Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 9: 5663 - 5373

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.522

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Caponization at Different Ages on Slaughter Performance, Meat Quality and Fatty Acid Composition of Breast Muscle of Hetian Chickens

  • LI Zhongrong , 1 ,
  • QIU Qihua 2 ,
  • QIU Hualing 1 ,
  • LIU Qingchang 2 ,
  • LIU Jing 1 ,
  • CHEN Xinzhu 1 ,
  • LIN Qin 1
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  • 1 Institute of Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
  • 2 Animal Health Supervision Institute of Changting County, Fujian Province, Longyan 366300, China

LI Zhongrong, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-04-10

  Online published: 2023-09-13

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Abstract

This trial was conducted to investigate the effects of caponization at different ages on slaughter performance, meat quality and fatty acid composition of breast muscle of Hetian chickens. A total of 400 forty-day-old Hetian chicken cockerels were randomly assigned to 4 groups with 4 replicates of 25 birds. Except the control group (intact cockerels), surgical caponization was done for cockerels in experimental groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ at 40, 60 and 80 days of age, respectively. All birds were fed the same diet ad libitum until reached 170 days of age. Three birds per replicate were sacrificed to determine slaughter performance, meat quality and fatty acid composition of breast muscle at 140 and 170 days of age, respectively. The results showed as follows: 1) no significant differences were found in dressed percentage and breast muscle percentage at 140 and 170 days of age between experimental groups and control group (P>0.05), however, the quarter yield percentage of experimental groups was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). The percentage of eviscerated yield at 170 days of age of experimental groups was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). The percentage of abdominal fat yield, subcutaneous fat thickness and intermuscular fat width at 140 and 170 days of age of experimental groups were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). 2) Significant lower pH and shear force of breast muscle at 140 and 170 days of age for experimental groups than control group were observed (P<0.05), but intramuscular fat (IMF) content of breast muscle was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). No significant differences in breast muscle color value, drip loss, the contents of protein and inosinic acid (IMP) at 140 and 170 days of age were seen between experimental groups and control group (P>0.05). 3) The contents of C16:0 and C18:1n9c in breast muscle at 140 and 170 days of age of experimental groups were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), however, C20:4n6c content was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The content of C18:3n3c in breast muscle at 170 days of age of experimental groups was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), but the contents of C18:0, C20:0, C20:3n6c and C20:5n3c were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the contents of C16:1n7c, C18:2n6c, C20:1n9c, C20:2n6c and C22:6n3c in breast muscle at 140 and 170 days of age between experimental groups and the control group (P>0.05). 4) There were no significant differences in slaughter performance, meat quality and fatty acid composition of breast muscle among the three experimental groups (P>0.05). As the results of this study, it is concluded that castration has significant effects on the percentage of eviscerated yield, quarter yield percentage, percentage of abdominal fat yield, pH, shear force, IMF and major fatty acid contents of breast muscle of Hetian chickens. Caponization at different ages (40, 60 and 80 days of age) has no significant effects on slaughter performance, meat quality and fatty acid composition of breast muscle of Hetian chickens. The contents of IMF and IMP of breast muscle of castrated cockerels were higher at 170 days age than that at 140 days of age. Hence, we recommend marketing age for Hetian capons is 170 days of age.

Key words： Hetian chickens; caponization; slaughter performance; meat quality; fatty acids

Cite this article

LI Zhongrong , QIU Qihua , QIU Hualing , LIU Qingchang , LIU Jing , CHEN Xinzhu , LIN Qin . Effects of Caponization at Different Ages on Slaughter Performance, Meat Quality and Fatty Acid Composition of Breast Muscle of Hetian Chickens[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(9) : 5663 -5373 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.522

河田鸡是原产于福建省长汀县河田镇的优质肉鸡品种,其肉质具有“鲜、嫩、爽、滑、甜”等特点。长汀县素有“无鸡不成宴”的说法,尤其是逢年过节,家家户户还要用阉公鸡祭祖。公鸡双侧睪丸完全被摘除、育肥后的鸡称为阉公鸡,当地养殖户通常在30~90日龄对河田鸡公鸡进行手术阉割并育肥至150~210日龄上市。公鸡高日龄阉割应激大,死亡率高,公鸡低日龄阉割难于摘净双侧睪丸,淘汰率高。开展不同日龄阉割对河田鸡公鸡生产性能及肉质性状影响的研究,提出河田鸡公鸡适宜的阉割日龄和上市日龄,对发展壮大长汀县河田鸡特色产业具有重要指导意义。国内相关研究先后报道了阉割(去势)对武定鸡[1]、淮南麻黄鸡[2]、广西三黄鸡[3]、文昌鸡[4]、温氏麻鸡[5]、北京油鸡[6]及台湾土鸡[7⇓-9]的影响,国外有关文献报道了阉割(去势)对蛋公鸡[10⇓⇓-13]、肉公鸡[14⇓-16]及地方品种公鸡[17⇓-19]的影响,由于试验鸡品种、饲粮营养水平、阉割及测定日龄存在差异,不同文献研究结果不尽一致。以上文献大多在1个日龄点(或周龄点)阉割、测定1个或多个日龄点(或周龄点)的相关性状指标,未研究不同日龄阉割对公鸡的影响。李忠荣等[20]研究了40、60及80日龄阉割对河田鸡生长性能、血清生化指标及鸡冠发育的影响,结果显示阉割可显著提高河田鸡的生长性能,降低血清睾酮含量,提高170日龄血脂水平,明显抑制鸡冠和肉垂生长发育。目前尚未见不同日龄阉割对河田鸡屠宰性能及肉质性状影响的报道。鉴于此,本试验拟通过研究40、60及80日龄阉割对140、170日龄河田鸡公鸡屠宰性能、胸肌肉品质及脂肪酸组成的影响,为河田鸡阉公鸡适宜的上市日龄提供参考依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

将600羽1日龄河田鸡公苗统一育雏、饲养至40日龄,从中选取400羽公鸡,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复25羽,各重复的40日龄初始平均体重差异不显著(P>0.05)。对照组公鸡不阉割,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组公鸡分别于40、60及80日龄称重后进行手术阉割。对照组、试验组各阶段饲喂相同的饲粮,饲养至170日龄。分别于140及170日龄,每个重复随机取3只河田鸡测定其屠宰性能、胸肌肉品质及脂肪酸组成。

1.2 试验饲粮及饲养管理

参考河田鸡营养需要研究成果[21]及NY/T 33—2004《鸡饲养标准》[22],配制1~30日龄、31~60日龄、61~170日龄3个阶段的饲粮,饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。试验采用地面平养并配备室外运动场,饲喂颗粒配合饲料,自由采食,充足饮水,按河田鸡常规免疫程序进行免疫接种。
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis)%

项目
Items		 1~30日龄
1 to 30 days of age		 31~60日龄
31 to 60 days of age		 61~170日龄
61 to 170 days of age
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 50.7 54.6 60.8
次粉 Wheat middling 8.0 8.0 8.0
大豆粕 Soybean meal 33.5 30.0 24.0
鱼粉 Fish meal 2.0
大豆油 Soybean oil 2.0 3.5 3.5
石粉 Limestone 1.4 1.3 1.2
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 1.2 1.3 1.2
氯化钠 NaCl 0.2 0.3 0.3
预混料 Premix1) 1.0 1.0 1.0
合计 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 12.13 12.55 12.76
粗蛋白质 CP 21.06 18.58 16.51
粗脂肪 EE 4.69 5.98 6.09
钙 Ca 1.00 0.88 0.81
非植酸磷 NPP 0.39 0.35 0.33
赖氨酸 Lys 1.13 0.95 0.81
蛋氨酸 Met 0.45 0.37 0.34
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 Met+Cys 0.78 0.67 0.62
苏氨酸 Thr 0.80 0.70 0.62
色氨酸 Trp 0.25 0.21 0.18

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets: 1~30日龄 1 to 30 days of age,VA 10 000 IU,VD3 2 500 IU,VE 25.0 mg,VK3 5.0 mg,VB1 2.5 mg,VB2 7.5 mg,VB6 5.0 mg,VB12 0.025 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 50.0 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 15.0 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.25 mg,D-生物素 D-biotin 0.125 mg,DL-蛋氨酸 DL-methionine 1 300 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1 000 mg;31~170日龄 31 to 170 days of age,VA 8 000 IU,VD3 2 000 IU,VE 20.0 mg,VK3 4.0 mg,VB1 2.0 mg,VB2 6.0 mg,VB6 4.0 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 40.0 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 12.0 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.0 mg,D-生物素 D-biotin 0.1 mg,DL-蛋氨酸 DL-methionine 1 000 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 800 mg;1~170日龄 1 to 170 days of age,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 60 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 80 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.60 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.30 mg。

2)营养水平为计算值。Nutrient levels were calculated values.

1.3 指标测定

1.3.1 屠宰性能测定

于140、170日龄从每个重复随机抽取3只经禁食12 h、体重中等、健康的河田鸡,进行个体标识,测定宰前体重后按《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量统计方法》(NY/T 823—2004)[23]规定的方法进行屠宰、分割,测定屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重、两侧胸肌重、两侧腿重、腹脂重、皮下脂肪厚度(SFT)、肌间脂肪宽度(IMFW),计算屠宰率(DP)、半净膛率(HEP)、全净膛率(EP)、胸肌率(BMP)、腿比率(QP)、腹脂率(AFP)等屠宰性能指标,计算公式如下:
屠宰率(%)=(屠体重/宰前体重)×100;
半净膛率(%)=(半净膛重/宰前体重)×100;
全净膛率(%)=(全净膛重/宰前体重)×100;
胸肌率(%)=(两侧胸肌重/全净膛重)×100;
腿比率(%)=(两侧腿重/全净膛重)×100;
腹脂率(%)=[腹脂重/(全净膛重+腹脂重)]×100。

1.3.2 胸肌肉品质测定

于140、170日龄随机抽取的鸡只,分别在屠宰过程中、屠体分割后,测定其右侧胸肌3个点位的肉色值和pH。屠体分割后,测定其左侧胸肌肉样的滴水损失和剪切力。测定肉质性状后的胸肌样品用自封袋双层包装、标识清晰、并存放于-18 ℃下冷冻保存,备测肌肉营养成分。

1.3.2.1 肉色值、pH测定

鸡只屠宰后45 min左右,拨开胸部皮肤,使用德国麦特斯Opto-Star肉色测定仪,测定右侧胸肌上部、中部、下部3个点位的肉色值。之后,在右侧胸肌上部、中部、下部3个点位各划一小口,使用Testo 205便携式pH测定仪,测定胸肌pH,记录为pH1。分割、剥离右侧胸肌,置于4 ℃冰箱保存24 h后,再测定以上3个点位的pH,记录为pH2(终点pH)。

1.3.2.2 滴水损失测定

屠宰分割后,将左侧胸肌修整为长×宽×厚约为5.0 cm×3.0 cm×0.5 cm的肉样,用洁净滤纸轻轻拭去肉样表面的水分及碎肉,使用电子天平称取肉样重(m1)。用细铁丝拴住肉样一端并标识,放入可充气的自封袋内,保持肉样垂直向下且不接触袋内壁,向袋内冲气,封紧袋口,悬吊置于4 ℃冰箱内保存24 h后,取出肉样,用洁净滤纸轻轻拭去肉样表层汁液后称重(m2),按以下公式计算滴水损失:
滴水损失(%)=[(m1-m2)/m1]×100。

1.3.2.3 剪切力测定

测定滴水损失后的左侧胸肌肉样,剔除表面的筋、腱、膜及脂肪后,修剪为宽1.0 cm左右的肉样,用C-LM 3B型数显式肌肉嫩度仪测定肉样上部、中部、下部3个点位的剪切力,每个点位测定3次,计算平均值。

1.3.3 胸肌营养成分含量及脂肪酸组成测定

胸肌样品经室温解冻、剥离表面可见脂肪、肌膜及肌筋后切成薄片,在65 ℃烘24 h后,粉碎制成风干样品。按GB 5009.3—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》、GB 5009.5—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》、GB 5009.168—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪酸的测定》的方法,分别测定胸肌风干样品中水分、蛋白质及脂肪酸含量。样品按文献[24]的方法预处理后,按GB 5009.6—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》(索氏抽提法)测定肌内脂肪(IMF)含量。参照文献[25]的方法测定胸肌样品(鲜样)中肌苷酸(IMP)含量。

1.4 数据统计与分析

应用SPSS 19.0软件对试验数据进行统计分析,结果以平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示。采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)进行方差分析,采用Duncan氏法进行组间多重比较,以P<0.05作为差异显著性标准。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同日龄阉割对河田鸡屠宰性能的影响

由表2可知,140日龄时,试验组(试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组及试验Ⅲ组)屠宰率、半净膛率、胸肌率与对照组差异均不显著(P>0.05);试验Ⅰ组及试验Ⅱ组全净膛率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅲ组全净膛率与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);试验组腿比率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);试验组腹脂率、皮下脂肪厚度、肌间脂肪宽度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验组之间屠宰性能差异均不显著(P>0.05)。
表2 不同日龄阉割对河田鸡屠宰性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of caponization at different ages on slaughter performance of Hetian chickens

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 试验Ⅰ组
Experimental
group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Experimental
group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Experimental
group Ⅲ		 P值
P-value
140日龄 140 days of age
屠宰率 DP/% 90.87±1.17 90.20±1.70 90.02±1.52 90.65±1.53 0.339
半净膛率 HEP/% 84.14±1.84 81.92±2.54 82.41±1.01 82.52±2.00 0.053
全净膛率 EP/% 69.99±2.26b 67.85±1.48a 67.81±1.25a 68.30±2.19ab 0.042
腿比率 QP/% 31.27±1.70b 26.27±0.97a 25.83±2.02a 27.04±1.10a <0.001
胸肌率 BMP/% 15.64±1.01 16.43±1.30 15.78±0.91 15.87±1.90 0.233
腹脂率 AFP/% 0.01±0.00a 4.34±1.21b 4.79±1.19b 4.15±1.98b <0.001
皮下脂肪厚度 SFT/mm 2.03±0.87a 4.13±1.09b 4.21±1.05b 3.60±0.60b 0.001
肌间脂肪宽度 IMFW/mm 4.00±2.15a 9.45±3.68b 10.65±2.66b 10.23±3.01b 0.001
170日龄 140 days of age
屠宰率 DP/% 90.77±0.50 91.08±1.49 90.49±0.72 90.15±1.02 0.330
半净膛率 HEP/% 84.58±0.86b 84.35±1.64ab 82.87±0.40a 83.06±1.77a 0.029
全净膛率 EP/% 70.41±0.77c 68.85±1.43b 67.73±1.15ab 66.90±1.61a <0.001
腿比率 QP/% 37.43±2.19b 31.07±1.71a 31.49±1.55a 31.06±1.67a <0.001
胸肌率 BMP/% 15.85±1.03a 17.77±0.99b 16.32±1.96ab 16.48±0.87ab 0.014
腹脂率 AFP/% 0.02±0.01a 6.38±2.12b 6.76±1.73b 6.92±2.18b <0.001
皮下脂肪厚度 SFT/mm 2.59±0.50a 4.68±0.75b 5.08±0.68b 4.33±0.75b <0.001
肌间脂肪宽度 IMFW/mm 6.87±1.79a 10.31±2.31b 12.57±2.47b 11.06±2.89b 0.002

同行数据肩标相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

170日龄时,试验组屠宰率与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);试验Ⅱ组及试验Ⅲ组半净膛率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);试验组全净膛率、腿比率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ组胸肌率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ组及试验Ⅲ组胸肌率与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);试验组腹脂率、皮下脂肪厚度、肌间脂肪宽度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验组之间屠宰性能差异均不显著(P>0.05)。

2.2 不同日龄阉割对河田鸡胸肌肉品质的影响

由表3可知,140及170日龄时,试验组胸肌pH1、pH2、剪切力均显著小于对照组(P<0.05),试验组胸肌肉色值、滴水损失、蛋白质及肌苷酸含量与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),试验组胸肌肌内脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验组之间胸肌肉品质差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表3 不同日龄阉割对河田鸡胸肌肉品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of caponization at different ages on meat quality of breast muscle of Hetian chickens

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 试验Ⅰ组
Experimental
group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Experimental
group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Experimental
group Ⅲ		 P值
P-value
140日龄 140 days of age
pH1 6.09±0.14b 5.84±0.16a 5.68±0.13a 5.73±0.23a 0.001
pH2 6.09±0.38b 5.70±0.10a 5.74±0.11a 5.77±0.21a 0.009
肉色值 Color value/% 61.41±16.56 57.90±10.21 58.43±9.17 58.55±8.50 0.586
滴水损失 Drip loss/% 0.81±0.77 1.02±0.98 0.66±0.30 0.83±0.43 0.361
剪切力 Shear force/kgf 6.89±0.87b 4.51±0.57a 4.44±0.90a 4.81±0.83a <0.001
蛋白质 Protein/% 87.13±0.55 86.88±0.57 87.33±1.20 86.90±0.91 0.230
肌内脂肪 IMF/% 1.93±0.40a 2.83±0.17b 2.80±0.47b 2.70±0.62b 0.028
肌苷酸 IMP/(mg/g) 1.94±0.31 1.76±0.43 1.75±0.54 1.55±0.47 0.084
170日龄 170 days of age
pH1 5.81±0.15b 5.64±0.16a 5.63±0.11a 5.53±0.06a 0.003
pH2 5.84±0.19b 5.62±0.08a 5.61±0.13a 5.58±0.05a 0.002
肉色值 Color value/% 70.09±9.24 72.04±7.72 75.57±6.31 69.05±6.38 0.130
滴水损失 Drip loss/% 0.64±0.17 0.75±0.11 0.69±0.15 0.79±0.08 0.066
剪切力 Shear force/kgf 7.25±0.42b 4.07±0.45a 4.21±0.52a 4.40±0.57a <0.001
蛋白质 Protein/% 87.73±0.99 87.73±0.41 87.30±0.36 87.50±0.36 0.300
肌内脂肪 IMF/% 1.87±0.32a 3.08±0.64b 3.45±0.42b 3.15±0.40b 0.007
肌苷酸 IMP/(mg/g) 1.92±0.37 2.22±0.40 2.14±0.33 1.97±0.38 0.104

蛋白质、肌内脂肪为胸肌干物质(92.0%)中的含量,肌苷酸为胸肌鲜样中的含量。

Protein and IMF were the contents of dry matter (92.0%) of breast muscle, and IMP was the content of fresh breast muscle.

2.3 不同日龄阉割对河田鸡胸肌脂肪酸组成的影响

由表4可知,140日龄时,各组间C14:0、C16:1n7c、C18:2n6c、C20:1n9c、C20:2n6c、C22:6n3c、饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量及n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸等指标差异均不显著(P>0.05)。对照组C16:0含量显著低于试验组(P<0.05);对照组C18:0含量显著高于试验Ⅱ组及试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05),C20:0含量显著高于试验Ⅰ组及试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05);对照组C18:1n9c含量显著低于试验组(P<0.05),C18:3n3c含量显著低于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05);对照组C20:3n6c含量显著高于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05),C20:4n6c含量显著高于试验组(P<0.05),C20:5n3c含量显著高于试验Ⅰ组及试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05);对照组单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著低于试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05),多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05);对照组n-6多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于试验组(P<0.05)。试验组之间各脂肪酸含量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。
表4 不同日龄阉割对140日龄河田鸡胸肌脂肪酸组成的影响(干物质基础)

Table 4 Effects of caponization at different ages on fatty acid composition of breast muscle of Hetian chickens at 140 days of age (DM basis)%

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 试验Ⅰ组
Experimental
group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Experimental
group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Experimental
group Ⅲ		 P值
P-value
C14:0 0.33±0.06 0.35±0.06 0.40±0.00 0.40±0.00 0.053
C16:0 17.33±0.21a 18.95±0.79b 19.65±0.44b 20.13±1.04b 0.002
C18:0 8.83±0.67b 7.98±0.32ab 7.73±0.15a 7.80±0.88a 0.032
C20:0 0.67±0.15b 0.30±0.08a 0.48±0.17ab 0.43±0.13a 0.031
C16:1n7c 0.77±0.15 0.93±0.34 0.98±0.13 1.13±0.39 0.139
C18:1n9c 26.00±1.57a 28.68±0.43b 28.08±0.59b 29.33±2.58b 0.020
C18:2n6c 32.80±1.42 32.40±2.17 31.88±1.11 30.98±2.24 0.234
C18:3n3c 1.43±0.06a 1.63±0.15ab 1.68±0.13b 1.55±0.13ab 0.032
C20:1n9c 0.20±0.00 0.20±0.00 0.20±0.00 0.20±0.00 1.000
C20:2n6c 0.40±0.00 0.33±0.05 0.35±0.06 0.35±0.06 0.084
C20:3n6c 0.33±0.06b 0.28±0.05ab 0.23±0.05a 0.30±0.00ab 0.044
C20:4n6c 4.93±0.76b 3.30±0.23a 3.00±0.59a 2.93±0.43a 0.001
C20:5n3c 0.67±0.25b 0.40±0.00a 0.50±0.20ab 0.35±0.06a 0.023
C22:6n3c 0.77±0.12 0.65±0.10 0.60±0.14 0.58±0.13 0.073
饱和脂肪酸 SFA 27.17±0.85 27.58±0.46 28.15±0.31 28.75±1.82 0.085
不饱和脂肪酸 UFA 68.33±2.00 68.78±1.31 67.49±0.93 67.74±2.21 0.336
单不饱和脂肪酸 MUFA 26.98±1.73a 29.79±0.78ab 29.27±0.58ab 30.67±2.94b 0.023
多不饱和脂肪酸 PUFA 41.35±0.39b 38.99±2.08ab 38.22±0.58ab 37.07±2.80a 0.014
n-3多不饱和脂肪酸 n-3 PUFA 2.87±0.34 2.69±0.14 2.76±0.22 2.49±0.23 0.059
n-6多不饱和脂肪酸 n-6 PUFA 38.48±0.66b 36.31±1.97a 35.46±0.68a 34.58±2.58a 0.017
n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸
n-6/n-3 PUFA		 13.53±1.85 13.53±0.50 12.91±1.14 13.92±0.48 0.251
由表5可知,170日龄时,各组间C16:1n7c、C18:2n6c、C20:1n9c、C20:2n6c、C22:6n3c、饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸、n-6多不饱和脂肪酸含量及n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸等指标差异均不显著(P>0.05)。对照组C14:0含量显著低于试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05),C16:0含量显著低于试验组(P<0.05),C18:0、C20:0含量显著高于试验组(P<0.05);对照组C18:1n9c、C18:3n3c含量显著低于试验组(P<0.05),C20:3n6c、C20:4n6c、C20:5n3c含量显著高于试验组(P<0.05)。对照组不饱和脂肪酸含量显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著低于试验组(P<0.05)。试验组之间各脂肪酸含量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。
表5 不同日龄阉割对170日龄河田鸡胸肌脂肪酸组成的影响(干物质基础)

Table 5 Effects of caponization at different ages on fatty acid composition of breast muscle of Hetian chickens at 170 days of age (DM basis)%

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 试验Ⅰ组
Experimental
group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Experimental
group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Experimental
group Ⅲ		 P值
P-value
C14:0 0.33±0.06a 0.40±0.00ab 0.43±0.05b 0.43±0.05b 0.024
C16:0 17.13±0.71a 19.55±1.05b 19.80±1.05b 19.80±0.94b 0.013
C18:0 8.93±1.19b 7.50±0.35a 7.18±0.49a 7.53±0.24a 0.017
C20:0 0.87±0.35b 0.38±0.13a 0.43±0.10a 0.45±0.19a 0.032
C16:1n7c 0.67±0.12 0.90±0.27 0.93±0.10 0.95±0.25 0.109
C18:1n9c 26.67±1.52a 28.85±1.18b 29.00±0.80b 29.40±0.76b 0.031
C18:2n6c 32.33±2.95 33.93±1.69 34.25±1.55 33.15±1.65 0.237
C18:3n3c 1.47±0.23a 1.85±0.10b 1.95±0.13b 1.78±0.10b 0.006
C20:1n9c 0.23±0.06 0.20±0.00 0.20±0.00 0.23±0.05 0.265
C20:2n6c 0.47±0.15 0.45±0.13 0.33±0.05 0.30±0.08 0.073
C20:3n6c 0.27±0.06b 0.20±0.00a 0.20±0.00a 0.20±0.00a 0.012
C20:4n6c 4.20±1.68b 2.85±0.55a 2.18±0.22a 2.53±0.21a 0.034
C20:5n3c 0.83±0.45b 0.40±0.08a 0.43±0.10a 0.33±0.10a 0.041
C22:6n3c 0.57±0.15 0.60±0.08 0.48±0.05 0.48±0.05 0.094
饱和脂肪酸 SFA 27.27±1.23 27.80±0.79 27.85±1.60 28.20±1.09 0.351
不饱和脂肪酸 UFA 67.93±2.24a 70.12±1.27b 69.93±1.13ab 69.37±0.95ab 0.040
单不饱和脂肪酸 MUFA 27.58±1.65a 29.97±1.40b 30.12±0.89b 30.58±0.96b 0.040
多不饱和脂肪酸 PUFA 40.35±0.92 40.15±2.21 39.81±1.33 38.79±1.87 0.274
n-3多不饱和脂肪酸 n-3 PUFA 2.87±0.42 2.88±0.19 2.88±0.08 2.62±0.07 0.134
n-6多不饱和脂肪酸 n-6 PUFA 37.28±1.16 37.46±2.03 36.94±1.34 36.17±1.85 0.352
n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸
n-6/n-3 PUFA		 13.23±2.36 12.99±0.31 12.86±0.63 13.84±0.66 0.294

3 讨论

3.1 不同日龄阉割对河田鸡屠宰性能的影响

本试验结果显示,阉割对140、170日龄河田鸡屠宰率、胸肌率无显著影响,但显著降低了140、170日龄河田鸡腿比率及170日龄河田鸡全净膛率,显著提高了140、170日龄河田鸡腹脂率、肌间脂肪宽度及皮下脂肪厚度。郭兴[3]、龙见锋等[4]、张德祥等[5]研究认为阉割对公鸡的屠宰率、全净膛率无显著影响,而Aikpitanyi等[13]报道阉割提高了公鸡的屠宰率、王钱保[2]报道阉割提高了公鸡的全净膛率。有关阉割对公鸡腹脂率影响的研究结果相对一致,认为阉割可以提高腹脂率[2⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-8,10,13,26]。有关阉割对公鸡腿比率影响的研究结果不尽一致,多数研究结果与本试验相似,认为阉割降低了公鸡腿比率[6-7,10,18-19,26],但也有研究认为阉割可以提高腿比率[2,5,13]或无显著影响[3-4]。
阉割降低了睾酮对腹脂沉积的抑制作用,下调脂肪分解和类固醇合成基因、上调腹脂中脂类合成基因的表达[6];阉割增加了脂质储存能力,提高了腹部脂肪重量[27],从而提高了腹脂率,降低了全净膛率。雄激素可促进蛋白质合成和肌肉发育,尤其以腿肌最为明显[28],阉割显著降低河田鸡血清睾酮水平[20],从而影响腿肌生长,降低腿比率。由此可见,阉割对河田鸡屠宰性能的影响主要与雄激素水平下降相关。

3.2 不同日龄阉割对河田鸡胸肌肉品质的影响

本试验结果表明,阉割对140、170日龄河田鸡胸肌肉色值、滴水损失、蛋白质及肌苷酸含量无显著影响,但170日龄胸肌肌苷酸含量高于140日龄;阉割显著降低了140、170日龄河田鸡胸肌pH,但大多数研究认为阉割对公鸡胸肌pH无显著影响[2-3,6,14,17,29];阉割显著降低了140、170日龄河田鸡胸肌剪切力,与相关研究报道结果[2,6,14]相同,但也有研究认为阉割对公鸡胸肌剪切力无显著影响[4,17];阉割显著提高了140、170日龄河田鸡胸肌肌内脂肪含量,与相关文献结果[2,4⇓-6,9-10,15,17-18,29]一致,同时,170日龄河田鸡胸肌肌内脂肪含量高于140日龄。
阉割后的公鸡变得温顺、安静、行动迟缓[30],减少了打斗现象与活动量。杨烨等[31]发现,散养河田鸡胸肌剪切力显著高于平养及笼养河田鸡,阉割(去势)降低了公鸡胸肌纤维直径,提高了肌内脂肪含量及嫩度[6],胸肌肌内脂肪含量的提高可以显著降低剪切力[32]。由此可见,阉割对河田鸡胸肌剪切力的影响主要与阉鸡活动减少、肌内脂肪含量增加有关。

3.3 不同日龄阉割对河田鸡胸肌脂肪酸组成的影响

本试验结果显示,C16:0、C18:0是河田鸡胸肌脂质中主要的饱和脂肪酸,阉割显著提高了胸肌中C16:0含量,同时降低了C18:0和C20:0含量,因而,对140、170日龄河田鸡胸肌中饱和脂肪酸总量无显著影响。有研究报道了阉割可提高C14:0[15,33]及C16:0[6,15]含量,降低C18:0含量[6,27,33],也有研究认为阉割对C14:0[17,29]、C16:0[17,29,33]、C18:0[17]及C20:0[33]含量无显著影响。
本试验结果显示,C18:1n9c和C18:2n6c是河田鸡胸肌脂质中主要的不饱和脂肪酸,其中C18:2n6c含量最高。阉割显著提高了140、170日龄河田鸡胸肌单不饱和脂肪酸中C18:1n9c含量,与有关报道结果[6,29]相同,也有研究认为阉割对C18:1n9c含量无显著影响[15,17];阉割提高了河田鸡胸肌中C18:3n3c、同时降低了C20:3n6c、C20:4n6c、C20:5n3c等多不饱和脂肪酸含量,对C18:2n6c、C20:2n6c、C22:6n3c等多不饱和脂肪酸含量无显著影响,该结果与相关研究报道的阉割显著提高了C18:3n3c含量[33],显著降低了C20:4n6c含量[6,29],对C18:2n6c含量无显著影响[17,29]的结果一致。
家禽肝脏是脂质合成的主要场所,脂肪组织很少或没有脂肪酸合成[34]。脂肪酸C16:0和C18:1n9c主要储存在三酰甘油中,并随脂肪生成增加而积累;C18:0主要存在于磷脂中,其在肉中的含量与肉中总脂量呈负相关,肉类脂肪含量的增加与三酰甘油对膜磷脂的稀释有关[35]。阉割增加鸡肝脏苹果脱氢酶(MDH)活性、改变膜内脂类转运[8],提高了胸肌肌内脂肪含量,相应提高了胸肌中C16:0和C18:1n9c含量,同时降低了C18:0含量。由此可见,阉割对河田鸡胸肌脂肪酸组成的影响与阉割造成睾酮水平下降、脂质代谢变化相关。

4 结论

① 阉割对140、170日龄河田鸡屠宰率、胸肌率无显著影响,可显著降低140、170日龄河田鸡腿比率及170日龄河田鸡全净膛率,并可显著提高140、170日龄河田鸡腹脂率、肌间脂肪宽度及皮下脂肪厚度。
② 阉割可显著降低140、170日龄河田鸡胸肌pH、剪切力,显著提高胸肌肌内脂肪含量,对胸肌肉色值、滴水损失、蛋白质及肌苷酸含量无显著影响。
③ 阉割可显著提高140、170日龄河田鸡胸肌中C16:0及C18:1n9c含量,显著降低胸肌中C20:4n6c含量;阉割可显著提高170日龄河田鸡胸肌中C18:3n3c含量,显著降低胸肌中C18:0、C20:0、C20:3n6c及C20:5n3c含量;阉割对140、170日龄河田鸡胸肌中C16:1n7c、C18:2n6c、C20:1n9c、C20:2n6c及C22:6n3c含量无显著影响。
④ 不同日龄(40、60及80日龄)阉割对河田鸡屠宰性能、胸肌肉品质及脂肪酸组成无显著影响。
⑤ 河田鸡公鸡阉割后170日龄胸肌肌内脂肪、肌苷酸含量均高于140日龄,建议河田鸡阉公鸡上市日龄为170日龄。

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