu (CuSO4) 7 mg,Mn (MnSO4) 60 mg,Zn (ZnSO4) 80 mg,I (KI) 0.6 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.15 mg;43~48日龄 43 to 48 days of age,VA 6 000 IU,VB1 1 mg,VB2 4 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 20 mg,VB6 0.6 mg,VB12 0.008 mg,VD3 500 IU,VE 25 IU,VK 1.7 mg,生物素 biotin 0.02 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 8 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.3 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 750 mg,Fe (FeSO4) 80 mg,Cu (CuSO4) 7 mg,Mn (MnSO4) 55 mg,Zn (ZnSO4) 75 mg,I (KI) 0.5 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.15 mg。

2)营养水平均为计算值。Nutrient levels were calculated values.

1.3 饲养管理

肉鸡饲养试验在广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所试验基地开展,试验开始前进行栏舍消毒,地面铺放木屑。试验全期安排专人饲养,免疫程序和饲养管理均按照常规操作执行,鸡舍自然通风,每天19:00至次日07:00补充光照,试验鸡自由采食颗粒料和自由饮水。

1.4 指标测定与方法

1.4.1 生长性能、皮肤和腹脂颜色测定

试验在21和48日龄时,以重复为单位进行活鸡称重,具体生长性能指标测定方法同范秋丽等[12],并在21、35和48日龄称重后每重复挑选接近平均体重的2只鸡,使用便携式色差仪(3NH-NR145型,深圳市三恩时科技有限公司)对肉鸡背部皮肤、腹部皮肤和胫脚的固定位置进行颜色[亮度(L*)、红度(a*)和黄度(b*)值]测定,每个点测定3次,各指标数值以平均值计。48日龄时,活鸡测定皮肤和胫脚颜色后进行脱毛处理,剖取腹脂测定颜色,并测定屠宰后45 min和48 h胴体背部皮肤和腹部皮肤颜色。

1.4.2 色素沉积关键基因表达测定

48日龄时,试验鸡剪取背部皮肤、肝脏和肾脏组织各约1 g,分别装于无RNA酶的2 mL离心管中,相对荧光定量法测定色素沉积关键基因BCO2表达量。总RNA提取、cDNA反转录、反转录PCR(RT-PCR)以及内参基因β-肌动蛋白(β-actin)和目的基因BCO2序列设计、相对表达量计算方法等均参考范秋丽等[12]和Wang等[13]方法。

1.5 数据处理与分析

采用SPSS 21.0统计软件中的one-way ANOVA程序对所有数据进行单因素方差分析,若组间差异显著则进行Tukey氏多重比较。结果以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 金菊黄和一品红对1~48日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响

由表2可知,1~21日龄,色素1、2组肉鸡21日龄体重、平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比和死亡率与对照组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。22~48日龄,与对照组相比,色素1组肉鸡48日龄体重和平均日增重均显著升高(P<0.05),色素1、2组肉鸡料重比显著降低(P<0.05),但色素1、2组肉鸡平均日采食量和死亡率无显著差异(P>0.05)。1~48日龄,与对照组相比,色素1组肉鸡平均日增重显著升高(P<0.05),色素1、2组肉鸡料重比显著降低(P<0.05),色素1、2组肉鸡平均日采食量和死亡率无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表2 金菊黄和一品红对1~48日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of goldenrod and poinsettia on growth performance of yellow-feathered chickens during 1 to 48 days of age

项目
Items		 组别 Groups SEM P值
P-value
对照 Control 色素1 Pigment 1 色素2 Pigment 2
1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age
1日龄体重 BW at 1 day of age/g 40.46 40.41 40.41 0.06 0.938
21日龄体重 BW at 21 days of age/g 414.00 395.56 393.87 6.30 0.537
平均日增重 ADG/g 17.79 16.91 16.83 0.30 0.535
平均日采食量 ADFI/g 27.87 26.72 26.64 0.38 0.415
料重比 F/G 1.57 1.58 1.58 0.03 0.992
死亡率 Mortality/% 0.00 0.00 0.00 <0.01 1.000
22~48日龄 22 to 48 days of age
48日龄体重 BW at 48 days of age/g 1 366.47b 1 458.21a 1 441.36ab 17.24 0.045
平均日增重 ADG/g 35.28b 39.36a 38.80ab 0.75 0.037
平均日采食量 ADFI/g 90.34 93.31 91.54 1.02 0.546
料重比 F/G 2.56a 2.37b 2.36b 0.03 0.030
死亡率 Mortality/% 1.67 1.11 1.67 0.52 0.891
1~48日龄 1 to 48 days of age
平均日增重 ADG/g 27.63b 29.54a 29.19ab 0.36 0.046
平均日采食量 ADFI/g 63.22 64.31 63.35 0.56 0.712
料重比 F/G 2.29a 2.18b 2.17b 0.02 0.047
死亡率 Mortality/% 1.67 1.11 1.67 0.52 0.891

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 金菊黄和一品红对黄羽肉鸡背部皮肤颜色的影响

由表3可知,21日龄,与对照组相比,色素2组肉鸡背部皮肤L*值显著降低(P<0.05),色素1、2组肉鸡背部皮肤b*值显著升高(P<0.05);且色素2组肉鸡背部皮肤b*值显著高于色素1组(P<0.05)。35日龄,与对照组相比,色素2组肉鸡背部皮肤a*值显著升高(P<0.05),色素1、2组肉鸡背部皮肤b*值显著升高(P<0.05);且色素2组肉鸡背部皮肤b*值显著高于色素1组(P<0.05)。48日龄,与对照组相比,色素1、2组肉鸡背部皮肤b*值显著升高(P<0.05);且色素2组肉鸡背部皮肤b*值高于色素1组(P<0.05)。屠宰后45 min,与对照组相比,色素1、2组肉鸡背部皮肤L*值显著降低(P<0.05),a*和b*值显著升高(P<0.05)。屠宰后48 h,与对照组相比,色素1、2组肉鸡背部皮肤a*和b*值显著升高(P<0.05)。
表3 金菊黄和一品红对黄羽肉鸡背部皮肤颜色的影响

Table 3 Effects of goldenrod and poinsettia on back skin color of yellow-feathered chickens

项目
Items		 组别 Groups SEM P值
P-value
对照 Control 色素1 Pigment 1 色素2 Pigment 2

21日龄		 L* 62.52a 60.31ab 58.38b 0.60 0.022

21 days of age		 a* 10.61 12.85 13.41 0.56 0.115
b* 5.97c 11.41b 13.54a 0.62 <0.001

35日龄		 L* 65.11 64.63 62.77 0.76 0.429

35 days of age		 a* 6.25b 7.36ab 8.65a 0.36 0.021
b* 7.49c 13.60b 17.77a 0.87 <0.001

48日龄		 L* 66.21 65.32 65.31 0.93 0.904

48 days of age		 a* 5.61 7.37 7.56 0.40 0.072
b* 9.03c 13.94b 20.64a 1.10 <0.001

屠宰后45 min		 L* 75.26a 69.72b 69.93b 0.69 <0.001

45 min after slaughter		 a* 3.90b 8.54a 8.65a 0.50 <0.001
b* 6.21b 8.54a 8.65a 0.50 <0.001

屠宰后48 h		 L* 67.72 64.99 62.39 1.05 0.140

48 h after slaughter		 a* 7.22b 10.84a 11.32a 0.66 0.025
b* 6.15b 16.90a 18.55a 1.13 <0.001

L*、a*、b*分别表示亮度、红度和黄度。表4、表5、表6同。

L*, a* and b* represent brightness, redness and yellowness, respectively. The same as Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6.

2.3 金菊黄和一品红对黄羽肉鸡腹部皮肤颜色的影响

由表4可知,21日龄,与对照组相比,色素1、2组肉鸡腹部皮肤a*和b*值显著升高(P<0.05);且色素2组肉鸡腹部皮肤a*和b*值显著高于色素1组(P<0.05)。35日龄,与对照组相比,色素1、2组肉鸡腹部皮肤b*值显著升高(P<0.05)。48日龄,与对照组相比,色素1、2组肉鸡腹部皮肤a*和b*值显著升高(P<0.05)。屠宰后45 min,与对照组相比,色素2组肉鸡腹部皮肤L*值显著降低(P<0.05),色素1、2组肉鸡腹部皮肤a*和b*值显著升高(P<0.05)。屠宰后48 h,与对照组相比,色素2组肉鸡腹部皮肤L*值显著降低(P<0.05),色素1、2组肉鸡腹部皮肤a*和b*值显著升高(P<0.05);且色素2组肉鸡腹部皮肤b*值显著高于色素1组(P<0.05)。
表4 金菊黄和一品红对黄羽肉鸡腹部皮肤颜色的影响

Table 4 Effects of goldenrod and poinsettia on abdominal skin color of yellow-feathered chickens

项目
Items		 组别 Groups SEM P值
P-value
对照 Control 色素1 Pigment 1 色素2 Pigment 2

21日龄		 L* 61.57 59.09 58.20 0.53 0.307

21 days of age		 a* 13.80c 15.21b 18.72a 0.46 0.032
b* 9.94c 17.91b 22.67a 0.87 <0.001

35日龄		 L* 62.57 61.37 61.10 0.95 0.882

35 days of age		 a* 9.78 10.99 11.14 0.52 0.315
b* 9.27b 21.82a 25.22a 0.87 <0.001

48日龄		 L* 63.43 62.93 62.15 0.96 0.875

48 days of age		 a* 8.19b 12.62a 15.82a 0.90 0.001
b* 10.91b 22.68a 26.34a 1.05 <0.001

屠宰后45 min		 L* 67.14a 64.22ab 62.72b 0.83 0.016

45 min after slaughter		 a* 10.26b 16.34a 17.20a 0.73 <0.001
b* 9.59b 20.06a 22.22a 0.99 <0.001

屠宰后48 h		 L* 71.88a 70.38a 66.60b 0.75 0.004

48 h after slaughter		 a* 9.11b 13.02a 15.07a 0.66 <0.001
b* 8.93c 16.88b 21.53a 1.19 <0.001

2.4 金菊黄和一品红对黄羽肉鸡胫脚颜色的影响

由表5可知,21日龄,与对照组相比,色素1、2组肉鸡胫脚a*和b*值显著升高(P<0.05)。35日龄,与对照组相比,色素1、2组肉鸡胫脚L*值显著降低(P<0.05),a*和b*值显著升高(P<0.05);且色素2组肉鸡胫脚b*值显著高于色素1组(P<0.05)。48日龄,与对照组相比,色素1、2组肉鸡胫脚a*和b*值显著升高(P<0.05);且色素2组肉鸡胫脚b*值显著高于色素1组(P<0.05)。
表5 金菊黄和一品红对黄羽肉鸡胫脚颜色的影响

Table 5 Effects of goldenrod and poinsettia on tibial color of yellow-feathered chickens

项目
Items		 组别 Groups SEM P值
P-value
对照 Control 色素1 Pigment 1 色素2 Pigment 2

21日龄		 L* 72.47 70.16 69.34 0.66 0.155

21 days of age		 a* 8.52b 13.00a 13.12a 0.51 <0.001
b* 15.99b 32.23a 35.89a 1.50 <0.001

35日龄		 L* 77.20a 73.89b 72.75b 0.68 0.031

35 days of age		 a* 5.73b 9.90a 11.74a 0.68 <0.001
b* 18.13c 35.05b 40.19a 1.77 <0.001

48日龄		 L* 78.18 76.79 75.10 0.75 0.608

48 days of age		 a* 3.78b 8.44a 10.29a 0.75 0.001
b* 19.00c 38.91b 43.38a 2.13 <0.001

2.5 金菊黄和一品红对48日龄黄羽肉鸡腹脂颜色的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,色素1、2组48日龄肉鸡腹脂a*和b*值显著升高(P<0.05);且色素2组48日龄肉鸡腹脂b*值显著高于色素1组(P<0.05)。
表6 金菊黄和一品红对48日龄黄羽肉鸡腹脂颜色的影响

Table 6 Effects of goldenrod and poinsettia on abdominal fat color of yellow-feathered chickens at 48 days of age

项目
Items		 组别 Groups SEM P值
P-value
对照 Control 色素1 Pigment 1 色素2 Pigment 2
L* 72.92 71.68 70.25 0.63 0.505
a* 5.56b 11.56a 11.69a 0.64 <0.001
b* 9.90c 24.38b 29.35a 1.58 <0.001

2.6 金菊黄和一品红对黄羽肉鸡皮肤、肝脏和肾脏色素沉积基因表达的影响

由表7可知,与对照组相比,色素1、2组肉鸡皮肤、肝脏和肾脏中BCO2基因表达量均显著升高(P<0.05)。
表7 金菊黄和一品红对黄羽肉鸡皮肤、肝脏和肾脏色素沉积基因表达的影响

Table 7 Effects of goldenrod and poinsettia on pigment deposition gene expression in skin, liver and kidney of yellow-feathered chickens

项目
Item		 组别 Groups SEM P值
P-value
对照 Control 色素1 Pigment 1 色素2 Pigment 2

β-胡萝卜素9',10'-加氧酶		 皮肤 Skin 0.95b 1.28a 1.77a 0.05 0.023

BCO2		 肝脏 Liver 0.92b 1.70a 1.87a 0.09 0.012
肾脏 Kidney 0.90b 1.36a 3.39a 0.12 0.007

3 讨论

3.1 金菊黄和一品红对黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响

类胡萝卜素根据化学结构是否含有氧官能团分为胡萝卜素和类胡萝卜素含氧衍生物,其中胡萝卜素包含β-胡萝卜素和番茄红素等,类胡萝卜素含氧衍生物又包含叶黄素、玉米黄质和角黄素等,胡萝卜素是动物体内维生素A的来源之一,维生素A又与动物生长密切相关[14-15]。目前,关于类胡萝卜素对鸡生长性能的影响研究报道主要集中在蛋鸡上,肉鸡上的报道相对较少[16-17]。任延利[18]研究发现,玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加600~2 000 mg/kg发酵合成的β-胡萝卜素(有效成分含量1%)可提高8~28日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡平均日增重,降低平均日采食量和料重比。付兴周等[19]研究报道,玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加200和300 mg/kg番茄红素复合添加剂(有效成分含量未知)可降低1~42日龄AA肉鸡料重比。本课题组前期研究发现,玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加200 mg/kg天然叶黄素(有效成分含量10%)对35~70日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能无显著影响[20],小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加2 000和4 000 mg/kg天然叶黄素(有效成分含量20 g/kg)对1~48日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能均无显著影响[12]。本研究结果显示,小麦-豆粕型饲粮中混合添加1 000 mg/kg金菊黄和1 000 mg/kg一品红(有效成分含量分别为20和10 g/kg)可提高48日龄黄羽肉鸡体重以及22~48日龄和1~48日龄黄羽肉鸡平均日增重,同时,小麦-豆粕型饲粮中混合添加1 000 mg/kg金菊黄和1 000 mg/kg一品红以及2 000 mg/kg金菊黄和2 000 mg/kg均可降低22~48日龄和1~48日龄料重比,此结果与王美艳等[21]研究报道相似,碎米-豆粕型饲粮中添加40 mg/kg叶黄素(有效成分含量2%)可提高脂多糖(LPS)应激条件下黄羽肉鸡1~26日龄平均日增重,同时降低料重比。这说明本试验条件下,天然类胡萝卜素的添加对1~48日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能有促进作用,分析原因可能与一品红有效成分为天然辣椒红素有关,辣椒红素属于类胡萝卜素复烯类,是维生素A的前体,维生素A又被证明可促进动物体的生长。

3.2 金菊黄和一品红对黄羽肉鸡皮肤和腹脂颜色的影响

皮肤和胫脚是衡量肉鸡外观着色效果的主要部位,同时,腹脂颜色也可作为衡量色素在肉鸡体内沉积的辅助指标。一般情况下,L*值越低,a*和b*值越高,颜色越深,说明着色效果越好;且饲料中色素含量越高,着色效果越强,色素在胫脚的沉积大于腹部脂肪和体表皮肤,随着肉鸡日龄的增加,色素在体内沉积能力越强[22]。Adeleye等[23]研究报道,玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加4%不同植物来源的类胡萝卜素可改善21~56日龄AA肉鸡活鸡皮肤和胴体皮肤色素沉积,且不同来源色素沉积量均在肉鸡35日龄时达到最高。马少君[24]研究发现,小麦-大豆粉型饲粮中添加20 mg/kg类胡萝卜素(主要成分为β-胡萝卜素和番茄红素)可提高鸭蛋黄a*和b*值。本研究结果显示,小麦-豆粕型饲粮中混合添加不同水平金菊黄和一品红均提高了黄羽肉鸡不同生长阶段活鸡皮肤和胫脚、胴体皮肤和腹脂a*和b*值,同时降低了L*值,此结果与课题组前期玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加200 mg/kg叶黄素的研究结果[20]相似,且高添加水平对L*、a*和b*值的改善效果优于低添加水平,同时随着活鸡日龄的增加,皮肤和胫脚b*值呈现出升高的趋势,相同日龄条件下,胫脚b*值高于背部皮肤和腹部皮肤,此结果也与课题组前期于小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加不同水平叶黄素在1~48日龄黄羽肉鸡上的研究结果[12]一致,同时也与王述浩[25]在AA肉鸡和冯娟等[26]在良凤花鸡上添加叶黄素的研究结果相似,肉鸡皮肤b*值随色素添加水平的升高而升高,且色素对胫脚b*值的改善优于胸部皮肤和腹脂。目前,国内大部分地区对冰鲜鸡各部位皮肤颜色要求达到罗氏比色扇(RYCF)值6级左右,出口的要求达到8级左右,但由于罗氏比色扇测定结果较为主观,因此选择色差仪进行测定,但色差仪测定的数值目前无统一标准,实际还是以不同地区市场消费者选择为主。

3.3 金菊黄和一品红对黄羽肉鸡色素沉积相关基因相对表达的影响

BCO2与类胡萝卜素的代谢密切相关,其可将类胡萝卜素中不能直接进行着色的黄色β-胡萝卜素通过不对称氧化反应分解为无色物质β-阿朴-10'-胡萝卜素醇[27],并通过上皮细胞转移进入下游反应,参于维生素A的合成以及皮肤和腹脂中黄脂的形成,并与黑色素共同作用,形成皮肤的最终颜色[28-29]。类胡萝卜素在家禽体内主要分布于腹脂、肝脏、肾脏和皮肤中。王述浩[24]研究报道,玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加不同水平叶黄素可提高42日龄AA肉鸡肝脏中BCO2基因表达量。课题组前期研究发现,玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加200 mg/kg叶黄素可提高70日龄黄羽肉鸡肾脏中BCO2基因表达量[20],同时小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加4 000 mg/kg叶黄素可提高48日龄黄羽肉鸡腹脂和肝脏中BCO2基因表达量[12]。本研究结果表明,小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加1 000 mg/kg金菊黄和1 000 mg/kg一品红以及2 000 mg/kg金菊黄和2 000 mg/kg一品红显著提高了48日龄黄羽肉鸡皮肤、肝脏和肾脏中BCO2基因表达量,此结果与前人研究报道相似,说明金菊黄和一品红可上调色素沉积关键基因在肉鸡不同部位的表达,但此结果又与BCO2基因突变或者表达量降低引起该酶表达降低进而导致机体呈现黄色的结果相反[30],分析原因可能与酪氨酸酶在体内的代谢不同有关,类胡萝卜素具有较强的抗氧化作用,可通过终止自由基链而减弱酪氨酸酶的供氧,进而影响色素的沉积[31],具体作用机制还有待后续进一步研究。

4 结论

① 小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加金菊黄和一品红提高了肉鸡体重和平均日增重,降低了料重比,改善了1~48日龄肉鸡生长性能,且1 000 mg/kg效果优于2 000 mg/kg。
② 小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加金菊黄和一品红降低了1~48日龄肉鸡不同生长阶段皮肤和腹脂L*值,提高了a*和b*值,且2 000 mg/kg在改善a*和b*值方面效果优于1 000 mg/kg。

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