1 材料与方法
1.1 甜叶菊废渣提取物的有效成分
1.2 试验设计和试验饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 玉米 Corn | 28.85 |
| 膨化玉米 Extruded corn | 10.00 |
| 膨化大豆粉 Extruded soybean powder | 14.00 |
| 发酵豆粕 Fermented soybean meal | 11.50 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 7.00 |
| 鱼粉 Fish meal | 3.00 |
| 低蛋白质乳清粉 Low-protein whey powder | 15.00 |
| 乳清浓缩蛋白质 Concentrated whey protein | 1.00 |
| 大豆油 Soybean oil | 1.00 |
| 蔗糖 Sucrose | 3.00 |
| 柠檬酸钙 Calcium citrate | 1.85 |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 0.60 |
| 氯化钠 NaCl | 0.25 |
| L-赖氨酸 L-Lys | 0.55 |
| DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met | 0.15 |
| L-苏氨酸 L-Thr | 0.20 |
| L-色氨酸 L-Trp | 0.05 |
| L-缬氨酸 L-Val | 0.10 |
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride | 0.20 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.70 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |
| 消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) | 14.83 |
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 14.23 |
| 净能 NE/(MJ/kg) | 10.25 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 21.07 |
| 钙 Ca | 1.17 |
| 标准全消化道可消化磷 STTD P | 0.33 |
| 标准回肠可消化赖氨酸 SID Lys | 1.40 |
| 标准回肠可消化蛋氨酸 SID Met | 0.40 |
| 标准回肠可消化苏氨酸 SID Thr | 0.82 |
| 标准回肠可消化色氨酸 SID Trp | 0.23 |
| 标准回肠可消化异亮氨酸 SID Ile | 0.72 |
| 标准回肠可消化缬氨酸 SID Val | 0.89 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 12 400 IU,VD3 2 800 IU,VE 30 IU,VK 5 mg,VB12 40 μg,VB1 3 mg,VB2 10 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 40 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 15 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1 mg,VB6 8 mg,生物素 biotin 0.08 mg,Fe(FeSO4·H2O)120 mg,Cu(CuSO4·5H2O)16 mg,Mn(MnSO4·H2O)7 mg,Zn(ZnSO4·H2O)80 mg,I(CaI2O6)0.7 mg,Se(Na2SeO3)0.3 mg。 2)营养水平中粗蛋白质、钙为实测值,分别参考GB/T 6432—2018及GB/T 6436—2018测定,其余均为计算值,参考 Nutrient Requirements of Swine[16]计算得出。CP and Ca were measured values, which were determined according to GB/T 6432—2018 and GB/T 6436—2018, respectively. The rest were calculated values, which were calculated refer to Nutrient Requirements of Swine[16]. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 检测指标
1.4.1 生长性能
表2 腹泻评分标准Table 2 Criterion of diarrhea score |
| 腹泻程度 Diarrhea degree | 粪便外观 Excrement appearance | 腹泻评分 Diarrhea score |
|---|---|---|
| 正常 Normal | 坚硬的条形或粒状 | 0 |
| 轻度 Light | 软便,能成形 | 1 |
| 中度 Middle | 浆糊状,不成形 | 2 |
| 重度 Severity | 液状,粪水分离 | 3 |
1.4.2 血常规指标
1.4.3 血清生化指标
1.4.4 血清抗氧化指标
1.4.5 脏器指数
1.4.6 组织病理
1.5 数据处理与分析
2 结果
2.1 饲粮添加甜叶菊废渣提取物对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响
表3 饲粮添加甜叶菊废渣提取物对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary stevia residue extract supplementation on growth performance of weaned piglets |
| 项目 Items | 甜叶菊废渣提取物添加量 Stevia residues extract supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 400 | 4 000 | ||
| 初始体重 Initial body weight/kg | 6.81±0.02 | 6.77±0.03 | 6.81±0.03 | 0.553 |
| 第1~21天 Days 1 to 21 | ||||
| 终末体重 Final body weight/kg | 17.52±0.24 | 17.64±0.45 | 17.19±0.45 | 0.637 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 382.62±8.61 | 388.21±16.37 | 371.00±11.49 | 0.622 |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 517.72±5.50 | 519.08±20.33 | 486.00±14.13 | 0.228 |
| 料重比 F/G | 1.36±0.04 | 1.34±0.03 | 1.31±0.03 | 0.661 |
| 腹泻率 Diarrhea rate/% | 5.36±1.32 | 5.95±1.18 | 8.23±1.67 | 0.250 |
| 第1~42天 Days 1 to 42 | ||||
| 终末体重 Final body weight/kg | 25.40±0.34 | 25.66±0.58 | 25.43±0.27 | 0.886 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 442.62±8.03 | 449.84±14.04 | 443.33±6.77 | 0.860 |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 645.12±9.21 | 660.08±29.34 | 628.00±20.79 | 0.351 |
| 料重比 F/G | 1.46±0.02 | 1.46±0.03 | 1.44±0.01 | 0.815 |
| 腹泻率 Diarrhea rate/% | 8.13±1.37 | 6.55±0.97 | 10.32±1.57 | 0.145 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮添加甜叶菊废渣提取物对断奶仔猪血常规指标的影响
表4 饲粮添加甜叶菊废渣提取物对断奶仔猪血常规指标的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary stevia residue extract supplementation on blood routine indexes of weaned piglets |
| 项目 Items | 甜叶菊废渣提取物添加量 Stevia residues extract supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 400 | 4 000 | ||
| 白细胞数量 WBC/(×109个/L) | 24.45±2.23 | 22.09±2.65 | 20.73±2.74 | 0.565 |
| 红细胞数量 RBC/(×1012个/L) | 6.75±0.30 | 7.02±0.70 | 7.08±0.22 | 0.796 |
| 血红蛋白浓度 HGB/(g/L) | 109.67±6.03 | 113.75±9.79 | 106.33±1.43 | 0.695 |
| 红细胞压积 HCT/% | 37.98±2.09 | 38.20±3.41 | 37.28±0.55 | 0.945 |
| 平均红细胞压积 MCV/fL | 56.20±1.35 | 55.75±1.74 | 52.97±2.12 | 0.396 |
| 平均血红蛋白含量 MCH/pg | 16.23±0.36 | 16.52±0.39 | 15.12±0.66 | 0.134 |
| 血小板数量 PLT/(×109个/L) | 382.83±57.34 | 309.75±113.62 | 310.67±48.98 | 0.741 |
| 平均血小板体积 MPV/fL | 8.78±0.26 | 8.03±0.52 | 8.18±0.33 | 0.378 |
| 血小板压积 PCT/% | 0.34±0.05 | 0.25±0.08 | 0.26±0.04 | 0.539 |
2.3 饲粮添加甜叶菊废渣提取物对断奶仔猪血清生化指标的影响
表5 饲粮添加甜叶菊废渣提取物对断奶仔猪血清生化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary stevia residue extract supplementation on serum biochemical indices of weaned piglets |
| 项目 Items | 甜叶菊废渣提取物添加量 Stevia residues extract supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 400 | 4 000 | ||
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 65.08±2.65 | 68.16±2.49 | 64.62±1.19 | 0.459 |
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 28.69±3.73 | 31.07±1.97 | 30.39±0.93 | 0.963 |
| 尿素氮 UREA/(mmol/L) | 3.24±0.37 | 3.94±0.53 | 3.87±0.36 | 0.505 |
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) | 0.35±0.02 | 0.36±0.04 | 0.42±0.04 | 0.339 |
| 总胆固醇 TCHO/(mmol/L) | 1.88±0.11 | 1.97±0.17 | 1.99±0.08 | 0.688 |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 1.22±0.04 | 1.20±0.06 | 1.14±0.03 | 0.265 |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.79±0.06 | 0.88±0.06 | 0.85±0.04 | 0.554 |
| 谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) | 52.19±4.55 | 48.67±4.47 | 39.52±1.10 | 0.065 |
| 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 46.38±9.10 | 56.09±4.30 | 50.57±9.58 | 0.473 |
| 总胆红素 TBILI/(μmol/L) | 9.46±0.86 | 12.98±3.08 | 10.26±2.06 | 0.922 |
| 碱性磷酸酶 ALP/(U/L) | 139.01±7.99b | 166.07±10.65ab | 203.66±21.98a | 0.025 |
2.4 饲粮添加甜叶菊废渣提取物对断奶仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响
2.5 饲粮添加甜叶菊废渣提取物对断奶仔猪脏器指数的影响
表6 饲粮添加甜叶菊废渣提取物对断奶仔猪脏器指数的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary stevia residue extract supplementation on organ indexes of weaned piglets% |
| 项目 Items | 甜叶菊废渣提取物添加量 Stevia residues extract supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 400 | 4 000 | ||
| 心脏指数 Heart index | 0.45±0.01 | 0.47±0.02 | 0.49±0.03 | 0.493 |
| 肝脏指数 Liver index | 2.58±0.09 | 2.77±0.09 | 2.77±0.10 | 0.283 |
| 脾脏指数 Spleen index | 0.22±0.04 | 0.20±0.02 | 0.19±0.01 | 0.581 |
| 肺脏指数 Lung index | 1.07±0.06 | 1.04±0.09 | 1.01±0.05 | 0.874 |
| 肾脏指数 Kidney index | 0.52±0.01 | 0.52±0.03 | 0.52±0.01 | 0.967 |
| 胰腺指数 Pancreas index | 0.21±0.01 | 0.22±0.01 | 0.22±0.01 | 0.600 |
