1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计与饲养管理
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| LP | MP | HP | |
| 原料 Ingredients | |||
| 玉米 Corn | 23.80 | 16.70 | 22.00 |
| 小麦 Wheat | 21.00 | 23.00 | 8.30 |
| 麸皮 Wheat bran | 4.50 | 1.90 | 4.50 |
| 菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal | 4.60 | 4.60 | 8.30 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 7.20 | 14.50 | 18.10 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
| 氯化钠 NaCl | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 2.10 | 2.10 | 2.10 |
| 燕麦干草 Oats hay | 17.10 | 10.00 | 10.00 |
| 燕麦青贮 Oats silage | 11.80 | 21.70 | 21.20 |
| 小麦麦秸 Wheat straw | 6.00 | 3.60 | 3.60 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 11.98 | 14.00 | 16.02 |
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 10.66 | 10.66 | 10.66 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 20.24 | 19.36 | 20.62 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 35.32 | 32.92 | 34.58 |
| 钙 Ca | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.40 |
| 磷 P | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.35 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets: VA 4 000 IU,VD 3 800 IU,VE 40 IU,Cu 15 mg,Fe 60 mg,Zn 30 mg,Mn 40 mg,Se 0.3 mg,I 0.8 mg,Co 0.3 mg。 2)代谢能为计算值,其余为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values. |
1.2 样品采集
1.3 生长性能测定
1.4 营养成分测定
1.5 瘤胃发酵参数的测定
1.6 DNA提取、PCR扩增、测序和测序数据处理
1.7 数据分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 生长性能
表2 不同蛋白质水平饲粮对舍饲牦牛生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of diets with different protein levels on growth performance of housed yaks |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP | MP | HP | |||
| 初始体重 IBW/kg | 199.80 | 200.65 | 200.30 | 2.57 | 0.298 |
| 终末体重 FBW/kg | 265.00 | 280.60 | 268.00 | 2.01 | 0.173 |
| 总增重 TWG/kg | 65.20 | 79.95 | 67.70 | 1.98 | 0.062 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 724.44b | 888.33a | 752.22b | 21.25 | 0.027 |
| 干物质采食量 DMI/(kg/d) | 6.54a | 6.34ab | 6.21b | 0.04 | 0.002 |
| 料重比 F/G | 9.03a | 7.14c | 8.26b | 0.10 | 0.033 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
Different lowercase letters on the shoulder of the same row of data indicate significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 瘤胃发酵参数
表3 不同蛋白质水平饲粮对舍饲牦牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响Table 3 Effects of diets with different protein levels on rumen fermentation parameters of housed yaks |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP | MP | HP | |||
| pH | 7.43 | 7.33 | 7.14 | 0.06 | 0.583 |
| 氨态氮 NH3-N/(mg/dL) | 7.73 | 9.53 | 10.79 | 0.45 | 0.111 |
| 微生物蛋白 MCP/(mg/mL) | 2.87b | 4.97ab | 5.32a | 0.33 | 0.038 |
| 乙酸 Acetic acid/(mmol/L) | 44.54 | 45.49 | 43.96 | 0.52 | 0.083 |
| 丙酸 Propionic acid/(mmol/L) | 18.80ab | 15.77b | 21.11a | 0.66 | 0.027 |
| 异丁酸 Isobutyric acid/(mmol/L) | 0.79 | 0.71 | 0.64 | 0.03 | 0.634 |
| 丁酸 Butyric acid/(mmol/L) | 8.93 | 8.88 | 13.43 | 0.53 | 0.995 |
| 异戊酸 Isovaleric acid/(mmol/L) | 0.64 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.03 | 0.154 |
| 戊酸 Valeric acid/(mmol/L) | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.13 | 0.03 | 0.385 |
| 乙丙比 Acetic acid/propionic acid | 2.38 | 3.24 | 2.19 | 0.17 | 0.171 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸 TVFA/(mmol/L) | 74.96 | 73.26 | 76.62 | 0.82 | 0.327 |
2.3 细菌丰富度与多样性
表4 不同蛋白质水平饲粮对舍饲牦牛瘤胃alpha多样性的影响Table 4 Effects of diets with different protein levels on ruminal alpha diversity of housed yaks |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP | MP | HP | |||
| 观察到的物种数 Observed species | 1 126.40 | 1 257.20 | 1 289.20 | 33.26 | 0.099 |
| Chao1指数 Chao1 index | 1 129.76 | 1 260.32 | 1 290.88 | 33.42 | 0.106 |
| Shannon指数 Shannon index | 8.49b | 9.15a | 8.99a | 0.11 | 0.018 |
| Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.98b | 1.00a | 0.99ab | 0.01 | 0.041 |
| 覆盖率 Coverage/% | 99.98 | 99.98 | 100.00 | 0.01 | 0.619 |
2.4 细菌组成差异
图4 门水平各组细菌相对丰度Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Fibrobacterota:纤维杆菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Euryarchaeota:广古菌门;Planctomycetota:浮霉菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Others:其他。 Fig.4 Relative abundance of bacteria in each group at phylum level |
表5 不同蛋白质水平饲粮对舍饲牦牛瘤胃细菌门水平相对丰度的影响Table 5 Effects of diets with different protein levels on relative abundance of rumen bacteria at phylum level of housed yaks% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP | MP | HP | |||
| 拟杆菌门 Bacteroidota | 65.02 | 60.91 | 60.70 | 1.33 | 0.350 |
| 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes | 27.91 | 24.93 | 25.98 | 1.30 | 0.671 |
| 纤维杆菌门 Fibrobacterota | 1.22 | 2.82 | 1.91 | 0.40 | 0.273 |
| 变形菌门 Proteobacteria | 1.33 | 1.84 | 2.66 | 0.31 | 0.238 |
| Patescibacteria | 1.12 | 1.81 | 1.76 | 0.20 | 0.283 |
| 螺旋体门 Spirochaetota | 0.48b | 1.48a | 0.63b | 0.18 | 0.038 |
| 浮霉菌门 Planctomycetota | 0.14 | 1.23 | 1.21 | 0.38 | 0.449 |
| 广古菌门 Euryarchaeota | 0.16b | 0.99a | 1.21a | 0.18 | 0.021 |
| 疣微菌门 Verrucomicrobiota | 0.71 | 0.66 | 0.90 | 0.07 | 0.383 |
| 放线菌门 Actinobacteriota | 0.82 | 0.51 | 0.62 | 0.11 | 0.557 |
图5 属水平各组细菌相对丰度norank_f_F082:未明确的F082科;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科_RC9肠道群;Prevotella:普雷沃菌属;Bacteroidales_BS11_gut_group:拟杆菌目_BS11肠道群;Fibrobacter:纤维杆菌属;Christensenellaceae_R-7:克里斯滕森菌科_R-7;Ruminococcus_UCG-010:瘤胃球菌属UCG-010;Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group:产粪甾醇真细菌群;Papillibacter:帕匹杆菌属;Others:其他。 Fig.5 Relative abundance of bacteria in each group at genus level |
表6 不同蛋白质水平饲粮对舍饲牦牛瘤胃细菌属水平相对丰度的影响Table 6 Effects of diets with different protein levels on relative abundance of rumen bacteria at genus level of housed yaks |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP | MP | HP | |||
| 未明确的F082科 Norank_f_F082 | 28.58 | 22.69 | 18.46 | 2.21 | 0.176 |
| 理研菌科_RC9肠道群 Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group | 13.52 | 14.23 | 15.11 | 0.67 | 0.656 |
| 普雷沃菌属 Prevotella | 10.58 | 9.56 | 10.81 | 0.70 | 0.772 |
| 拟杆菌目_BS11肠道群 Bacteroidales_BS11_gut_group | 2.13 | 2.22 | 5.32 | 0.82 | 0.205 |
| Muribaculaceae | 2.87 | 2.30 | 1.84 | 0.26 | 0.274 |
| 纤维杆菌属 Fibrobacter | 1.20 | 2.80 | 1.87 | 0.39 | 0.271 |
| 克里斯滕森菌科_R-7 Christensenellaceae_R-7 | 1.50b | 1.40b | 2.33a | 0.16 | 0.016 |
| 瘤胃球菌属UCG-010 Ruminococcus_UCG-010 | 1.64 | 1.61 | 1.79 | 0.23 | 0.776 |
| 产粪甾醇真细菌群 Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group | 1.79 | 1.55 | 1.57 | 0.14 | 0.760 |
| 帕匹杆菌属 Papillibacter | 1.44 | 1.38 | 1.93 | 0.13 | 0.195 |
2.5 细菌代谢途径及功能预测
图6 KEGG2水平注释的主要代谢途径Amino acid metabolism:氨基酸代谢;Translation:翻译;Metabolism of other amino acids:其他氨基酸代谢;Nucleotide metabolism:核苷酸代谢;Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism:聚糖的生物合成与代谢;Energy metabolism:能量代谢;Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins:辅助因子和维生素的代谢;Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites:其他次生代谢产物的生物合成;Carbohydrate metabolism:碳水化合物代谢;Metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides:萜类和多酮类的代谢;Xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism:异种生物降解和代谢;Lipid metabolism:脂质代谢;Others:其他。 Fig.6 Main metabolic pathways annotated with KEGG2 level |
表7 不同蛋白质水平饲粮对舍饲牦牛瘤胃细菌群落代谢途径的影响Table 7 Effects of diets with different protein levels on metabolic pathways of rumen bacterial communities of housed yaks |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP | MP | HP | |||
| 核苷酸代谢 Nucleotide metabolism | 24.52 | 24.42 | 24.53 | 0.023 | 0.350 |
| 氨基酸代谢 Amino acid metabolism | 13.67c | 14.32b | 14.51a | 0.037 | 0.030 |
| 碳水化合物代谢 Carbohydrate metabolism | 12.96a | 12.76c | 12.88b | 0.015 | 0.025 |
| 脂质代谢 Lipid metabolism | 10.62a | 9.95b | 8.66c | 0.115 | 0.046 |
| 能量代谢 Energy metabolism | 8.97c | 9.32b | 9.70a | 0.030 | 0.037 |
| 辅助因子与维生素的代谢 Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins | 9.15b | 9.11c | 9.26a | 0.022 | 0.026 |
| 聚糖的生物合成与代谢 Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism | 7.81 | 7.69 | 7.68 | 0.039 | 0.402 |
| 其他氨基酸代谢 Metabolism of other amino acids | 4.55b | 4.69ab | 4.87a | 0.025 | 0.031 |
| 萜类和多酮类的代谢 Metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides | 4.49 | 4.53 | 4.69 | 0.044 | 0.065 |
| 翻译 Translation | 1.14 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 0.012 | 0.557 |
| 其他次生代谢产物的生物合成 Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites | 1.11 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 0.001 | 0.274 |
| 异种生物降解和代谢 Xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism | 1.01 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.001 | 0.443 |
