Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 9: 6042 - 6054

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.555

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Soybean Meal Substitutes on Pig Growth Performance Based on Meta-Analysis

  • SONG Jiachun ,
  • LU Chunlian ,
  • LI Shang ,
  • GUI Ruohong ,
  • LIU Jixiang ,
  • LIU Songzan ,
  • CAO Hongzhan , *
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  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-03-20

  Online published: 2023-09-13

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Abstract

In order to accelerate the reduction and substitution of soybean meal (SBM) and ensure the supply of livestock and poultry products, we should excavate and utilize alternative resources to further reduce the amount of feed SBM, which is of great significance to the vigorous development of animal husbandry. A Meta-analysis based on R language was conducted to evaluate the overall effects of different SBM substitutes on pig growth performance from three stages of weaning, growing and finishing. The results showed as follows: 1) the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of rapeseed meal were higher than those of animal protein meal during weaning period, which increased by 4.85 and 170.04 g, respectively, but without significant difference (P>0.05). ADG of weaned pigs was positively correlated with ADFI (r=0.658, P<0.01), while the feed to gain ratio (F/G) was negatively correlated with ADG (r=-0.172, P>0.05) and F/G was negatively correlated with ADFI (r=-0.125, P>0.05). 2) Compared with cottonseed meal and other plant protein meal, rapeseed meal significantly increased ADG in the growing period (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in ADFI among rapese-based meal, cottonseed meal and plant protein meal (P>0.05), and there was no significant difference in F/G between rapese-based meal and cottonseed meal (P>0.05). ADG was positively correlated with ADFI (r=0.717, P<0.01), F/G was negatively correlated with ADG (r=-0.070, P>0.05), and F/G was positively correlated with ADFI (r=0.609, P<0.01). 3) In the fattening stage, the ADG of rapeseed meal and cottonseed meal was significantly higher than that of other plant protein meal (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between rapeseed meal and cottonseed meal and animal protein meal (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in ADFI among canola meal, animal protein meal and other plant protein meal (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in F/G between canola meal and other plant protein meal (P>0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between ADG and ADFI (r=0.658, P<0.01), and a significant negative correlation between F/G and ADG (r=-0.349, P<0.05), and a significant negative correlation between F/G and ADFI (r=-0.526, P<0.01). In conclusion, rapeseed meal instead of SBM can improve the growth performance of pigs during weaning and growing periods. During the fattening period, the replacement of SBM with rapeseed meal and cotton meal is beneficial to the improvement of pig fattening performance.

Key words： pig; soybean meal substitution; Meta-analysis

Cite this article

SONG Jiachun , LU Chunlian , LI Shang , GUI Ruohong , LIU Jixiang , LIU Songzan , CAO Hongzhan . Effects of Soybean Meal Substitutes on Pig Growth Performance Based on Meta-Analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(9) : 6042 -6054 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.555

随着我国在单胃动物(猪、禽)等养殖过程中蛋白质饲料原料的比重越来越高,中国国内大豆供应不足,进口大豆数量持续攀升。因此,寻求豆粕(SBM)替代产品迫在眉睫。为加快SBM减量替代行动,畜牧业应在需求端压减豆粕用量,在供给端增加替代资源供应,从而保障我国饲料的供给及质量安全。SBM作为猪饲粮的主要蛋白质来源,其含有的氨基酸可以满足猪的营养需要[1]。然而,SBM中的一些抗营养因子尤其是胰蛋白酶抑制剂、抗原蛋白和植酸,不仅影响营养素的消化和吸收[2],还诱导与受损肠功能相关的炎症和氧化应激[3]。单胃动物体内没有降解低聚糖的特定内源酶,所以不能消化SBM中的非淀粉多糖[4-5]。值得注意的是,虽然一些替代品的抗营养因子含量高于SBM,且会降低蛋白质溶解度、蛋白质水解消化率和酶活性,但是,在一定限度内不会对猪生长性能产生不利影响[6]。基于R语言的Meta分析是把若干个独立试验在同一主题上进行综合分析的方法[7],其特点是能最大限度地减少主观影响和最大可能地确保结论的科学性和真实性。Meta分析近年来已经在畜牧业上应用,包括发酵饲料[8]、抗生素替代品[9]和能量摄取[10]等对猪生长和健康的影响。不同国家根据自身饲料原料地域分布特点或者经济原因为解决以上问题采取了不同的策略。在本研究中,通过Meta分析对SBM替代产品进行了生长性能方面的研究,旨在为生猪SBM原料紧张解决策略提供参考。

1 材料与方法

本试验的Meta分析是根据系统回顾和荟萃分析声明的首选报告项目[11]和非反刍动物的Meta分析方法[9]进行研究。

1.1 检索策略

在Science Direct、Web of Science和中国知网搜索了2000-01-01—2022-01-01期间发表的相关研究,搜索策略包括猪、豆粕替代、pig、soybean meal、replacement。搜索仅限于以中、英文发表的文章。此外,进行了手动搜索以获得更多研究。

1.2 纳入标准和排除标准

纳入标准如下:1)采用SBM作为基础饲粮;2)育种背景为商品猪;3)成长阶段为断奶期、生长期和育肥期;4)研究不同SBM替代方案对猪生长性能的影响;5)对猪生长阶段有明确划分的研究。
排除标准如下:1)非英文的研究;2)重复发表的研究;3)无基础饲粮或对照的研究;4)研究对象为哺乳母猪的研究;5)进行猪攻毒试验或出现应激等非健康生长的研究;6)数据不完整、无法提供或可供转化为OR及其95%可信区间、计量资料无法提供平均值和标准差的研究。

1.3 信息收集

收集符合纳入标准的研究中的相关数据,包括基础信息(第一作者、发表年份)、猪品种、样本量、替代措施、生长阶段(断奶期、生长期、育肥期)、初始体重和最终体重、结果信息[平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、料重比(F/G)]。Meta分析所用参考文献见表1。根据SBM替代品类型,分为1组菜籽粕、2组棉籽粕、3组动物蛋白粉、4组其他植物蛋白粉。
表1 Meta分析所用参考文献

Table 1 References for Meta-analysis

序号 No. SBM替代类型 SBM alternative type 参考文献 References
1 菜籽粕 [12⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-33]
2 棉籽粕 [34⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-40]
3 动物蛋白粉 [41⇓⇓⇓-45]
4 其他植物蛋白粉 [46⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-53]

1.4 文献质量评估

利用非反刍动物研究质量评估(SQANR)的新方法来评估非反刍动物的研究。潜在的偏倚风险来自是否报告了组内差异、是否在多篇文章中报告了试验数据、试验信息是否完整、样本量是否合适以及试验设计是否合理。
评价纳入研究的质量,其条目包括:1)样本量计算;2)纳入与排除标准;3)随机序列产生;4)报道将动物排除分析的原因;5)声明潜在的利益冲突及研究资助。

1.5 数据分析

在Excel 2019中录入整理数据,采用R软件(3.6.3)Meta软件包(4.11-0)进行Meta分析。使用随机效应模型评估标准化均数差的合并估计值及每个结果的95%置信区间。如果95%置信区间包含0值,则没有差异。采用Egger检验评估是否存在发表偏倚,P<0.05认为存在发表偏倚。采用单项研究逐项剔除方法进行敏感性分析,即单项研究结果剔除后导致合并效应量的改变量均小于5%,认为敏感性低,合并效应量结果具有稳定性。

2 结果

试验一共筛选了1 373个中英文相关文献,其中42项纳入了Meta分析。断奶仔猪的初始体重低于15 kg,生长猪的初始体重超过15 kg、小于45 kg,肥育猪的初始体重超过45 kg。

2.1 不同SBM替代品对断奶猪生长性能的影响

不同SBM替代品对断奶猪生长性能的影响见表2,Meta分析结果见图1。Egger检验结果表明,菜籽粕的ADFI及动物蛋白粉的ADG、ADFI存在显著发表偏倚(P<0.05)。菜籽粕的ADG和ADFI均大于动物蛋白粉,分别提高了4.85和170.04 g,但无显著影响(P>0.05)。敏感性分析表明,ADG、ADFI指标在去除某个低质量研究并建立新的Meta分析合并结果后,与未排除前对比,前后变化很小(<5%)。
表2 不同SBM替代品对断奶猪生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of different soybean meal substitutes on growth performance of weaned pigs

项目
Items		 组别
Groups		 异质性检验
Heterogeneity test		 模型
Model		 Meta分析结果
Results of Meta-analysis		 Egger检验
Egger test		 敏感性
Sensitivity/
%
I2/% P值
P-value		 合并值
Combined
value		 下限
Lower
limit
(95% CI)		 上限
Upper
limit
(95% CI)		 P值
P-value
平均日增重 1 100 <0.01 REM 322.32 285.71 358.94 <0.000 1 <5
ADG/g 3 99 <0.01 REM 317.47 265.60 369.35 0.623 5 <5
平均日采食量 1 100 <0.01 REM 671.10 595.67 746.52 <0.010 0 <5
ADFI/g 3 100 <0.01 REM 501.06 403.20 598.92 0.015 9 <5

REM:随机效应模型;95% CI:95%置信区间。同一指标同列数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

REM:random effects model; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. In the same indicator and the same column of data, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

图1 不同SBM替代品对断奶猪生长性能的Meta分析

Fig.1 Meta-analysis of growth performance of weaned pigs with different soybean meal substitutes

2.2 不同SBM替代品对生长猪生长性能的影响

不同SBM替代品对生长猪生长性能的影响见表3,不同SBM替代品对生长猪生长性能的Meta分析结果见图2。Egger检验结果表明,棉籽粕的ADG、动物蛋白粉的ADG、其他植物蛋白粉的ADFI存在显著发表偏倚(P<0.05)。结果表明,与棉籽粕和其他植物蛋白粉相比,菜籽粕可以显著提高ADG(P<0.05)。菜籽粕、棉籽粕和植物蛋白粉的ADFI无显著差异(P>0.05),菜籽粕和棉籽粕的F/G无显著差异(P>0.05)。敏感性分析表明,ADG、ADFI指标在去除某个低质量研究并建立新的Meta分析合并结果后,与未排除前对比,前后变化很小(<5%)。
表3 不同SBM替代品对生长猪生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of different soybean meal substitutes on growth performance of growing pigs

项目
Items		 组别
Groups		 异质性检验
Heterogeneity test		 模型
Model		 Meta分析结果
Results of Meta-analysis		 Egger检验
Egger test		 敏感性
Sensitivity/
%
I2/% P值
P-value		 合并值
Combined
value		 下限
Lower
limit
(95% CI)		 上限
Upper
limit
(95% CI)		 P值
P-value
1 100 <0.01 REM 823.04a 787.72 858.35 0.968 5 <5
平均日增重 2 100 <0.01 REM 670.49b 628.32 712.65 0.006 0 <5
ADG/g 3 100 <0.01 REM 766.27ab 647.57 884.96 0.005 6 <5
4 100 <0.01 REM 604.96b 563.37 646.56 0.088 4 <5

平均日采食量		 1 100 <0.01 REM 1 729.62 1 619.55 1 839.69 0.621 7 <5

ADFI/g		 2 99 <0.01 REM 1 585.91 1 433.21 1 738.61 0.553 6 <5
4 100 <0.01 REM 1 675.48 1 511.16 1 839.79 0.015 7 <5
料重比 1 99 <0.01 REM 2.46 2.36 2.55 0.404 4 <5
F/G 2 100 <0.01 REM 2.67 2.50 2.84 0.553 6 <5
图2 不同SBM替代品对生长猪生长性能的Meta分析

Fig.2 Meta-analysis of growth performance of growing pigs with different soybean meal substitutes

2.3 不同SBM替代品对育肥猪生长性能的影响

不同SBM替代品对育肥猪生长性能的影响见表4,不同SBM替代品对育肥猪生长性能的Meta分析结果见图3。Egger检验结果表明,棉籽粕的ADG存在显著发表偏倚(P<0.05)。结果表明,与其他植物蛋白粉相比,菜籽粕、棉籽粕的ADG显著升高(P<0.05),与动物蛋白粉无显著差异(P>0.05)。菜籽粕、动物蛋白粉和其他植物蛋白粉的ADFI无显著差异(P>0.05)。菜籽粕和其他植物蛋白粉的F/G无显著差异(P>0.05)。敏感性分析表明,ADG、ADFI指标在去除某个低质量研究并建立新的Meta分析合并结果后,与未排除前对比,前后变化很小(<5%)。
表4 不同SBM替代品对育肥猪生长性能的影响

Table 4 Effects of different soybean meal substitutes on growth performance of finishing pigs

项目
Items		 组别
Groups		 异质性检验
Heterogeneity test		 模型
Mode		 Meta分析结果
Results of Meta-analysis		 Egger检验
Egger test		 敏感性
Sensitivity/
%
I2/% P值
P-value		 合并值
Combined
value		 下限
Lower
limit
(95% CI)		 上限
Upper
limit
(95% CI)		 P值
P-value
1 98 <0.01 REM 895.89a 859.31 932.46 0.019 8 <5
平均日增重 2 92 <0.01 REM 908.74a 894.64 922.85 0.046 5 <5
ADG/g 3 91 <0.01 REM 817.94ab 728.02 907.86 0.094 4 <5
4 100 <0.01 REM 729.36b 705.54 753.19 0.837 2 <5

平均日采食量		 1 98 <0.01 REM 2 585.42 2 463.60 2 707.25 0.448 8 <5

ADFI/g		 3 95 <0.01 REM 2 748.37 2 623.70 2 873.03 0.637 4 <5
4 100 <0.01 REM 2 535.43 2 411.95 2 658.91 0.582 2 <5
料重比 1 98 <0.01 REM 2.76b 2.67 2.85 0.862 5 <5
F/G 4 99 <0.01 REM 3.40a 3.17 3.63 0.071 9 <5
图3 不同SBM替代品对育肥猪生长性能的Meta分析

Fig.3 Meta-analysis of growth performance of finishing pigs with different soybean meal substitutes

2.4 猪不同生长阶段生长性能指标间的相互关系

猪不同生长阶段生长性能指标间的相互关系分别见图4、图5和图6。本研究表明,断奶猪ADG与ADFI呈极显著正相关(r=0.658,P<0.01),F/G与ADG呈负相关(r=-0.172,P>0.05),F/G与ADFI呈负相关(r=-0.125,P>0.05)。生长猪ADG与ADFI呈极显著正相关(r=0.717,P<0.01),F/G与ADG呈负相关(r=-0.070,P>0.05),F/G与ADFI呈极显著正相关(r=0.609,P<0.01)。育肥猪ADG与ADFI呈极显著正相关(r=0.658,P<0.01),F/G与ADG呈显著负相关(r=-0.349,P<0.05),F/G与ADFI呈极显著负相关(r=-0.526,P<0.01)。
图4 断奶猪生长性能指标间的相关性

下三角为指标间相关性散点图;上三角为相关系数(r);反对角线为数据分布曲线。**表示极显著相关(P<0.01),*表示显著相关(P<0.05)。下图同。

Fig.4 Correlation among growth performance indexes of weaned pigs

The lower triangle is the correlation scatter diagram among the indexes; the upper triangle is the correlation coefficient (r); the anti-angular line is the data distribution curve. ** indicates highly significant correlation (P<0.01), * indicates significant correlation (P<0.05). The same as below.

图5 生长猪生长性能指标间的相关性

Fig.5 Correlation among growth performance indexes of growing pigs

图6 育肥猪生长性能指标间的相关性

Fig.6 Correlation among growth performance indexes of finishing pigs

3 讨论

3.1 不同SBM替代品对断奶猪生长性能的影响

由Meta分析可知,菜籽粕相比动物蛋白粉可以提高断奶猪ADG和ADFI,效果较好。
由于断奶仔猪消化器官发育不完善,没有良好的消化腺体功能,因此仔猪胃肠道消化酶一般都是较低水平。胃部pH相对较高,断奶仔猪并未构建起完善的小肠黏膜系统,因此易受到饲粮组成和营养水平等的影响,导致蛋白质消化不良问题,引起腹泻等症状[54]。断奶猪试验中,菜籽粕由于适口性差,与SBM饲粮相比,ADFI和ADG都会有所下降,在饲粮中的含量应限制在20%左右[19]。但是,不同水平棉籽粕和菜籽粕的混合物却可以影响动物的生长性能,从单一SBM替代品到混合替代品,这为SBM替代提供了新的思路[55]。另外,由于昆虫在自然界中数量庞大且易养殖,每年大约繁殖10到11代,且具有高水平的粗蛋白质含量,也可作为SBM替代品。动物蛋白粉在断奶猪上的应用较少,需要更多试验来研究其效果。

3.2 不同SBM替代品对生长猪生长性能的影响

由Meta分析可知,菜籽粕可以显著改善ADG,并提高ADFI。
菜籽粕中氨基酸组成符合优质蛋白质饲料特点,但是其含有的硫代葡萄糖苷被芥子酶分解产生异硫氰酸酯、口恶唑烷硫酮、硫氰酸酯、腈等成分,对畜禽内脏器官造成损害并导致甲状腺肿大而影响动物的生长发育[56]。生产上通常采用单菌、混菌、菌酶结合等方式筛选从而使菜籽粕脱毒。周晓容等[57]研究证实,双菌固态发酵菜籽粕混合物的17种氨基酸含量均有所提高,异硫氰酸酯的降解率达到92.20%,噁唑烷硫酮全部降解,单宁和植酸分别降低了35.81%和24.22%。Shi等[13]通过黑曲霉发酵分泌多种细胞外降解酶,如纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和糖苷水解酶等降低菜籽粕中植酸盐、硫代葡萄糖苷和游离棉酚的含量,发现黑曲霉发酵组猪的ADG和FCR均优于对照组。Satessa等[20]通过添加褐藻子囊菌的预发酵菜籽粕对猪结肠和空肠中部隐窝深度、肠细胞和空肠中部绒毛高度均表现出二次剂量效应,从而提高了生长性能。值得注意的是生长猪已表现出对饲粮中硫代葡萄糖苷的耐受性最高为2.5 μmol/g[15],所以降低菜籽粕中硫代葡萄糖苷含量也极为重要。
棉籽粕所含的抗营养因子是游离棉酚和环丙烯酸,通常采用的脱毒方式为发酵、热处理和挤压膨化。Gu等[34]研究发现,发酵棉籽粕组猪的生长性能显著高于SBM组,可能是发酵棉籽粕通过改变猪肠道微生物区系,从而提高了生长猪的营养物质消化率。丁超等[37]用50%发酵棉籽粕替代部分SBM,发现对生长猪生长性能无显著影响,但是可以降低成本。马丽等[39]发现饲粮中可通过5%~10%发酵棉籽粕替代SBM,对生长猪的生产性能无显著影响,但是替代比例与腹泻率呈正相关。其他植物蛋白粉来自于优质牧草等蛋白质来源,具有良好的氨基酸水平组成。Li等[48]研究表明,在生长猪饲粮中添加脱毒麻疯树仁粉可替代30%的SBM蛋白,且对生长性能、血液免疫无不良影响,这是因为麻疯树仁粉经热处理和化学处理后,胰蛋白酶抑制物、凝集素的活性分别下降了99%、100%。
菜籽粕在氨基酸组成、对猪肠道形态和耐受性的影响等方面要优于其他豆粕替代品,因此可以提高生长猪的ADG。

3.3 不同SBM替代品对育肥猪生长性能的影响

由Meta分析可知,与其他植物蛋白粉相比,菜籽粕和棉籽粕可以改善育肥猪的ADG。
秦金胜等[40]发现,15%发酵棉粕可以使猪的ADG有增高趋势,而F/G呈下降趋势。倪海球[58]研究发现,与SBM型饲粮相比,在育肥猪饲粮中添加10%的膨化棉籽粕,不会影响猪的生长性能。动物蛋白粉作为动物的蛋白质饲料,也可以在一定程度上缓解畜牧业SBM需求危机[59],其适口性好、易吸收的特点使ADFI提高。Boontiam等[41]研究中饲喂蟋蟀粉的猪未表现出任何毒理学反应。龙定彪等[44]研究发现,蚯蚓粉可以促进猪对蛋白质的消化吸收,减少粪尿发酵期间恶臭物质及有害气体的产生。Yen等[43]研究表明,饲喂添加10%脱脂奶粉饲粮的生长肥育猪具有与饲喂SBM型饲粮相似的生长性能。但是,动物蛋白粉尤其是昆虫粉的氨基酸组成更适合家禽。魏德刚等[51]研究的苜蓿蛋白中含有较高的亚油酸、肉豆酸、软脂酸和油酸,饲粮添加5%~10%苜蓿蛋白粉替代SBM可改善育肥猪的F/G。
棉籽粕在对改善猪肠道区系和营养物质利用率方面要优于其他豆粕替代品,可以提高育肥猪的ADG。

3.4 猪不同生长阶段生长性能指标间的相互关系

由相关性分析可知,不同阶段多数生长性能指标存在极显著差异,其中各阶段ADG与ADFI存在很强的正相关。
ADG的首要前提就是ADFI,ADFI的高低在很大程度上影响了猪的ADG[60]。但是不同SBM替代品由于其营养价值和抗营养因子特性,ADFI与ADG也会随之变化。断奶仔猪处于快速生长发育时期,但断奶往往伴随着ADFI的急剧减少,导致营养不良,其从乳汁向固体饲料过渡的过程中发生了重要的营养变化,特别是可消化能量的主要来源由脂肪变为碳水化合物,可消化蛋白质由较容易消化的动物蛋白质变为较难消化的植物蛋白质[61]。而在生长阶段,既要满足猪只的生长需要,又要降低饲养成本,所以生产上可以降低饲粮蛋白质含量,合理补充氨基酸。到了育肥期,育肥猪器官发育完善,蛋白质需求逐渐降低。对于育肥猪来说,饲粮蛋白质水平通过影响肠道微生物组成,从而影响ADG和ADFI,且低蛋白质饲粮在一定程度上比高蛋白质饲粮在猪肠道健康、营养物质转化率、氮排放量和饲料成本等方面均具有更好的改善效果。

4 结论

在断奶期,菜籽粕对ADG、ADFI的效果要优于动物蛋白粉。在生长期,SBM替代品对ADG的作用效果由大到小依次为菜籽粕、动物蛋白粉、棉籽粕、其他植物蛋白粉,ADFI依次为菜籽粕、其他植物蛋白粉、棉籽粕,F/G依次为菜籽粕、棉籽粕。在育肥期,SBM替代品对ADG作用效果由大到小依次为棉籽粕、菜籽粕、动物蛋白粉、其他植物蛋白粉,ADFI依次为动物蛋白粉、菜籽粕、其他植物蛋白粉,F/G依次为菜籽粕、其他植物蛋白粉。
综上所述,在断奶期和生长期,菜籽粕替代SBM能改善猪的生长性能;在育肥期,菜籽粕和棉籽粕替代SBM有利于猪育肥性能的提高。

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