1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计及动物分组
1.2 试验饲粮
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 20~34日龄 20 to 34 days of age | 35~50日龄 35 to 50 days of age | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 35%小麦添加饲粮 35% wheat supplemental diet | 55%小麦添加饲粮 55% wheat supplemental diet | 35%小麦添加饲粮 35% wheat supplemental diet | 55%小麦添加饲粮 55% wheat supplemental diet | ||
| 原料 Ingredients | |||||
| 玉米 Corn | 30.100 | 13.915 | 29.300 | 12.715 | |
| 小麦 Wheat | 35.000 | 55.000 | 35.000 | 55.000 | |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 23.000 | 19.000 | 21.000 | 17.500 | |
| 玉米蛋白粉 Corn protein meal | 5.000 | 5.000 | 5.000 | 5.000 | |
| 石粉 Limestone | 1.390 | 1.410 | 1.250 | 1.270 | |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 0.920 | 0.980 | 1.060 | 1.010 | |
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐 L-Lys·HCl | 0.630 | 0.700 | 0.530 | 0.610 | |
| DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.190 | 0.190 | |
| L-苏氨酸 L-Thr | 0.140 | 0.170 | 0.100 | 0.130 | |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | |
| 植酸酶 Phytase | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | |
| 非淀粉多糖酶 NSP enzyme2) | 0.060 | 0.065 | 0.060 | 0.065 | |
| 猪油 Lard | 3.000 | 3.000 | 6.000 | 6.000 | |
| 合计Total | 100.000 | 100.000 | 100.000 | 100.000 | |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels3) | |||||
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.72 | 12.69 | 13.44 | 13.39 | |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 20.59 | 20.58 | 19.58 | 19.56 | |
| 钙 Ca | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.80 | 0.80 | |
| 总磷 TP | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.53 | |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 1.34 | 1.34 | 1.21 | 1.21 | |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.50 | 0.49 | |
| 半胱氨酸 Cys | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.30 | |
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 Met+Cys | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.78 | |
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.78 | 0.77 | |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kilogram of diets:VA 12 000 IU,VD3 3 000 IU,VE 10 IU,VK3 2 mg,VB1 1 mg,VB2 3 mg,VB6 2 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 20 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 4 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.05 mg,Fe 100 mg,Cu 20 mg,Mn 100 mg,Zn 80 mg,I 3 mg,Se 0.5 mg。 2)每克非淀粉多糖酶含有木聚糖酶≥30 000 U,纤维素酶≥20 000 U,葡聚糖酶≥100 000 U。Each gram of NSP enzyme contained xylanase≥30 000 U, cellulase≥20 000 U, and glucanase≥100 000 U. 3)粗蛋白质为实测值,其余为计算值。CP was a measured value, while the others were calculated values. |
1.3 试验设备及制粒粒径
1.4 饲养管理
1.5 测定指标及方法
1.5.1 小麦粉碎粒度测定
1.5.2 肉鸡生长性能测定
1.5.3 肉鸡肠道形态测定
1.5.4 肉鸡肠道消化酶活性测定
1.6 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 小麦粉碎粒度测定结果
2.2 小麦粉碎粒度与添加量对肉鸡生长性能的影响
表2 小麦粉碎粒度与添加量对肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of crushed grain size and addition amount of wheat on growth performance of broilers |
| 粉碎筛片孔径 Crushing sieve aperture/mm | 添加量 Addition amount/% | 20~34日龄 20 to 34 days of age | 35~50日龄 35 to 50 days of age | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 料重比 F/G | 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 料重比 F/G | |||
| 1.5 | 35 | 69.78 | 34.24 | 2.03 | 110.17 | 46.76 | 2.35 | |
| 1.5 | 55 | 70.23 | 33.85 | 2.07 | 107.03 | 45.40 | 2.36 | |
| 2.5 | 35 | 68.86 | 33.62 | 2.05 | 108.31 | 46.67 | 2.32 | |
| 2.5 | 55 | 70.26 | 33.71 | 2.08 | 110.84 | 47.69 | 2.33 | |
| 3.5 | 35 | 68.63 | 32.88 | 2.08 | 110.60 | 46.75 | 2.36 | |
| 3.5 | 55 | 67.85 | 33.09 | 2.05 | 111.55 | 47.03 | 2.37 | |
| SEM | 1.34 | 0.69 | 0.03 | 1.94 | 0.89 | 0.01 | ||
| P值 P-value | 0.750 | 0.754 | 0.804 | 0.571 | 0.631 | 0.061 | ||
| 主效应分析 Main-effect analysis | ||||||||
| 粉碎筛片孔径 | 1.5 | 70.01 | 34.04 | 2.05 | 108.60 | 46.08 | 2.36b | |
| Crushing sieve | 2.5 | 69.56 | 33.66 | 2.06 | 109.58 | 47.18 | 2.32a | |
| aperture/mm | 3.5 | 68.24 | 32.98 | 2.06 | 111.08 | 46.89 | 2.36b | |
| 添加量 | 35 | 69.09 | 33.58 | 2.05 | 109.70 | 46.73 | 2.34 | |
| Addition amount/% | 55 | 69.45 | 33.55 | 2.07 | 109.81 | 46.71 | 2.35 | |
| P值 P-value | ||||||||
| 粉碎筛片孔径 Crushing sieve aperture | 0.403 | 0.316 | 0.921 | 0.450 | 0.454 | 0.007 | ||
| 添加量 Addition amount | 0.746 | 0.957 | 0.623 | 0.943 | 0.981 | 0.764 | ||
| 粉碎筛片孔径×添加量 Crushing sieve aperture×addition amount | 0.720 | 0.900 | 0.407 | 0.338 | 0.410 | 0.989 | ||
同列数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same column, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.3 小麦粉碎粒度与添加量对肉鸡肠道形态的影响
表3 小麦粉碎粒度与添加量对35日龄肉鸡肠道形态的影响Table 3 Effects of crushed grain size and addition amount of wheat on intestinal morphology of broilers at 35 days of age (n=6) |
| 粉碎筛片孔径 Crushing sieve aperture/mm | 添加量 Addition amount/% | 十二指肠 Duodenum | 空肠 Jejunum | 回肠 Ileum | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 绒毛高度 Villus height/μm | 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm | 绒毛高度/ 隐窝深度 V/C | 绒毛高度 Villus height/μm | 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm | 绒毛高度/ 隐窝深度 V/C | 绒毛高度 Villus height/μm | 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm | 绒毛高度/ 隐窝深度 V/C | |||||
| 1.5 | 35 | 1 701.90bc | 176.95 | 9.62c | 1 156.46d | 155.29 | 7.45c | 988.94d | 130.03ab | 7.60e | |||
| 1.5 | 55 | 1 707.04c | 191.86 | 8.89b | 1 141.20d | 161.75 | 7.79d | 909.45abc | 138.55bc | 6.56c | |||
| 2.5 | 35 | 1 566.02a | 182.98 | 8.55ab | 942.80a | 152.67 | 7.05b | 876.93ab | 121.51a | 7.21d | |||
| 2.5 | 55 | 1 596.76a | 185.59 | 8.60ab | 1 010.65b | 156.14 | 6.47a | 876.71ab | 139.14bc | 6.30b | |||
| 3.5 | 35 | 1 616.64a | 195.16 | 8.28a | 1 082.36c | 153.52 | 7.05b | 916.45bc | 158.42d | 5.78a | |||
| 3.5 | 55 | 1 624.29ab | 189.95 | 8.55ab | 1 061.08bc | 151.97 | 6.98b | 862.23a | 144.35c | 5.97a | |||
| SEM | 42.97 | 5.36 | 0.17 | 19.84 | 6.45 | 0.11 | 15.65 | 4.48 | 0.09 | ||||
| P值 P-value | 0.004 | 0.100 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.195 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 主效应分析 Main-effect analysis | |||||||||||||
| 粉碎筛片孔径 | 1.5 | 1 704.84b | 182.91 | 9.29b | 1 149.92b | 158.52 | 7.62b | 954.87b | 133.68a | 7.08b | |||
| Crushing sieve | 2.5 | 1 582.41a | 184.28 | 8.72a | 976.72a | 154.41 | 6.76a | 876.82a | 130.33a | 6.75b | |||
| aperture/mm | 3.5 | 1 620.17ab | 193.08 | 8.43a | 1 075.27b | 152.86 | 7.01a | 893.21a | 151.38b | 5.87a | |||
| 添加量 | 35 | 1 628.19 | 185.15 | 8.82 | 1 061.26 | 153.80 | 7.18 | 927.44b | 136.65 | 6.86b | |||
| Addition amount/% | 55 | 1 642.69 | 188.86 | 8.81 | 1 064.10 | 156.62 | 7.08 | 882.19a | 140.87 | 6.27a | |||
| P值 P-value | |||||||||||||
| 粉碎筛片孔径 Crushing sieve aperture | <0.001 | 0.305 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.616 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 添加量 Addition amount | 0.528 | 0.164 | 0.990 | 0.713 | 0.572 | 0.276 | <0.001 | 0.287 | <0.001 | ||||
| 粉碎筛片孔径×添加量 Crushing sieve aperture× addition amount | 0.875 | 0.131 | 0.007 | 0.034 | 0.791 | 0.002 | 0.055 | 0.003 | <0.001 | ||||
表4 小麦粉碎粒度与添加量对50日龄肉鸡肠道形态的影响Table 4 Effects of crushed grain size and addition amount of wheat on intestinal morphology of broilers at 50 days of age (n=6) |
| 粉碎筛片孔径 Crushing sieve aperture/mm | 添加量 Addition amount/% | 十二指肠 Duodenum | 空肠 Jejunum | 回肠 Ileum | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 绒毛高度 Villus height/μm | 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm | 绒毛高度/ 隐窝深度 V/C | 绒毛高度 Villus height/μm | 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm | 绒毛高度/ 隐窝深度 V/C | 绒毛高度 Villus height/μm | 隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm | 绒毛高度/ 隐窝深度 V/C | |||||
| 1.5 | 35 | 1 751.83 | 273.42b | 6.46a | 1 277.94 | 183.09 | 7.00b | 1 027.09 | 169.06 | 6.08a | |||
| 1.5 | 55 | 1 889.89 | 224.49a | 8.46c | 1 203.78 | 181.53 | 6.64b | 1 036.24 | 165.75 | 6.30a | |||
| 2.5 | 35 | 1 863.03 | 216.85a | 8.69c | 1 257.21 | 191.69 | 6.58b | 1 030.49 | 166.91 | 6.20a | |||
| 2.5 | 55 | 1 840.80 | 212.35a | 8.72c | 1 202.53 | 182.39 | 6.64b | 1 050.72 | 151.41 | 6.96b | |||
| 3.5 | 35 | 1 830.26 | 222.40a | 8.26c | 1 187.57 | 200.14 | 5.96a | 1 023.23 | 159.28 | 6.45ab | |||
| 3.5 | 55 | 1 874.17 | 250.14b | 7.55b | 1 275.10 | 183.97 | 7.00b | 990.58 | 155.36 | 6.41a | |||
| SEM | 35.95 | 8.09 | 0.25 | 30.39 | 4.84 | 0.20 | 20.80 | 4.15 | 0.19 | ||||
| P值 P-value | 0.189 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.077 | 0.077 | 0.010 | 0.475 | 0.243 | 0.048 | ||||
| 主效应分析 Main-effect analysis | |||||||||||||
| 粉碎筛片孔径 | 1.5 | 1 820.86 | 248.96b | 7.46a | 1 240.86 | 182.31 | 6.82 | 1 031.67 | 167.40b | 6.19 | |||
| Crushing sieve | 2.5 | 1 851.92 | 214.60a | 8.70c | 1 229.87 | 187.04 | 6.61 | 1 040.60 | 159.16a | 6.58 | |||
| aperture/mm | 3.5 | 1 849.08 | 234.29b | 7.96b | 1 231.34 | 192.05 | 6.48 | 1 006.91 | 157.32a | 6.43 | |||
| 添加量 | 35 | 1 815.04 | 237.56 | 7.80 | 1 240.91 | 191.64b | 6.52 | 1 026.94 | 165.08b | 6.24 | |||
| Addition amount/% | 55 | 1 867.75 | 227.08 | 8.31 | 1 227.14 | 182.63a | 6.76 | 1 025.85 | 157.51a | 6.56 | |||
| P值 P-value | |||||||||||||
| 粉碎筛片孔径 Crushing sieve aperture | 0.635 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.904 | 0.171 | 0.238 | 0.274 | 0.046 | 0.148 | ||||
| 添加量 Addition amount | 0.095 | 0.196 | 0.051 | 0.529 | 0.035 | 0.151 | 0.951 | 0.032 | 0.058 | ||||
| 粉碎筛片孔径×添加量 Crushing sieve aperture× addition amount | 0.108 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 | 0.364 | 0.004 | 0.433 | 0.269 | 0.121 | ||||
2.4 小麦粉碎粒度与添加量对肉鸡肠道消化酶活性的影响
表5 小麦粉碎粒度与添加量对肉鸡肠道消化酶活性的影响Table 5 Effects of crushed grain size and addition amount of wheat on intestinal digestive enzyme activities of broilers |
| 粉碎筛片孔径 Crushing sieve aperture/mm | 添加量 Addition amount/% | 35日龄 35 days of age | 50日龄 50 days of age | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 十二指肠 Duodenum | 空肠 Jejunum | 十二指肠 Duodenum | 空肠 Jejunum | ||||||||||||||||||
| 胰蛋白酶 Trypsin/ (U/mg prot) | 脂肪酶 Lipase/ (U/g prot) | 淀粉酶 /(U/mg prot) | 胰蛋白酶 Trypsin/ (U/mg prot) | 脂肪酶 Lipase/ (U/g prot) | 淀粉酶 /(U/mg prot) | 胰蛋白酶 Trypsin/ (U/mg prot) | 脂肪酶 Lipase/ (U/g prot) | 淀粉酶 /(U/mg prot) | 胰蛋白酶 Trypsin/ (U/mg prot) | 脂肪酶 Lipase/ (U/g prot) | 淀粉酶 /(U/mg prot) | ||||||||||
| 1.5 | 35 | 2 493.21bc | 44.16b | 137.01 | 15 959.99 | 180.32 | 324.74c | 2 214.00a | 70.67 | 153.24 | 8 798.01a | 123.68 | 328.84ab | ||||||||
| 1.5 | 55 | 1 905.18a | 39.59b | 144.14 | 15 366.13 | 179.20 | 308.05bc | 2 669.94bc | 65.71 | 142.94 | 9 259.81bc | 131.53 | 300.50a | ||||||||
| 2.5 | 35 | 2 740.60c | 42.01ab | 135.73 | 15 621.58 | 178.69 | 277.89ab | 2 608.17bc | 70.87 | 161.56 | 9 312.43c | 131.56 | 359.77b | ||||||||
| 2.5 | 55 | 1 971.19a | 42.85ab | 129.96 | 14 812.29 | 175.29 | 258.22a | 2 730.12bc | 72.37 | 160.11 | 9 378.62c | 136.79 | 354.48b | ||||||||
| 3.5 | 35 | 2 348.50b | 44.18b | 107.03 | 14 679.50 | 176.76 | 292.81b | 2 624.50bc | 69.80 | 150.28 | 8 755.07a | 130.15 | 306.32a | ||||||||
| 3.5 | 55 | 1 841.25a | 38.41a | 100.13 | 14 656.56 | 173.17 | 255.84a | 2 446.43ab | 69.58 | 138.28 | 8 927.16ab | 129.21 | 292.45a | ||||||||
| SEM | 123.97 | 1.15 | 11.79 | 406.87 | 2.90 | 8.46 | 101.84 | 1.48 | 7.54 | 128.32 | 3.32 | 15.70 | |||||||||
| P值 P-value | <0.001 | 0.014 | 0.055 | 0.316 | 0.288 | <0.001 | 0.008 | 0.051 | 0.161 | 0.007 | 0.192 | 0.013 | |||||||||
| 主效应分析 Main-effect analysis | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 粉碎筛片孔径 | 1.5 | 2 157.19 | 41.88 | 141.09b | 15 630.07 | 179.70 | 316.40b | 2 441.97 | 68.19 | 148.09 | 9 028.91a | 179.70 | 314.67a | ||||||||
| Crushing sieve | 2.5 | 2 301.36 | 42.49 | 132.12b | 15 261.89 | 176.99 | 269.15a | 2 677.85 | 71.62 | 160.84 | 9 345.53b | 176.99 | 357.12b | ||||||||
| aperture/mm | 3.5 | 2 094.88 | 41.71 | 103.58a | 14 688.03 | 175.17 | 276.38a | 2 535.47 | 69.69 | 144.27 | 8 841.12a | 175.17 | 298.38a | ||||||||
添加量 | 35 | 2 509.54b | 43.58b | 124.64 | 15 435.83 | 178.47 | 298.48b | 2 470.77 | 70.45 | 155.02 | 8 955.17a | 178.47 | 331.64 | ||||||||
| Addition amount/% | 55 | 1 906.12a | 40.45a | 125.15 | 14 977.39 | 176.08 | 276.65a | 2 615.50 | 69.22 | 147.11 | 9 188.53b | 176.08 | 315.81 | ||||||||
| P值 P-value | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 粉碎筛片孔径 Crushing sieve aperture | 0.118 | 0.803 | <0.001 | 0.077 | 0.311 | <0.001 | 0.121 | 0.099 | 0.113 | 0.002 | 0.311 | 0.004 | |||||||||
| 添加量 Addition amount | <0.001 | 0.032 | 0.748 | 0.169 | 0.282 | 0.003 | 0.131 | 0.329 | 0.231 | 0.027 | 0.282 | 0.218 | |||||||||
| 粉碎筛片孔径×添加量 Crushing sieve aperture× addition amount | 0.547 | 0.145 | 0.555 | 0.625 | 0.903 | 0.488 | 0.019 | 0.111 | 0.771 | 0.252 | 0.903 | 0.749 | |||||||||
