REVIEW

Research Progress on Rumen Microbial Structural and Functional Changes in Dairy Cows during Peripartum Period

  • ZHAO Xiaowei , 1, 2, 3 ,
  • ZHANG Yangdong 1 ,
  • ZHENG Nan 1 ,
  • WANG Jiaqi , 1, *
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  • 1 Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
  • 2 Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
  • 3 College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-03-28

  Online published: 2023-10-12

Abstract

The peripartum period is an important stage for dairy cows in a lactation cycle, and many metabolic and infectious diseases are occurring during this period. The article reviewed the rumen microbial structure and function of the perinatal dairy cows, and summarized the potential law of the rumen microbial structural and functional changes of dairy cows during the peripartum period, in order to provide reference for improving the health of dairy cows, especially the rumen function of dairy cows during the peripartum period.

Cite this article

ZHAO Xiaowei , ZHANG Yangdong , ZHENG Nan , WANG Jiaqi . Research Progress on Rumen Microbial Structural and Functional Changes in Dairy Cows during Peripartum Period[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(10) : 6146 -6153 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.564

围产期一般指奶牛分娩前3周和分娩后3周之间的时期[1-2],是奶牛整个泌乳周期中最关键阶段之一,因为从母体向胎儿和初乳及牛奶中流失的营养物质迅速增加,该阶段饲养管理的成功与否将直接影响奶牛的健康、生产性能及繁殖性能[3-5]。围产期奶牛初乳和牛奶合成对能量和各种营养物质有更高的需求,加上采食量的降低,容易造成围产期奶牛出现能量负平衡。为了满足自身维持、胎儿生长以及产后泌乳的需要,奶牛需要大量调动身体储备,主要是体脂动员,但也有蛋白质动员。虽然能量负平衡对于哺乳动物是一种正常生理现象,但在现代高产奶牛中观察到的持续时间和程度都代表了生物学的一个极端,当奶牛无法适应这种变化挑战时,就会导致机体功能紊乱,诱发一系列代谢性和感染性疾病,并将影响奶牛产后的生产和繁殖效率以及利用年限。自从20世纪90年代Drackley[2]提出围产期是奶牛“最后一个研究前沿”以来,人们针对围产期奶牛开展了系统的研究,更多集中在围产期奶牛脂质代谢以及通过营养调控改善围产期奶牛机体代谢及免疫等方面。本文拟围绕围产期奶牛瘤胃微生物菌群结构的变化,特别是能量负平衡状态下瘤胃微生物菌群结构与功能的变化进行综述,以期为改善围产期奶牛瘤胃功能、提高生产性能及预防疾病提供参考。

1 围产期奶牛生理代谢的特点

近20年来,人们对围产期奶牛进行了广泛研究,试图揭示该阶段奶牛的生物学特性。围产期是奶牛整个泌乳周期中生理代谢发生变化最大的时期,产前面临胎儿迅速生长,还要为分娩后初乳的分泌储备营养,而干物质采食量在产前处于较低水平。研究显示,奶牛产前3周干物质采食量约降低30%,其中在最后1周降低幅度可达80%[6],头胎牛可能更为突出[7]。奶牛产后产奶量急剧增加,采食量又摄入不足,营养负平衡将诱导机体组织动员以满足泌乳需要。体脂动员可一定程度缓解奶牛的能量负平衡,但会诱发一系列负面问题,如组织动员产生的游离脂肪酸会在肝脏堆积,将加重肝脏的代谢负担[8-9];能量负平衡造成奶牛免疫系统敏感度降低,免疫细胞数量减少,易发生免疫抑制现象[10-11];同时,体脂动员将脂肪因子或细胞因子,如肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素-1β等释放到循环系统中,可能会引起局部或全身炎症反应[12-14];另外,体脂动员会增加脂肪或蛋白质的分解代谢,增加活性氧和活性氮的生成[15-16],这2种物质间的不平衡,加上由采食降低而引起膳食抗氧化剂摄入量的减少,可能会导致氧化还原失衡,发生氧化应激[17-18]。研究发现,成年奶牛大约75%的疾病发生在产犊后的第1个月[4],而产犊后3周内各种疾病,如乳房炎、酮病等疾病发病率最高[3,5,19]。由此可见,围产期特殊的生理特点给奶牛的健康带来了巨大挑战。

2 围产期奶牛瘤胃上皮及微生物菌群结构变化

2.1 围产期奶牛瘤胃上皮的变化

瘤胃是奶牛消化代谢的主要部位,瘤胃壁可将腔内内容物与宿主组织分开,并防止各种毒素和微生物转移到血液中。瘤胃壁由上皮层、固有层、肌层和浆膜层构成,其中上皮层主要负责营养物质的吸收和代谢,肌层参与瘤胃的蠕动。围产期奶牛由于饲粮结构及生理状态发生了显著改变,瘤胃上皮组织形态学可能也会发生相应变化。早期研究发现,奶牛产后瘤胃上皮需要6~8周的时间来适应产后饲粮的变化,并达到增殖的稳定状态[20-21]。在此期间,瘤胃乳头快速发育,体积增大,增加了瘤胃上皮的吸收和运输能力,且瘤胃乳头在围产后期最后2周变化最大[22]。但随后的研究发现,奶牛产前和产后瘤胃乳头表面积没有明显差异[23];而Penner等[24]的研究显示,奶牛瘤胃乳头在产前表面积最大,且不受饲粮粗精比的影响。挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)通常被认为是瘤胃上皮的生长因子,丁酸比乙酸和丙酸更能刺激瘤胃上皮细胞的增殖[25]。但是单独供给醋酸盐、丙酸盐和丁酸盐并不影响细胞增殖或凋亡[26]。VFA的作用方式可能是通过释放生长因子和激素来刺激瘤胃上皮细胞的增殖,而不是这些VFA的直接作用。虽然瘤胃上皮适应围产期饲粮变化的精确特征尚未完全确定,但其在维持瘤胃正常功能及对奶牛健康的重要性毋庸置疑[27]

2.2 围产期奶牛瘤胃微生物菌群结构变化

经过长期的进化,奶牛瘤胃成为一个复杂的微生态系统,内部栖息着多种微生物菌群,它们以不同的多样性和丰富度存在,且相互依存、相互制约。研究发现,奶牛瘤胃微生物与各种生产性状密切相关[28-31],因此,瘤胃微生物菌群结构的改变可能影响瘤胃的消化代谢以及生产性能。研究表明,奶牛瘤胃微生物菌群结构及其相对丰度在围产期期间发生了明显变化,且这种变化是相对动态的[31-34]。瘤胃的健康与功能在一定程度上与瘤胃微生物的丰富度、多样性和稳定性有关[35]。在瘤胃微生物多样性Shannon指数方面,早期研究发现,围产期奶牛瘤胃微生物多样性差异不显著[36],这与Derakhshani等[37]的研究基本类似。然而,更多的研究显示围产期奶牛瘤胃微生物丰富度Chao1指数和观察到的物种数从产前到产后均有所下降[28,32,34]。另有研究发现,奶牛产前7 d瘤胃微生物Shannon指数变化与Zhu等[32,34]的研究一致,但产后3周时瘤胃微生物多样性又恢复到产前水平[38]。通常情况下,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是瘤胃内的优势菌门,约占瘤胃细菌家族的90%[28,32,39]。研究发现,奶牛瘤胃内拟杆菌门相对丰度从产前到产后显著减少,主要表现为RF16、未分类拟杆菌目(unclassified Bacteroidales)和拟杆菌科(Bacteroidaceae)相对丰度的降低[32],而普雷沃氏菌科(Prevotellaceae)相对丰度在产后显著增加[31-32],其他研究也证实了这种变化[33,38,40]。普雷沃氏菌科在瘤胃内的相对丰度较高,具有多种作用,如多糖和蛋白质降解以及淀粉发酵[41-42]。众所周知,奶牛饲粮从产前以草料为主过渡到产后以精料为主,因此普雷沃氏菌科相对丰度的增加可能有利于奶牛消化利用产后饲粮中相对较高水平的蛋白质和碳水化合物。奶牛瘤胃内厚壁菌门相对丰度在围产期也发了变化,其中克里斯滕森菌科(Christensenellaceae)和瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae)相对丰度在产前较高,但在产后显著降低[32-33,36]。克里斯滕森菌科与饲粮中结构性碳水化合物的发酵有关,其中乙酸和丁酸是主要的最终产物[39]。瘤胃球菌科与纤维消化利用有关[43-44],过渡期饲粮结构的变化可能是导致瘤胃球菌科相对丰度降低的因素。有趣的是,Zhu等[32]的研究发现一些纤维素分解细菌如瘤胃球菌属、丁酸弧菌属(Butyrivibrio)和纤维杆菌属(Fibrobacter)相对丰度在过渡期没有发生显著变化,造成这种差异的原因可能是这些研究中使用的牧草和玉米青贮比例不同造成的。
变形菌门在瘤胃微生物菌群中也占很大比例,在碳水化合物的消化中发挥重要作用[45]。研究表明,随着饲粮中精料比例的增加,反刍动物瘤胃内变形菌门逐渐成为优势菌门[46-49],正如预期的那样,奶牛产犊后瘤胃内变形菌门包括γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)和琥珀酸弧菌科(Succinivibrionaceae)相对丰度在产后显著增加[32,34],这些变化可以提高奶牛对产后饮食的适应性。但也有几项不同的研究发现,瘤胃内变形菌门相对丰度从产前到产后呈现不同的变化[33,36],这些结果的差异可能是由于采样方法、检测方法或分析方法的差异造成,需要进一步研究来证实。此外,瘤胃内古细菌的相对丰度在过渡期也发生了变化,其中甲烷短杆菌是瘤胃内主要的产甲烷菌[50-52],从产前到产后其相对丰度下降了约50%[38]。然而,另有研究发现奶牛瘤胃内甲烷短杆菌的相对丰度在围产期没有发生显著变化[34]。综上所述,奶牛瘤胃微生物的丰富度、多样性及相对丰度在围产期发生了显著变化,这种变化在很大程度上是由于奶牛饲粮结构变化所致。

3 酮病对奶牛瘤胃微生物结构与功能的影响

3.1 酮病对奶牛瘤胃微生物的影响

围产期奶牛长期处于能量负平衡状态将会诱导机体发生代谢紊乱,其中酮病是奶牛泌乳早期最有害且最具破坏性的代谢性疾病之一,这种疾病的特点是酮体的积累,主要是β-羟基丁酸(β-hydroxybutyric acid,BHBA)、乙酰乙酸和丙酮,除了给奶牛带来福利问题外,还会给牧场及奶农造成巨大的经济损失[53-55]。研究发现,通过给没有反刍行为的家畜移植健康家畜的瘤胃内容物可以有效刺激动物反刍[56],说明瘤胃微生物在宿主代谢和生理适应过程中起着重要作用。奶牛瘤胃内栖息着多种微生物群落,其组成很大程度上与宿主的饮食结构及代谢状态有关。早期研究发现,处于正常生理状态下的围产期奶牛和处于酮病生理状态下的奶牛瘤胃微生物Shannon指数和Chao2指数没有差异,但会影响一些瘤胃微生物的相对丰度,如处于酮病生理状态下的奶牛瘤胃中链球菌(Streptococcus bovis)和乳杆菌(Lactobacillus sp.)数量增加,而埃氏巨型球菌(Megasphaera elsdenii)和反刍月形单胞菌(Selenomonas ruminantium)数量减少[36]。VFA是乳酸代谢的主要产物,奶牛产后饲喂高谷物饲粮时,牛链球菌和乳酸菌的生长速度一般比其他细菌快,它们是瘤胃内产生乳酸的主要细菌,而埃氏巨型球菌和反刍月形单胞菌是利用乳酸生成VFA的主要细菌[57-58]。埃氏巨型球菌和反刍月形单胞菌数量的减少可能是瘤胃中丙酸盐含量降低的原因之一,因为它们可以利用碳水化合物或乳酸产生丙酸[42,59],进而可能导致生糖物质含量降低。另有研究发现,亚临床酮病奶牛瘤胃中拟杆菌门、克里斯滕森氏菌科R-7群(Christensenellaceae R-7 group)和热单胞菌属(Thermomonas)等的相对丰度增加,而普雷沃氏菌科的相对丰度下降,克里斯滕森氏菌科R-7群、热单胞菌属等的相对丰度与血浆中BHBA含量呈正相关[60]。另外,克里斯滕森氏菌科R-7群可利用饲料中结构性碳水化合物产生乙酸和丁酸[61],且其与瘤胃中丙酸含量负相关[62],而普雷沃氏菌科相对丰度与瘤胃中丙酸含量呈正相关[29]。与亚临床酮病奶牛类似,在酮病生理状态下奶牛瘤胃微生物菌群结构及相对丰度也发生了明显变化[63]。此外,Gebreyesus等[64]研究指出,普雷沃氏菌科和瘤胃球菌科相对丰度均与亚临床酮病奶牛乳中BHBA和丙酮含量呈较强的负相关,这2种细菌相对丰度被证明都与血浆中BHBA含量呈负相关[29,65],并认为乳中BHBA和丙酮含量的变化也可以作为预测瘤胃微生物变化的潜在指标[64]。然而,到目前为止,还没有研究奶牛瘤胃微生物对酮病易感性变化的贡献,如果酮病可以通过瘤胃微生物分类群的相对丰度来解释,特别是那些受宿主基因型影响的微生物分类群,这可能会改善酮病易感性预测的可能性。尽管如此,我们从现有的文献可以得知,酮病不仅改变了瘤胃微生物的菌群结构,还会降低瘤胃中产丙酸微生物的相对丰度,而丙酸是瘤胃内重要的生糖物质,这种变化可能会加剧奶牛能量负平衡状态下葡萄糖供应不足的问题。

3.2 酮病对瘤胃发酵的影响

反刍动物能量主要由瘤胃内微生物发酵产生的VFA提供,大约90%的葡萄糖是由糖异生作用提供的,其中50%~60%来自丙酸[66]。研究发现,酮体的产生与瘤胃内VFA的比例密切相关,丙酸可在肝细胞中转化为草酰乙酸,而乙酸和丁酸可转化为乙酰辅酶A。由于草酰乙酸的缺乏,乙酰辅酶A不能进入三羧酸循环,转化为乙酰乙酸酯和β-羟基丁酸酯。因此,高乙酸和丁酸、低丙酸的发酵模式可能会促进酮体形成[67]。研究发现,奶牛瘤胃微生物结构的任何改变都有可能会影响瘤胃的发酵,奶牛处于能量负平衡状态下也会影响瘤胃的代谢,且酮病奶牛一般与瘤胃液中高BHBA含量相关联。Wang等[36]通过常规方法测定了围产期期间奶牛瘤胃液中VFA和BHBA含量的动态变化,其中乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量均呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势,并在产后21 d基本恢复到了产前21 d水平,而葡萄糖含量呈逐渐降低趋势,BHBA含量呈逐渐升高趋势。在酮病生理状态下,奶牛瘤胃中丙酸和葡萄糖含量均低于围产期各个阶段,而BHBA含量高于围产期各个阶段。Eom等[68]采用核磁共振波谱技术研究了亚临床酮病对奶牛瘤胃代谢的影响,与健康奶牛相比,亚临床酮病提高了瘤胃液中丁酸、蔗糖、BHBA和戊酸含量,相反,降低了N-N-二甲基甲酰胺、醋酸盐、葡萄糖和丙酸盐等的含量。然而,患有酮病的泌乳奶牛瘤胃中丁酸盐和戊酸盐含量过高是一个问题,因为26%~33%的丁酸和18%~24%的戊酸可经瘤胃吸收并转化为BHBA[67]。酮病奶牛瘤胃液中丁酸盐含量的升高可能与瘤胃中部分微生物的增加有关,如克里斯滕森氏菌科R-7群可以利用饲粮中结构性碳水化合物产生丁酸[61],而丙酸盐含量的降低可能与瘤胃中埃氏巨型球菌和反刍月形单胞菌数量的减少有关,因为它们可以利用碳水化合物和乳酸合成丙酸[42,69]。由上可知,奶牛在能量负平衡的特殊生理状态下会影响瘤胃的发酵参数及相关代谢物的产生,这很大程度是因为瘤胃内一些微生物的相对丰度发生了改变。总之,瘤胃中葡萄糖及生糖物质含量降低,而BHBA及一些生酮物质含量会有不同程度提高。

4 小结

奶牛瘤胃微生物菌群结构在围产期期间发生了显著变化,一方面归因于奶牛采食的饲粮结构发生了较大改变,产前奶牛饲粮粗饲料比例比产后高,这种变化也造成了产前和产后瘤胃功能的不同;另一方面,酮病也会影响瘤胃微生物菌群结构和功能,如克里斯滕森氏菌科R-7群相对丰度增加,而普雷沃氏菌科相对丰度下降,同时会导致瘤胃内葡萄糖及生糖物质含量降低,而BHBA及其他生酮物质含量有所提高。因此,了解围产期奶牛瘤胃微生物及功能的变化,对通过饲粮营养调控改善围产期奶牛健康,特别是兼顾瘤胃健康上具有重要现实意义。
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