1 材料与方法
1.1 试验饲料的制作
表1 试验饲料组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 试验饲料 Experimental diets | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F0 | F15 | F30 | F45 | F60 | |
| 原料 Ingredients | |||||
| 白鱼粉 White fish meal | 50.00 | 42.50 | 35.00 | 27.50 | 20.00 |
| 玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 |
| 脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉 Defatted black soldier fly larvae meal | 10.87 | 21.73 | 32.60 | 43.48 | |
| 血粉 Blood meal | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 |
| α-淀粉 α-starch | 22.70 | 20.41 | 18.11 | 15.82 | 13.52 |
| 鱼油 Fish oil | 4.30 | 3.22 | 2.16 | 1.08 | |
| 酵母水解物 Yeast hydrolysate | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 |
| 维生素预混料 Vitamin premix1) | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
| 矿物元素预混料 Mineral premix2) | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
| 磷酸二氢钙 Ca(H2PO4)2 | 1.80 | 1.80 | 1.80 | 1.80 | 1.80 |
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
1)维生素预混料为每千克饲料提供 Vitamin premix provides the following per kg of diets:VA 4 000 IU,VD3 3 000 IU,VC 200 mg,VE 70 mg,VK 20 mg,VB1 30 mg,VB2 25 mg,VB6 30 mg,VB12 0.2 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 100 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2 mg,肌醇 inositol 500 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 50 mg。 2)矿物元素预混料为每千克饲料提供 Mineral premix provides the following per kg of diets:FeSO4·7H2O 155.57 mg,CuSO4·5H2O 20.46 mg,MnSO4·H2O 32.05 mg,KIO3 1.41 mg,MgSO4·H2O 591.56 mg,ZnSO4·H2O 142.98 mg,Na2SeO3 0.68 mg,CoCl2·6H2O 1.26 mg。 |
表2 白鱼粉、脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉以及试验饲料的氨基酸组成(风干基础)Table 2 Amino acid composition of white fish meal, defatted black soldier fly larvae meal and experimental diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 白鱼粉 White fish meal | 脱脂黑水 虻幼虫粉 Defatted black soldier fly larvae meal | 试验饲料 Experimental diets | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F0 | F15 | F30 | F45 | F60 | ||||
| 必需氨基酸 EAA | ||||||||
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 2.81±0.06 | 1.90±0.03 | 1.87±0.01 | 1.84±0.01 | 1.81±0.01 | 1.80±0.01 | 1.81±0.05 | |
| 缬氨酸 Val | 3.44±0.07 | 2.70±0.04 | 2.37±0.02 | 2.38±0.01 | 2.36±0.02 | 2.41±0.01 | 2.47±0.07 | |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 1.94±0.07 | 1.16±0.03 | 1.05±0.01 | 1.03±0.07 | 0.91±0.03 | 0.97±0.01 | 0.93±0.04 | |
| 异亮氨酸 Ile | 2.78±0.07 | 1.72±0.03 | 1.72±0.01 | 1.67±0.01 | 1.62±0.02 | 1.61±0.01 | 1.60±0.05 | |
| 亮氨酸 Leu | 5.11±0.13 | 3.12±0.06 | 3.81±0.02 | 3.78±0.03 | 3.70±0.03 | 3.70±0.01 | 3.71±0.13 | |
| 苯丙氨酸 Phe | 2.64±0.06 | 1.98±0.03 | 1.94±0.01 | 1.95±0.01 | 1.95±0.01 | 1.99±0.01 | 2.03±0.07 | |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 5.79±0.13 | 3.11±0.05 | 3.37±0.03 | 3.29±0.07 | 3.23±0.06 | 3.14±0.03 | 3.14±0.09 | |
| 组氨酸 His | 1.39±0.03 | 1.44±0.03 | 1.06±0.00 | 1.11±0.00 | 1.15±0.01 | 1.22±0.01 | 1.30±0.04 | |
| 精氨酸 Arg | 4.30±0.10 | 2.41±0.04 | 2.55±0.01 | 2.49±0.02 | 2.42±0.02 | 2.41±0.01 | 2.39±0.08 | |
| 总必需氨基酸 TEAA | 30.20±0.73 | 19.54±0.27 | 19.73±0.10 | 19.54±0.10 | 19.15±0.16 | 19.24±0.08 | 19.37±0.62 | |
| 非必需氨基酸 NEAA | ||||||||
| 天冬氨酸 Asp | 6.17±0.14 | 4.53±0.09 | 4.21±0.01 | 4.17±0.02 | 4.15±0.04 | 4.18±0.02 | 4.23±0.13 | |
| 丝氨酸 Ser | 3.03±0.07 | 1.98±0.04 | 2.07±0.00 | 2.05±0.01 | 2.01±0.00 | 2.01±0.01 | 2.02±0.06 | |
| 谷氨酸 Glu | 9.69±0.23 | 5.91±0.11 | 6.58±0.02 | 6.47±0.04 | 6.33±0.06 | 6.31±0.04 | 6.31±0.19 | |
| 甘氨酸 Gly | 3.87±0.10 | 2.43±0.05 | 2.37±0.00 | 2.33±0.01 | 2.28±0.02 | 2.27±0.01 | 2.26±0.06 | |
| 丙氨酸 Ala | 3.97±0.10 | 2.93±0.05 | 2.78±0.01 | 2.78±0.01 | 2.77±0.02 | 2.81±0.02 | 2.85±0.08 | |
| 半胱氨酸 Cys | 0.69±0.02 | 0.39±0.01 | 0.49±0.01 | 0.47±0.01 | 0.47±0.01 | 0.45±0.01 | 0.42±0.01 | |
| 酪氨酸 Tyr | 2.19±0.05 | 2.80±0.04 | 1.39±0.01 | 1.51±0.01 | 1.62±0.02 | 1.79±0.01 | 1.96±0.06 | |
| 脯氨酸 Pro | 6.59±0.12 | 5.13±0.06 | 5.40±0.01 | 5.22±0.03 | 5.24±0.06 | 5.08±0.01 | 5.09±0.11 | |
| 总非必需氨基酸 TNEAA | 36.20±0.82 | 26.10±0.51 | 25.28±0.06 | 25.00±0.09 | 24.86±0.20 | 24.90±0.12 | 25.15±0.70 | |
| 总氨基酸 TAA | 66.40±1.55 | 45.64±0.78 | 45.01±0.16 | 44.54±0.18 | 44.01±0.36 | 44.15±0.20 | 44.51±0.32 | |
1.2 试验动物与饲养管理
1.3 样品采集与指标测定
1.3.1 样品采集
1.3.2 生长性能与形体指标的测定
1.3.3 试验饲料和中华鳖体常规营养成分分析
1.3.4 血清生化指标、肝脏抗氧化指标以及肝脏和肠道消化酶活性的测定
1.3.5 肠道组织形态和肠道菌群的测定
1.4 数据统计与分析
2 结果
2.1 脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对中华鳖稚鳖生长性能与形体指标的影响
表3 脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对中华鳖稚鳖生长性能与形体指标的影响Table 3 Effects of defatted black soldier fly larvae meal replacing fish meal on growth performance and physical indicators of juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtles |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F0 | F15 | F30 | F45 | F60 | |
| 初始体重 IBW/g | 4.93±0.04 | 4.94±0.08 | 4.93±0.06 | 4.98±0.10 | 4.92±0.02 |
| 终末体重 FBW/g | 32.50±1.76a | 31.59±1.49a | 27.55±3.29ab | 29.08±1.11ab | 24.94±0.30b |
| 摄食量 FI/g | 31.33±0.83 | 33.68±0.79 | 33.98±0.54 | 32.80±1.66 | 32.88±0.88 |
| 成活率 SR/% | 91.00±0.05a | 86.00±0.00a | 81.00±0.05ab | 91.00±0.05a | 71.00±0.00b |
| 增重率 WGR/% | 553.26±35.38a | 533.85±29.43a | 508.80±12.04ab | 517.38±28.02ab | 401.41±6.02b |
| 特定生长率 SGR/(%/d) | 3.33±0.10a | 3.28±0.10a | 3.02±0.07ab | 3.20±0.23ab | 2.82±0.04b |
| 饲料系数 FCR | 1.15±0.09c | 1.27±0.09bc | 1.43±0.07ab | 1.35±0.05bc | 1.64±0.07a |
| 体比系数 BC/% | 0.38±0.01 | 0.39±0.02 | 0.40±0.00 | 0.39±0.01 | 0.41±0.01 |
| 肝体指数 HSI/% | 4.58±0.32 | 4.47±0.05 | 4.55±0.14 | 4.51±0.66 | 3.96±0.21 |
| 脂体指数 IPI/% | 3.87±0.29a | 3.91±0.17a | 3.32±0.03ab | 2.91±0.20bc | 2.65±0.11c |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
Values in the same row with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对中华鳖稚鳖体成分的影响
表4 脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对中华鳖稚鳖体成分的影响Table 4 Effects of defatted black soldier fly larvae meal replacing fish meal on body composition of juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtles% |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F0 | F15 | F30 | F45 | F60 | |
| 干物质 DM | 26.33±0.33a | 22.33±0.33b | 22.33±1.20b | 21.00±0.58b | 21.00±1.00b |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 15.73±0.27a | 15.04±1.62ab | 14.18±0.63ab | 14.19±0.18ab | 13.57±0.91b |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 5.30±0.10a | 4.02±0.02b | 4.20±0.44ab | 3.57±0.71b | 2.98±0.19b |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 3.66±0.09a | 3.28±0.19ab | 2.79±0.37b | 2.83±0.06b | 2.69±0.21b |
干物质含量为鲜重基础,粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量为干物质基础。 | |
DM content is based on fresh weight, while the contents of CP, EE and Ash are based on DM. |
2.3 脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对中华鳖稚鳖血清生化指标的影响
表5 脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对中华鳖稚鳖血清生化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of defatted black soldier fly larva meal replacing fish meal on serum biochemical indexes of juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtles |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F0 | F15 | F30 | F45 | F60 | |
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 22.83±1.66 | 22.06±1.77 | 20.63±2.49 | 20.68±1.48 | 19.60±3.13 |
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 9.86±0.67 | 9.10±0.63 | 8.48±0.68 | 8.19±0.30 | 8.06±0.81 |
| 球蛋白 GLB/(g/L) | 12.97±1.80 | 12.96±2.10 | 12.15±1.82 | 12.48±1.62 | 11.54±2.50 |
| 白蛋白/球蛋白 ALB/GLB | 0.81±0.10 | 0.77±0.12 | 0.73±0.05 | 0.71±0.10 | 0.78±0.11 |
| 乳酸 LD/(mmol/L) | 9.63±1.38 | 8.24±1.87 | 11.33±0.63 | 11.18±1.43 | 8.58±1.35 |
| 谷丙转氨酶 GPT/(U/L) | 2.87±0.55 | 4.73±1.24 | 4.20±1.02 | 4.53±1.84 | 4.46±1.69 |
| 谷草转氨酶 GOT/(U/L) | 1.78±1.03 | 3.04±1.01 | 1.09±0.88 | 0.63±0.30 | 0.39±0.70 |
| 谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶 GOT/GPT | 0.54±0.29 | 0.59±0.17 | 0.44±0.37 | 0.21±0.15 | 0.12±0.28 |
| 酸性磷酸酶 ACP/(U/L) | 29.88±2.56b | 33.85±2.04ab | 32.83±2.72ab | 38.29±1.31a | 32.15±2.84ab |
| 碱性磷酸酶 AKP/(U/L) | 43.58±3.12 | 45.39±1.45 | 50.25±3.86 | 51.30±3.85 | 49.22±4.94 |
2.4 脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对中华鳖稚鳖肝脏抗氧化指标的影响
表6 脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对中华鳖稚鳖肝脏抗氧化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of defatted black soldier fly larva meal replacing fish meal on hepatic antioxidant indexes of juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtles |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F0 | F15 | F30 | F45 | F60 | |
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mg prot) | 17.84±0.47 | 19.20±2.20 | 22.48±1.98 | 19.44±1.53 | 19.55±2.24 |
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mg prot) | 0.72±0.03ab | 0.67±0.05b | 0.86±0.10a | 0.66±0.01b | 0.76±0.02ab |
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mg prot) | 6.93±0.50 | 7.33±0.41 | 7.54±0.38 | 7.09±0.21 | 7.24±0.15 |
| 丙二醛 MDA/(mmol/mg prot) | 0.44±0.02a | 0.32±0.04b | 0.30±0.01b | 0.29±0.00b | 0.31±0.02b |
2.5 脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对中华鳖稚鳖肝脏和肠道消化酶活性以及肠道组织形态的影响
表7 脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对中华鳖稚鳖肝脏和肠道消化酶活性的影响Table 7 Effects of defatted black soldier fly larva meal replacing fish meal on digestive enzyme activities in liver and intestine of juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtles |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F0 | F15 | F30 | F45 | F60 | |
| 肝脏 Liver | |||||
| 胰蛋白酶 TRY/(U/mg prot) | 61.62±3.37 | 47.96±12.11 | 65.82±14.52 | 61.09±2.56 | 55.91±9.79 |
| α-淀粉酶 AMS/(U/mg prot) | 1.61±0.13ab | 1.77±0.17ab | 1.99±0.22a | 1.43±0.02b | 1.45±0.04b |
| 脂肪酶 LPS/(U/g prot) | 0.27±0.04b | 0.31±0.05ab | 0.47±0.08a | 0.32±0.03ab | 0.27±0.05b |
| 肠道 Intestine | |||||
| 胰蛋白酶 TRY/(U/mg prot) | 188.09±14.04 | 198.61±22.87 | 207.61±35.31 | 191.99±41.49 | 132.84±19.10 |
| α-淀粉酶 AMS/(U/mg prot) | 25.41±4.08ab | 17.45±1.43b | 21.81±4.07ab | 33.37±3.63a | 25.93±6.09ab |
| 脂肪酶 LPS/(U/g prot) | 641.11±124.99ab | 812.17±285.04a | 216.31±101.38b | 1 096.37±206.94a | 744.03±45.54ab |
图1 中华鳖稚鳖肠道组织切片VH:绒毛高度 villus height;CD:隐窝深度 crypt depth;MT:黏膜厚度 mucosa thickness。 Fig.1 Sections of intestinal tissue of juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtles (200×) |
表8 脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对中华鳖稚鳖肠道组织形态的影响Table 8 Effects of defatted black soldier fly larva meal replacing fish meal on intestinal morphology of juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtlesμm |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F0 | F15 | F30 | F45 | F60 | |
| 绒毛高度 VH | 289.37±9.45b | 311.93±8.03ab | 315.17±21.71ab | 356.02±13.34a | 313.38±27.20ab |
| 隐窝深度 CD | 60.22±7.96 | 52.01±1.51 | 62.58±4.06 | 48.65±1.45 | 49.05±2.19 |
| 黏膜厚度 MT | 369.49±9.59ab | 354.97±13.53b | 384.88±19.63ab | 435.82±13.49a | 404.61±7.30ab |
2.6 脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对中华鳖稚鳖肠道菌群的影响
表9 脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对中华鳖稚鳖肠道菌群alpha多样性的影响Table 9 Effects of defatted black soldier fly larva meal replacing fish meal on alpha diversity of intestinal microflora of juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtles |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F0 | F15 | F30 | F45 | F60 | |
| 原始数据 Raw reads | 128 467±2 827ab | 130 754±2 203ab | 126 457±1 767b | 128 174±2 401ab | 134 393±1 272a |
| 有效序列 Clean reads | 127 664±2 789ab | 129 985±2 248ab | 125 341±1 791b | 127 085±2 387ab | 133 122±1 231a |
| 操作分类单元数量 OTUs number/个 | 147±13a | 167±18a | 107±8b | 149±13a | 173±13a |
| Shannon指数 Shannon index | 2.17±0.23 | 2.05±0.21 | 1.99±0.23 | 2.14±0.35 | 2.14±0.35 |
| Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.67±0.04 | 0.60±0.05 | 0.61±0.08 | 0.63±0.10 | 0.68±0.02 |
| Chao1指数 Chao1 index | 164.51±13.35ab | 187.82±19.71a | 134.75±8.03b | 171.33±17.02ab | 195.89±14.28a |
| ACE指数 ACE index | 170.42±13.62ab | 193.29±19.90a | 136.46±7.15b | 178.87±16.91ab | 200.42±14.43a |
| 覆盖率 Goods coverage/% | 99.97±0.00 | 99.96±0.00 | 99.97±0.00 | 99.96±0.01 | 99.96±0.00 |
图2 中华鳖稚鳖肠道菌群门和属水平组成Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Fusobacteria:梭杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Bacteroidetes:拟杆菌门;Epsilonbacteraeota:埃普西隆杆菌门;Verrucomicrobia:疣微菌门;Chlamydiae:衣原体门;Actinobacteria:放线菌门;Chloroflexi:绿弯菌门;Planctomycetes:浮霉菌门;Plesiomonas:邻单胞菌属;Cetobacteriu:鲸杆菌属;Acinetobacter:不动杆菌属;Vibrio:弧菌属;Aeromonas:气单胞菌属;Bacillus:芽孢杆菌属;Paraclostridium:副梭菌属;Bacteroides:拟杆菌属;Helicobacter:螺杆菌属;Akkermansia:阿克曼菌属;Other:其他;Unclassified:未分类。 Fig.2 Intestinal microflora composition of juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtles at phylum and genus levels |
表10 脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对中华鳖稚鳖肠道主要菌群相对丰度的影响Table 10 Effects of defatted black soldier fly larva meal replacing fish meal on relative abundances of main microflora in intestine of juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtles% |
| 分类水平 Taxonomic levels | 主要菌群 Main microflora | 组别 Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F0 | F15 | F30 | F45 | F60 | ||
| 门 Phylum | 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 59.79±11.70 | 73.97±6.19 | 64.22±11.95 | 83.52±7.65 | 61.32±7.52 |
| 梭杆菌门 Fusobacteria | 32.41±10.57 | 11.12±6.25 | 22.80±13.63 | 8.64±4.57 | 20.03±8.35 | |
| 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes | 4.52±1.94 | 9.40±4.95 | 10.96±6.71 | 5.13±3.60 | 10.55±3.87 | |
| 拟杆菌门 Bacteroidetes | 2.45±1.35 | 2.86±2.17 | 1.64±0.95 | 0.33±0.11 | 2.21±1.33 | |
| 属 Genus | 邻单胞菌属Plesiomonas | 21.54±8.43b | 55.28±7.04a | 15.96±5.26b | 33.78±12.62ab | 31.68±9.50ab |
| 鲸杆菌属Cetobacterium | 32.31±10.53 | 11.08±6.26 | 22.73±13.60 | 8.55±4.60 | 19.58±8.17 | |
| 不动杆菌属Acinetobacter | 0.88±0.61 | 3.73±2.87 | 12.10±7.89 | 9.36±7.83 | 3.78±2.56 | |
| 弧菌属 Vibrio | 1.20±1.12 | 1.28±1.02 | 0.66±0.09 | 12.19±11.23 | 12.21±11.23 | |
| 气单胞菌属Aeromonas | 9.79±6.75 | 3.27±2.39 | 3.38±3.00 | 8.40±5.06 | 1.50±0.54 | |
| 种 Species | 类志贺邻单胞菌 Plesiomonas shigelloides | 21.54±8.43b | 55.28±7.04a | 15.96±5.26b | 33.78±12.62ab | 31.68±9.50ab |
| 霍乱弧菌 Vibrio cholerae | 1.20±1.12 | 1.28±1.02 | 0.66±0.09 | 12.19±11.23 | 12.21±11.23 | |
| 维氏气单胞菌Aeromonas veronir | 9.79±6.75 | 3.27±2.39 | 3.38±3.00 | 8.40±5.06 | 1.50±0.54 | |
图3 脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对中华鳖稚鳖肠道梭杆菌门/变形菌门比值和稳态指数的影响数据柱未标注字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。 Fig.3 Effects of defatted black soldier fly larva meal replacing fish meal on intestinal Fusobacteria/Proteobacteria ratio and steady-state index of juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtles Data columns without letters mean no significant difference (P>0.05). |
