Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 10: 6665 - 6675

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.608

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Pediococcus pentosaceus on Growth Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility, Serum Biochemical, Antioxidant and Immune Indices of Minks during Growing Period

  • WEI Han , 1 ,
  • LIU Keyuan 1 ,
  • TAN Zhanqing 1 ,
  • YI Bao 2 ,
  • LI Guangyu , 1, * ,
  • CUI Kai , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
*LI Guangyu, professor, E-mail: ;
CUI Kai, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-04-13

  Online published: 2023-10-12

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary Pentococcus pentosaceus on the growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, serum biochemical, antioxidant and immune indices of minks during growing period. One hundred healthy male short-haired black minks aged (75±3) days were randomly divided into 5 groups with 20 replicates in each group and 1 mink in each replicate. Minks in the 5 groups were fed a basal diet, and added 1 mL fresh Pentococcus pentosaceus solution into the diet of per mink per day, the concentrations of fresh Pentococcus pentosaceus solution were 0 (group Ⅰ, as control group), 1×107 (group Ⅱ), 1×108 (group Ⅲ), 1×109 ( group Ⅳ) and 1×1010 CFU/mL (group Ⅴ), respectively. The pre-trial period lasted for 7 days and the experimental period lasted for 56 days. The results showed as follows: 1) there was no significant difference in fecal score among groups within days 1 to 28 (P>0.05). The fecal score of groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ was significantly lower than that of the control group within days 29 to 42 and days 43 to 56 (P<0.05). The fecal score of groups Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ was significantly lower than that of the control group within days 1 to 56 (P<0.05). 2) The average daily gain and average daily feed intake of group Ⅲ were significantly higher than those of the control group within days 1 to 56 (P<0.05), and the average daily feed intake of groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ was extremely significantly higher than that of the control group within days 29 to 42 (P<0.01). 3) There was no significant difference in the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and carbohydrate among groups (P>0.05). 4) Serum cholesterol content of group Ⅲ was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05), and serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol content was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05). Serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol content of groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ was significantly lower than that of control group (P<0.05). 5) There were no significant differences in serum glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase activities and malonaldehyde content among groups(P>0.05). Serum total antioxidant capacity of group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). 6) Serum immunoglobulin A content of groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). Serum immunoglobulin M content of group Ⅲ and Ⅳ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), and serum immunoglobulin G content of groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ were significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, when the diet supplemental with 1×108 CFU/(d·mink), the growth performance of minks during growing period can be improved, the blood lipid level can be regulated, and the antioxidant capacity and immune function of body can be enhanced.

Key words： Pediococcus pentosaceus; minks; growth performance; nutrient apparent digestibility

Cite this article

WEI Han , LIU Keyuan , TAN Zhanqing , YI Bao , LI Guangyu , CUI Kai . Effects of Dietary Pediococcus pentosaceus on Growth Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility, Serum Biochemical, Antioxidant and Immune Indices of Minks during Growing Period[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(10) : 6665 -6675 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.608

水貂是具有极高经济价值的毛皮动物,其肠道较短,食物在肠道内停留时间短,肠道是否健康决定水貂能否健康生长,能否获得较高生产效率。育成期是水貂生长发育的重要时期,在炎热的夏季,水貂饲粮中含有的大量新鲜鱼虾或畜禽副产品,在持续高温下极易腐败变质,加上幼貂肠道和免疫器官发育不完善[1],所以容易发生肠道疾病[2],严重影响养殖效益。因此,通过营养和免疫调控方式促进幼貂胃肠道发育和降低腹泻等疾病是目前推动我国水貂养殖业健康发展的关键[3]。
益生菌在抑制饲料腐败[4]、促进动物生长[5]、提高免疫力[6]和调节肠道健康[7]等方面的显著效果,使其成为优质的饲料添加剂[8]。戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)是一种常见益生菌,在2014年被卫生部纳入可食用菌种名录,其能够分解营养物质,产生多种有机酸[9],因而可提高机体的消化机能,促进营养物质的吸收[10],并能够黏附于动物肠道上皮细胞上而具有较强的抑菌活性[11]。周建东等[12]发现,饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌能显著提高鸡的体重、平均日增重、粗蛋白质消化率和脾脏指数,降低料重比。Lele等[13]研究表明,奶牛饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌够促进其生长,提高采食量和产奶量。戊糖片球菌对体外模拟胃肠道环境具有良好的耐受性,能快速在肠道上皮细胞定植[14],具有良好的抗氧化性[15]。单承杰[16]发现,饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌能通过调节斑马鱼肠道内丁酸含量,提高促炎症因子的分泌,从而增强斑马鱼的抵抗力,防止有害细菌感染。有研究表明,戊糖片球菌可通过分泌有机酸诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡和降低肿瘤细胞黏附性产生抗肿瘤作用[17-18]。但目前有关戊糖片球菌对水貂胃肠道菌群调控作用的研究报道还相对较少,其促进水貂生长、改善胃肠道功能的机理还有待进一步研究。因此,本试验将从水貂后肠道中分离的1株戊糖片球菌添加到育成期水貂饲粮中,通过测定水貂的营养物质消化率、血清生化和抗氧化指标,对戊糖片球菌促进育成期水貂营养物质消化和提高抗病能力方面的作用进行研究,为水貂源益生菌添加剂的开发和使用提供基础数据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

雄性短毛黑水貂购自山东省海阳市某水貂养殖有限公司。试验菌株由水貂后肠道中分离,通过MRS琼脂培养、生化试验和16S rRNA基因序列分析,鉴定为戊糖片球菌。该菌株有良好的产酸能力,能迅速进入对数生长期,在胆盐质量浓度为0.5%的条件下耐受性高,且存活率高于70%,在人工胃肠液中也有较高的存活率,其发酵上清液能有效抑制金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 13311、大肠杆菌ATCC 25922,具有良好的细胞黏附性。

1.2 试验动物和分组

选取(75±3)日龄健康雄性短毛黑水貂100只,随机分为5组,每组20个重复,每个重复1只水貂,每只水貂单笼饲养。每天每只水貂在基础饲粮中添加1 mL不同浓度的新鲜戊糖片球菌菌液并搅拌均匀。5组水貂饲粮中添加的新鲜戊糖片球菌菌液的浓度分别为0(Ⅰ组,作为对照组)、1×107(Ⅱ组)、1×108(Ⅲ组)、1×109(Ⅳ组)和1×1010 CFU/mL(Ⅴ组)。预试期7 d,正试期56 d。

1.3 试验饲粮

基础饲粮参照NRC(1982)和文献[19]配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)%

项目 Items 含量 Content
原料 Ingredients
海杂鱼 Sea coarse fish 30
毛蛋 Chicken embryos 25
鸡头 Chicken head 15
鸡架 Chicken skeleton 10
鸡肝 Chicken liver 5
膨化玉米 Extruded corn 4
预混料 Premix1) 3
麸皮 Bran 3
血球蛋白粉 Blood cell protein powder 3
豆粕 Soybean meal 2
合计 Total 100
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 16.91
粗蛋白质 CP 35.09
粗脂肪 EE 20.03
钙 Ca 3.39
总磷 TP 2.17

1) 预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet: VA 10 000 IU,VE 60 mg,VK 31.6 mg,VB1 20 mg,VB2 610 mg,VB6 120.1 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 40 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 20 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1 mg,生物素 biotin 0.5 mg,胆碱 choline 400 mg,Fe 80 mg,Zn 60 mg,Mn 15 mg,Cu 10 mg,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.2 mg,Co 0.3 mg。

2) 代谢能为计算值,参照《水貂配合饲料》(LS/T 3403—1992)计算,其他营养水平为实测值。ME was a calculated value, which was calculated according to Compound Feed of Mink (LS/T 3403—1992), while the other nutrient levels were measured values.

1.4 饲养管理

饲养试验于2022年7月15日至2022年9月19日在山东省海阳市某水貂养殖场进行,试验用水貂已完成犬瘟热和细小病毒疫苗的接种并埋植褪黑激素。水貂采用双列棚舍单笼饲养,每天05:00和14:00各饲喂1次,保证水貂自由采食和饮水。

1.5 测定指标及方法

1.5.1 生长性能和粪便评分测定

试验开始后每隔14 d于07:00空腹称重,每天记录给料量和剩料量,计算水貂平均日增重(ADG)和平均日采食量(ADFI),并计算料重比(F/G),公式如下:
平均日增重(g/d)=(终末体重-初始体重)/(试验天数×水貂数量);
平均日采食量(g/d)=(初始料量-剩余料量)/(试验天数×水貂数量);
料重比=平均日采食量/平均日增重。
饲养试验正式开始后,每组随机挑选15只水貂,每日07:00由试验人员观察每只试验水貂的粪便情况,每只水貂粪便评分取14 d的平均值。粪便评分在2~4分为正常值,低于2分属于粪便干燥,高于4分属于腹泻。采用表2所示粪便评分标准进行评分。
表2 粪便评分标准

Table 2 Fecal scoring criteria[20]

评分 Scores 外形 Shape
1.0 干、硬、易碎
1.5 干、硬
2.0 成形良好,捡拾起来不留印迹,能够被踢开
2.5 成形良好,表面略湿,捡拾后地面留下印迹,触碰感觉发黏
3.0 含水量较多,不成形,捡拾后地面留下明显印迹
3.5 含水量很多,但基本成形
4.0 黏稠,缺乏一致性,基本不成形
4.5 腹泻,部分区域有一点成形
5.0 水样腹泻

1.5.2 消化试验

正试期结束前3天时,每组随机挑选8只水貂,采用全收粪法进行消化试验,为期3 d,其他日常饲养管理程序不变。试验期间每日采集饲粮样品,充分混合,检测营养物质含量;每日准确称量给料量和剩料量,计算每日采食量;收集的粪样称重后按鲜重的5%加入10%硫酸,65 ℃烘干,准确称重并记录,粉碎后过40目筛,备测粪中营养物质含量。干物质含量参照《饲料中水分的测定》(GB/T 6435—2014)测定;粗蛋白质含量参照《饲料中粗蛋白的测定》(GB/T 6432—2018)的凯氏定氮法测定;粗脂肪含量参照《饲料中粗脂肪的测定》(GB/T 6433—2006)测定;钙含量参照《饲料中钙的测定》(GB/T 6436—2018)测定;总磷含量参照《饲料中总磷的测定》(GB/T 6437—2018)测定;碳水化合物含量为计算值(碳水化合物含量=干物质含量-粗蛋白质含量-粗脂肪含量-粗灰分含量)。营养物质表观消化率的计算公式如下:
饲粮中某营养物质表观消化率(%)=100×(饲粮中该营养物质含量×采食量-粪中该营养物质含量×排粪量)/(饲粮中该营养物质含量×采食量)。

1.5.3 血清生化、抗氧化和免疫指标检测

饲养试验结束后,每组随机选取8只水貂通过心脏采集空腹血液10 mL,采集到的血液装在促凝管中,轻轻混合摇匀,4 ℃条件下3 000 r/min离心10 min,取上清后置于-20 ℃保存,备测血清生化、抗氧化和免疫指标。
血清白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)、葡萄糖(GLU)、胆固醇(CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量送至南京建成生物工程研究所检测;血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,丙二醛(MDA)含量及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)采用酶标仪(INFINITE F-50,上海帝肯贸易有限公司)测定;采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法测定血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量。上述指标检测所用试剂盒均购于南京建成生物工程研究所,测定方法参照试剂盒说明书。

1.6 数据统计与分析

试验结果以“平均值±标准差”表示,数据用SPSS 21.0软件中的ANOVA程序进行方差分析,多重比较采用Duncan氏法进行,P<0.01为差异极显著,P<0.05为差异显著,P>0.05为差异不显著。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌对水貂粪便评分的影响

由表3可知,试验第29~42天和第43~56天,Ⅲ、Ⅳ组水貂的粪便评分显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);试验第1~56天,Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组水貂的粪便评分显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。
表3 饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌对水貂粪便评分的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary Pediococcus pentosaceus on fecal score of minks

时间
Time		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ
第1~14天 Days 1 to 14 2.87±0.12 2.74±0.09 2.71±0.06 2.72±0.08 2.74±0.15 0.385
第15~28天 Days 15 to 28 2.89±0.08 2.71±0.05 2.60±0.07 2.61±0.09 2.70±0.12 0.131
第29~42天 Days 29 to 42 2.81±0.09a 2.59±0.08ab 2.44±0.07b 2.49±0.09b 2.65±0.12ab 0.040
第43~56天 Days 43 to 56 2.83±0.10a 2.59±0.07ab 2.46±0.07b 2.47±0.07b 2.63±0.13ab 0.038
第1~56天 Days 1 to 56 2.82±0.07a 2.57±0.04ab 2.47±0.06b 2.50±0.07b 2.62±0.13b 0.026

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),相同小写字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In peer data, different lowercase letters of shoulder label indicate significant difference (P<0.05), and different uppercase letters indicate extremely significant difference (P<0.01), while the same lowercase letter or no letter indicates no significant difference (P>0.05). The following table is the same.

2.2 饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌对水貂生长性能的影响

由表4可知,饲粮中添加不同水平戊糖片球菌后水貂的平均日增重和平均日采食量均有不同程度增加。其中,试验第15~28天,Ⅲ组的平均日采食量显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);试验第29~42天,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组的平均日采食量极显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.01);试验第1~56天,Ⅲ组的平均日增重和平均日采食量均显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加不同水平戊糖片球菌后水貂的各阶段体重和料重比差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表4 饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌对水貂生长性能的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary Pediococcus pentosaceus on growth performance of minks

时间
Time		 项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ
第1~14天
Days 1 to 14		 初重
Initial BW/g		 1 271.6±31.8 1 273.1±35.0 1 262.5±33.8 1 258.1±33.6 1 296.3±46.9 0.956
平均日增重
ADG/(g/d)		 18.41±1.50 19.48±1.42 19.53±0.85 18.83±0.86 18.74±1.28 0.958
平均日采食量
ADFI/(g/d)		 109.76±1.09 111.70±2.23 113.69±1.12 110.19±1.60 111.95±1.44 0.368
料重比
F/G		 7.27±1.00 5.66±0.32 6.09±0.34 6.11±0.33 6.69±0.59 0.370
第14天体重
BW at day 14/g		 1 529.5±33.1 1 545.7±46.7 1 536.0±33.9 1 521.8±38.3 1 558.7±44.2 0.968
第15~28天
Days 15 to 28		 平均日增重
ADG/(g/d)		 17.75±1.00 19.59±1.70 19.88±1.20 19.54±1.01 18.44±1.53 0.744
平均日采食量
ADFI/(g/d)		 114.96±0.54b 117.05±0.83ab 118.23±0.76a 115.68±0.84b 115.49±0.75b 0.015
料重比
F/G		 6.99±0.51 6.95±0.75 6.38±0.40 6.20±0.31 8.73±0.50 0.773
第28天体重
BW at day 28/g		 1 778.0±38.4 1 820.1±62.4 1 814.3±39.1 1 795.4±38.7 1 816.9±48.3 0.961
第29~42天
Days 29 to 42		 平均日增重
ADG/(g/d)		 15.56±1.33 18.39±1.05 20.16±1.47 17.14±1.24 17.49±1.51 0.175
平均日采食量
ADFI/(g/d)		 112.91±1.38Bb 117.27±1.58Aa 119.74±1.68Aa 117.56±1.33Aa 111.80±1.60Bb 0.001
料重比
F/G		 12.99±1.38 6.76±0.45 7.40±1.23 7.48±0.51 8.19±1.21 0.866
第42天体重
BW at day 42/g		 1 995.9±41.5 2 077.6±61.6 2 096.6±37.9 2 035.4±43.3 2 061.8±51.4 0.697
第43~56天
Days 43 to 56		 平均日增重
ADG/(g/d)		 21.82±1.85 19.32±1.29 18.09±1.83 21.38±1.48 23.40±3.45 0.360
平均日采食量
ADFI/(g/d)		 109.81±1.45 111.09±2.31 115.31±2.51 112.59±1.58 110.51±1.711 0.282
料重比
F/G		 16.22±1.60 14.48±1.79 14.17±1.83 13.99±0.95 15.12±1.17 0.832
第56天体重
BW at day 56/g		 2 234.9±56.2 2 359.8±52.2 2 383.8±49.3 2 291.2±51.1 2 305.4±63.3 0.441
第1~56天
Days 1 to 56		 平均日增重
ADG/(g/d)		 17.20±0.95b 19.41±0.99ab 20.02±0.81a 18.45±0.63ab 18.02±0.63ab 0.045
平均日采食量
ADFI/(g/d)		 111.86±0.90b 114.28±1.44ab 116.74±1.21a 114.00±0.77ab 112.44±1.08b 0.019
料重比
F/G		 6.98±0.48 6.21±0.40 6.00±0.23 6.31±0.23 6.37±0.20 0.275

2.3 饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌对水貂营养物质表观消化率的影响

由表5可知,各组之间干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和碳水化合物的表观消化率均差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表5 饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌对水貂营养物质表观消化率的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary Pediococcus pentosus on nutrient apparent digestibility of minks%

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ
干物质表观消化率
DM apparent digestibility		 75.63±0.34 77.17±0.62 77.23±0.57 76.50±0.64 75.89±0.34 0.148
粗蛋白质表观消化率
CP apparent digestibility		 81.25±0.77 82.02±0.49 81.25±0.77 81.43±0.82 81.37±0.15 0.377
粗脂肪表观消化率
EE apparent digestibility		 94.75±0.88 95.44±0.52 94.75±0.88 94.98±0.88 94.78±0.53 0.913
碳水化合物表观消化率
CHO apparent digestibility		 59.59±3.64 63.50±4.28 66.66±3.21 64.30±3.41 64.23±3.89 0.752

2.4 饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌对水貂血清生化指标的影响

由表6可知,饲粮中添加不同水平戊糖片球菌对水貂血清TP、ALB、GLU和TG含量均无显著影响(P>0.05);Ⅲ组水貂血清CHO含量显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),与其他组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);Ⅲ组水貂血清HDL-C含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),与其他组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);Ⅲ和Ⅳ组水貂血清LDL-C含量显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),同时Ⅲ组还显著低于Ⅴ组(P<0.05)。
表6 饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌对水貂血清生化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary Pediococcus pentosus on serum biochemical indices of minks

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ
总蛋白 TP/(g/L) 80.33±6.25 88.16±6.69 96.15±5.50 92.94±4.81 86.17±3.14 0.148
白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) 27.67±1.51 30.75±1.05 31.77±2.50 30.59±1.27 30.94±0.98 0.377
葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) 4.30±0.45 4.69±0.25 4.48±0.40 4.63±0.45 5.13±0.26 0.620
胆固醇 CHO/(mmol/L) 10.99±0.54b 8.93±0.71ab 8.21±0.50a 9.92±0.62ab 10.21±0.91ab 0.048
甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) 1.53±0.19 1.75±0.13 1.94±0.21 1.86±0.21 1.89±0.18 0.552
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇
HDL-C/(mmol/L)		 2.21±0.23a 2.48±0.08ab 2.74±0.10b 2.61±0.14ab 2.42±0.15ab 0.044
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇
LDL-C/(mmol/L)		 7.15±0.36c 5.99±0.26abc 5.07±0.49a 5.57±0.49ab 6.37±0.49bc 0.012

2.5 饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌对水貂血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

由表7可知,各组水貂血清GSH-Px、SOD活性和MDA含量无显著差异(P>0.05);Ⅲ和Ⅳ组水貂血清T-AOC显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),但与其他2组差异不显著(P>0.05); Ⅲ、Ⅳ组水貂血清IgM含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);各试验组(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组)水貂血清IgA含量均显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组水貂血清IgG含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。
表7 饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌对水貂血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of dietary Pediococcus pentosaceus on serum antioxidant and immune indices of minks

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(mmol/mL)		 1.40
±0.08b		 1.51
±0.06ab		 1.64
±0.09a		 1.56
±0.15a		 1.44
±0.07ab		 0.025
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/mL)		 3 634.69
±158.39		 3 702.30
±158.31		 3 789.26
±204.66		 3 680.36
±174.95		 3 650.92
±149.15		 0.972
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mL)		 72.17
±2.02		 78.06
±2.62		 78.36
±3.64		 75.66
±2.24		 74.41
±3.05		 0.493
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mL)		 16.92
±1.19		 19.16
±0.91		 19.29
±1.23		 18.68
±0.89		 17.07
±1.32		 0.402
免疫球蛋白M
IgM/(μg/mL)		 1 023.13
±97.25b		 1 264.59
±96.77ab		 1 420.14
±86.66a		 1 400.24
±95.47a		 1 308.67
±98.45ab		 0.041
免疫球蛋白A
IgA/(μg/mL)		 1 494.75
±106.30b		 1 829.29
±78.15a		 1 928.26
±78.15a		 1 767.29
±105.79a		 1 716.57
±98.71a		 0.016
免疫球蛋白G
IgG/(g/L)		 2.29
±0.21b		 3.51
±0.61a		 3.95
±0.33a		 3.79
±0.52a		 3.01
±0.37ab		 0.033

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌对水貂粪便的影响

腹泻是水貂比较容易出现的一种疾病,严重影响水貂的健康,进而导致毛皮质量下降,严重的还会导致水貂的死亡[20]。每年8—9月份是水貂腹泻病的高发期,发病水貂粪便表现为稀软状态,严重时还会产生便血症状。当肠黏膜屏障被破坏时,肠道上皮通透性增加,毒素、细菌或饲粮相关抗原穿过肠黏膜上皮,导致炎症、腹泻等疾病,降低生长性能。其中,大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌感染被认为是导致水貂腹泻的最重要原因之一[21]。李斐然[22]研究发现,牦牛源戊糖片球菌对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌有良好的抑制作用。在本研究中,饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌能显著降低水貂粪便评分,改善水貂肠道健康。其原因可能是,饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌可通过改善肠道屏障、促进短链脂肪酸产生、调节肠道菌群组成,从而达到促进肠稳态的作用[23];此外,饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌后可能通过菌群代谢产物间接提高水貂肠道菌群中有益菌的相对丰度,从而降低了大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的相对丰度。

3.2 饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌对水貂生长性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响

戊糖片球菌能够提高多种动物的生长性能。刘韶娜等[24]研究表明,饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌368后,试验组猪的终末体重、平均日采食量和平均日增重均高于对照组。有研究表明,饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌能提高试验动物对干物质和粗蛋白质的表观消化率[25-26]。动物饲粮中添加适量的戊糖片球菌能促进动物生长,原因可能是戊糖片球菌在胃肠道内分泌的一些代谢产物能够增强胃肠道的一些消化酶活性,从而提高动物对营养物质的消化利用,并可改善饲粮适口性,进而提高采食量[19]。本研究结果显示,饲粮中添加适量戊糖片球菌能显著提高水貂的平均日增重和平均日采食量,这与袁文华[27]在乳鸽上的研究结果一致。

3.3 饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌对水貂血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标可作为预测水貂健康的关键指数[28]。血清TP和ALB含量主要反映了机体的营养状况及蛋白质的代谢水平[29]。血清TP含量高有利于改善机体的代谢水平并促进动物健康发育,ALB可维持机体渗透压平衡,其含量可表明肝脏合成蛋白质的能力,因此血清ALB含量是反映动物机体健康状况的重要指标[30]。血清脂代谢产物的含量能反映畜禽机体对脂肪代谢的总体情况。CHO和TG含量可反映脂肪组织的发育和沉积能力;HDL-C和LDL-C在肝脏和外周组织之间发挥运输CHO的功能,且两者的运输方向相反,从而保持机体内总胆固醇含量的稳定[29]。本试验中,在基础饲粮中添加不同水平戊糖片球菌后,水貂血清中TP、ALB含量均有升高趋势,表明戊糖片球菌能够维持机体内代谢环境相对稳定并提高蛋白质利用率,从而激活机体免疫系统,提高免疫性能。与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅲ组水貂血清CHO、LDL-C含量显著降低,血清HDL-C含量显著提高,表明每天每只水貂在饲粮中添加1×108 CFU戊糖片球菌能够调节水貂的脂肪代谢。其原因可能是戊糖片球菌改善了肠道菌群结构,提高了水貂肠道菌群多样性,并通过抑制肠道炎症反应、改善肠道屏障功能失调,进而缓解了高脂饮食引发的肝脏损伤[31]。

3.4 饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌对水貂血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

动物机体在正常生理状态下体内的自由基含量是处于一个动态平衡的状态,动物在受到惊吓等外界环境因素影响时,体内活性氧含量增加,抗氧化剂含量减少,导致氧化/抗氧化平衡被打破,从而发生氧化应激。戊糖片球菌是一种天然的抗氧化剂,具有安全、稳定、增强机体免疫能力等优势[32]。有研究表明,戊糖片球菌可诱导核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)-Kelch样ECH相关蛋白1(Keap1)抗氧化信号通路,提高肉鸡的抗氧化能力[33]。Gong 等[34]研究表明,戊糖片球菌能够通过产生乳酸降低肠道pH,触发肠道酶促抗氧化系统,使SOD、GSH-Px活性和T-AOC逐渐提高,从而提高抗氧化能力[35-36]。本试验中,每天每只水貂在饲粮中添加1×108或1×109 CFU戊糖片球菌能够显著提高水貂血清T-AOC,与上述研究结果相似。
血清免疫指标能够反映动物机体的免疫功能,血清免疫球蛋白含量升高时,机体的免疫功能也随之增强[37]。甄玉国等[38]研究表明,饲粮中添加复合益生菌培养物后,肉仔鸡血清中IgG和IgA含量显著提高。本研究中,饲粮中添加不同水平的戊糖片球菌均能够提高水貂血清中IgM、IgA和IgG含量,但均随着添加水平的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势。其原因可能是戊糖片球菌的代谢产物如有机酸、β-葡聚糖、甘露聚糖、多肽等活性物质能够激活水貂的免疫系统,提高机体的免疫功能,但过多的戊糖片球菌可能会抑制有益菌的生长繁殖,影响肠道健康[39]。

4 结论

饲粮中添加戊糖片球菌可提高育成期水貂的粪便评分和生长性能,改善血清指标,调节血脂水平,并提高机体抗氧化能力和免疫功能。在本试验条件下,育成期水貂饲粮中戊糖片球菌的适宜添加水平为1×108 CFU/(d·只)。

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