Effects of Guanidineacetic Acid on Growth Performance, Organ Indexes and Nutrient Apparent Digestibility of Growing Male Minks

WANG Xiaohui; LI Keru; ZHANG Beibei; HU Lijie; LI Wenli

doi:10.12418/CJAN2023.609

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 10: 6676 - 6686

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.609

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Guanidineacetic Acid on Growth Performance, Organ Indexes and Nutrient Apparent Digestibility of Growing Male Minks

WANG Xiaohui ^,¹ ,
LI Keru ¹^,² ,
ZHANG Beibei ¹ ,
HU Lijie ¹ ,
LI Wenli ^,¹^,^*

Expand

¹ College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
² Qingdao NABT PhagePharm Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266109, China

*professor, E-mail: 199001011@qau.edu.cn

Received date: 2023-04-26

Online published: 2023-10-12

Fold

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of guanidineacetic acid (GAA) on growth performance, organ indexes and nutrient apparent digestibility of growing male minks. Sixty 65-day-old short-haired black male minks with similar body weight were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups with 10 replicates in each group and 1 mink in each replicate. Minks in the control group were fed a basal diet, and others in experimental groups were fed the basal diets supplemented with 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1 000 mg/kg GAA, respectively. The pre-experimental period lasted for 1 week; the experimental period lasted for 10 weeks, and divided into experimental period Ⅰ (weeks 1 to 5) and experimental period Ⅱ (weeks 6 to 10). The results showed that compared with the control group: 1) dietary supplemented with 600 mg/kg GAA significantly increased the average daily gain (ADG) during experimental period Ⅰ, experimental period Ⅱ and whole experimental period (P<0.05), significantly decreased the ration of feed to gain (F/G) during experimental period Ⅰ, experimental period Ⅱ and whole experimental period (P<0.01), and significantly increased the body length during whole experimental period (P<0.01); 2) dietary supplemented with 600 mg/kg GAA significantly increased the cardiac index (P<0.05), dietary supplemented with 800 mg/kg GAA significantly increased the kidney index (P<0.05), dietary supplemented with 400 mg/kg GAA significantly increased the spleen index (P<0.01), and dietary supplemented with 200 mg/kg GAA significantly decreased the intestine to body ratio (P<0.05); 3) dietary supplemented with 200 mg/kg GAA significantly increased the ether extract (EE) apparent digestibility during experimental period Ⅰ and phosphorus (P) apparent digestibility during experimental period Ⅱ (P<0.05), dietary supplemented with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg GAA significantly increased the crude protein (CP) apparent digestibility during experimental period Ⅱ (P<0.05), dietary supplemented with 400 and 600 mg/kg GAA significantly increased the calcium (Ca) apparent digestibility during experimental period Ⅱ (P<0.05), and dietary supplemented with 800 mg/kg GAA significantly increased the Ca apparent digestibility during experimental period Ⅰ (P<0.01); 4) dietary supplemented with 600 mg/kg GAA significantly increased the apparent digestibility of cystine (Cys) and valine (Val) during experimental period Ⅰ and apparent digestibility of Val, tyrosine (Tyr) and lysine (Lys) during experimental period Ⅱ (P<0.05), and significantly increased the apparent digestibility of arginine (Arg) and total amino acid (TAA) during experimental period Ⅰ and apparent digestibility of methionine (Met), histidine (His), Arg and TAA during experimental period Ⅱ (P<0.01). In conclusion, comprehensive analysis of growth performance, organ indexes and nutrient apparent digestibility, it is recommended that the dietary appropriate GAA supplemental level of growing male minks is 600 mg/kg.

Key words： guanidineacetic acid; male minks; growth performance; nutrient apparent digestibility; amino acid

Cite this article

WANG Xiaohui , LI Keru , ZHANG Beibei , HU Lijie , LI Wenli . Effects of Guanidineacetic Acid on Growth Performance, Organ Indexes and Nutrient Apparent Digestibility of Growing Male Minks[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(10) : 6676 -6686 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.609

胍基乙酸(guanidineacetic acid,GAA),又名胍乙酸,是动物体内肌酸合成的前体物,在体内能量代谢中发挥重要作用^[1]。L-精氨酸和甘氨酸(Gly)通过L-精氨酸甘氨酸脒基转移酶合成GAA,GAA在胍基乙酸脒基转移酶的作用下形成肌酸,由于GAA性质稳定,且比外源性肌酸效价高,多采用GAA作为外源性肌酸的补充来源^[2]。现有研究表明,饲粮中添加GAA可显著提高畜禽生长性能,改善肉品质,提高机体抗氧化能力;能有效提高热应激条件下肉鸡的平均日采食量(ADFI)和平均日增重(ADG),改善肠道组织形态^[3⇓-5]。夏季高温环境对水貂体内的能量代谢、生长发育等影响较大。GAA作为新型营养性绿色添加剂,在水貂方面的研究尚未见报道。因此,本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平GAA对育成期公貂生长性能、脏器指数、营养物质表观消化率的影响,筛选GAA适宜添加水平,为水貂的健康养殖提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

试验用GAA(有效含量为99%)购自山东某生物科技有限公司。试验选用65日龄体重相近的育成期短毛黑公貂60只,随机分为6组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只貂。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加200、400、600、800和1 000 mg/kg的GAA。预试期1周;正试期10周,分为试验Ⅰ期(第1~5周)和试验Ⅱ期(第6~10周)。水貂单笼饲养,自由采食和饮水。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。

表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis)%

项目 Items	含量 Content
原料 Ingredients
海杂鱼 Sea fish	6.25
鳕鱼排 Cod steak	8.50
黄花鱼 Yellow croaker	8.00
安康鱼头 Monkfish head	7.00
鸡架 Chicken skeleton	18.75
鸭架 Duck skeleton	22.50
鸡肝 Chicken liver	5.00
鸡蛋 Egg	4.00
鸡头 Chicken head	3.00
鸭肉 Duck meat	5.50
膨化玉米 Expanded corn	6.00
膨化小麦 Expanded wheat	2.50
预混料 Premix¹⁾	3.00
合计 Total	100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels²⁾
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg)	17.22
粗蛋白质 CP	30.24
粗脂肪 EE	20.64
粗灰分 Ash	9.33
钙 Ca	2.12
磷 P	1.06

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:蛋氨酸 Met 5 000 mg,赖氨酸 Lys 5 000 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 35 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 15 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1 mg,生物素 biotin 0.5 mg,NaCl 5 000 mg,VA 10 000 IU,VK₃ 1 mg,VB₁ 21 mg,VB₂ 11 mg,VB₆ 11 mg,VB₁₂ 0.1 mg,Cu 5 mg,Fe 60 mg,Zn 50 mg,Mn 30 mg,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.4 mg。

2)粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙、磷为实测值,代谢能为计算值。CP, EE, Ash, Ca and P were measured values, while the ME was a calculated value.

1.2 测定指标和方法

1.2.1 生长性能

试验期间每天记录给料量和剩料量,统计公貂ADFI;试验Ⅰ期和试验Ⅱ期结束时,分别空腹称重1次,计算公貂ADG和F/G。试验结束时,每组取6只公貂,处死后放于水平地面上,测量鼻尖至尾根的距离,记为体长。

1.2.2 脏器指数

屠宰后的公貂摘取心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏和肾脏,称重,计算脏器指数;取全部肠道,测量全肠长度,计算肠体比。计算公式如下:

脏器指数=(器官重量/宰前活体重)×100;

肠体比=(全肠长度/体长)×100。

1.2.3 营养物质表观消化率

试验Ⅰ期和试验Ⅱ期饲养试验最后3 d,每组随机选取接近体况相近公貂3只,进行消化试验。采用全收粪法收集粪便,10%硫酸溶液固定氮,于65 ℃烘箱中烘至恒重后粉碎过筛保存。饲粮和粪便中粗蛋白质(CP)含量参照GB/T 6432—2018测定,粗脂肪(EE)含量参照GB/T 6433—2006测定,钙(Ca)含量参照GB/T 6436—2018测定,磷(P)含量参照GB/T 6437—2018测定,氨基酸含量采用日立L-8900高速氨基酸分析仪测定。营养物质表观消化率计算公式如下:

营养物质表观消化率=100×(该营养物质摄入量-该营养物质排出量)/该营养物质摄入量。

1.3 数据处理及统计分析

试验数据采用SPSS 22.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),通过LSD法进行多重比较。数据以“平均值±标准差”表示。P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著。

2 结果

2.1 GAA对育成期公貂生长性能的影响

由表2可知,试验Ⅰ期,400和600 mg/kg GAA组ADG显著高于对照组和1 000 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.05),400和600 mg/kg GAA组F/G极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。各组之间ADFI差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表2 GAA对育成期公貂试验Ⅰ期生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of GAA on growth performance of growing male minks during experimental period Ⅰ

项目 Items	GAA添加水平 GAA supplemental level/(mg/kg)						P值 P-value
项目 Items	0(对照组 Control group)	200	400	600	800	1 000	P值 P-value
平均日增重 ADG/g	10.64±3.73^b	13.76±3.49^ab	13.87±3.89^a	16.82±4.51^a	13.50±3.56^ab	12.32±3.64^b	0.024
平均日采食量 ADFI/g	252.67±34.36	247.32±40.82	228.75±22.47	226.07±24.14	257.24±32.47	239.90±30.47	0.215
料重比 F/G	26.67±5.29^Aa	16.96±0.98^ABab	16.19±2.64^Bb	13.13±1.98^Bb	18.18±1.27^ABab	18.67±1.90^ABab	<0.001

	同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),相同小写字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。
	In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01), while with the same small letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

由表3可知,试验Ⅱ期,600 mg/kg GAA组ADG显著高于对照组和200 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.05),各试验组F/G均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。各组之间ADFI差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表3 GAA对育成期公貂试验Ⅱ期生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of GAA on growth performance of growing male minks during experimental period Ⅱ

项目 Items	GAA添加水平 GAA supplemental level/(mg/kg)						P值 P-value
项目 Items	0(对照组 Control group)	200	400	600	800	1 000	P值 P-value
平均日增重 ADG/g	12.69±3.55^b	14.34±4.31^b	16.56±3.97^ab	19.67±5.70^a	16.31±5.16^ab	15.67±3.26^ab	0.042
平均日采食量 ADFI/g	277.64±23.39	264.01±27.22	259.08±40.94	266.08±35.23	264.45±40.57	269.94±32.91	0.903
料重比 F/G	24.30±6.81^Aa	18.25±3.52^Bb	14.93±0.83^Bb	13.49±2.26^Bb	14.00±2.30^Bb	17.93±2.12^Bb	<0.001

由表4可知,试验全期,400和600 mg/kg GAA组ADG显著高于对照组(P<0.05),各试验组F/G均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),各试验组体长均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。各组之间ADFI差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表4 GAA对育成期公貂试验全期生长性能的影响

Table 4 Effects of GAA on growth performance of growing male minks in whole experimental period

项目 Items	GAA添加水平 GAA supplemental level/(mg/kg)						P值 P-value
项目 Items	0(对照组 Control group)	200	400	600	800	1 000	P值 P-value
平均日增重 ADG/g	11.60±2.55^b	13.87±3.56^ab	15.13±1.87^a	16.82±4.66^a	14.46±4.01^ab	14.13±2.85^ab	0.038
平均日采食量 ADFI/g	240.77±7.49	259.99±5.50	242.56±8.95	251.58±10.57	255.14±11.19	262.72±12.48	0.081
料重比 F/G	22.48±0.96^Aa	16.33±0.81^Bb	16.16±0.88^Bb	14.49±0.64^Bb	15.70±1.66^Bb	16.50±1.31^Bb	<0.001
体长 BL/cm	67.17±2.40^Bb	71.33±1.37^Aa	70.83±1.60^Aa	70.83±2.32^Aa	72.33±1.97^Aa	71.17±2.32^Aa	0.003

试验Ⅰ期、试验Ⅱ期和试验全期的ADG和F/G均以600 mg/kg GAA组效果较好,体长以800 mg/kg GAA组最好。

2.2 GAA对育成期公貂脏器指数的影响

由表5可知,600 mg/kg GAA组心脏指数显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。800 mg/kg GAA组肾脏指数显著高于对照组及200、400和1 000 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.05)。400和800 mg/kg GAA组脾脏指数极显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且400 mg/kg GAA组脾脏指数极显著高于1 000 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.01)。200 mg/kg GAA组肠体比显著低于对照组和800 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.05)。各组之间肝脏指数、肺脏指数和全肠长度差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表5 GAA对育成期公貂脏器指数的影响

Table 5 Effects of GAA on organ indexes of growing male minks

项目 Items	GAA添加水平 GAA supplemental level/(mg/kg)						P值 P-value
项目 Items	0(对照组 Control group)	200	400	600	800	1 000	P值 P-value
心脏指数 Cardiac index/%	0.56±0.03^b	0.62±0.08^b	0.66±0.13^b	0.82±0.21^a	0.63±0.10^b	0.68±0.08^b	0.045
肝脏指数 Liver index/%	2.28±0.23	2.75±0.81	2.73±0.58	2.68±0.58	2.59±0.50	2.38±0.28	0.559
脾脏指数 Spleen index/%	0.35±0.12^Cc	0.53±0.15^ABCabc	0.68±0.19^Aa	0.45±0.15^ABCabc	0.66±0.14^ABab	0.39±0.17^BCbc	0.008
肺脏指数 Lungs index/%	1.35±0.42	1.49±0.26	1.41±0.40	1.70±0.56	1.47±0.42	1.38±0.32	0.723
肾脏指数 Kidney index/%	0.49±0.08^b	0.53±0.06^b	0.52±0.10^b	0.59±0.13^ab	0.65±0.08^a	0.51±0.05^b	0.045
全肠长度 Total intestinal length/cm	191.25±22.50	193.33±21.60	195.00±18.71	192.50±19.69	200.83±17.44	201.67±27.33	0.942
肠体比 I/B	3.04±0.45^a	2.44±0.07^c	2.67±0.16^abc	2.67±0.17^abc	2.85±0.08^ab	2.61±0.19^bc	0.034

2.3 GAA对育成期公貂营养物质表观消化率的影响

由表6可知,试验Ⅰ期,200和800 mg/kg GAA组EE表观消化率显著高于对照组和1 000 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.05),800 mg/kg GAA组Ca表观消化率极显著高于对照组和200 mg/kgGAA组(P<0.01)。各组之间CP和P表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表6 GAA对育成期公貂试验Ⅰ期营养物质表观消化率的影响

Table 6 Effects of GAA on nutrient apparent digestibility of growing male minks during experimental period Ⅰ %

项目 Items	GAA添加水平 GAA supplemental level/(mg/kg)						P值 P-value
项目 Items	0(对照组 Control group)	200	400	600	800	1 000	P值 P-value
粗蛋白质 CP	80.67±2.92	82.51±5.70	80.99±5.16	80.01±3.92	79.63±1.21	80.07±0.86	0.804
粗脂肪 EE	85.58±5.39^b	93.21±3.97^a	88.88±4.35^ab	88.48±6.22^ab	92.65±3.82^a	86.35±6.50^b	0.030
钙 Ca	33.31±6.68^Bb	33.45±1.54^Bb	39.80±3.61^ABab	40.93±8.29^ABab	45.65±6.16^Aa	38.28±4.40^ABab	0.008
磷 P	33.91±5.93	29.02±1.83	33.99±5.17	34.68±7.73	34.13±3.71	31.69±6.21	0.688

由表7可知,试验Ⅱ期,200、400和600 mg/kg GAA组CP表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且400 mg/kg GAA组CP表观消化率显著高于1 000 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.05)。400和600 mg/kg GAA组Ca表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且600 mg/kg GAA组Ca表观消化率显著高于200和1 000 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.05)。200和400 mg/kg GAA组P表观消化率显著高于对照组及600和1 000 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.05)。各组之间EE表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表7 GAA对育成期公貂试验Ⅱ期营养物质表观消化率的影响

Table 7 Effects of GAA on nutrient apparent digestibility of growing male minks during experimental period Ⅱ %

项目 Items	GAA添加水平 GAA supplemental level/(mg/kg)						P值 P-value
项目 Items	0(对照组 Control group)	200	400	600	800	1 000	P值 P-value
粗蛋白质 CP	75.76±3.21^c	79.98±3.78^ab	82.51±0.05^a	80.02±0.87^ab	79.04±0.81^abc	78.16±4.11^bc	0.044
粗脂肪 EE	94.45±1.94	94.55±4.04	93.30±0.47	93.61±0.48	94.04±1.80	92.06±2.64	0.480
钙 Ca	25.34±0.85^c	27.69±4.08^bc	32.62±4.00^ab	37.01±0.61^a	30.83±6.51^abc	29.22±2.89^bc	0.029
磷 P	24.26±3.60^b	32.11±0.73^a	31.40±8.11^a	25.40±1.23^b	26.87±1.76^ab	24.87±2.03^b	0.030

2.4 GAA对育成期公貂氨基酸表观消化率的影响

由表8可知,试验Ⅰ期,600和800 mg/kg GAA组半胱氨酸(Cys)表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且600 mg/kg GAA组Cys表观消化率显著高于200、400和1 000 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.05)。400和600 mg/kg GAA组缬氨酸(Val)表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且600 mg/kg GAA组Val表观消化率显著高于200、800和1 000 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,600、800和1 000 mg/kg GAA组赖氨酸(Lys)表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且800 mg/kg GAA组Lys表观消化率显著高于200 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.05)。800 mg/kg GAA组组氨酸(His)表观消化率显著高于对照组及200和400 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.05)。400和600 mg/kg GAA组精氨酸(Arg)表观消化率极显著高于对照组和200 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.01)。400和600 mg/kg GAA组总氨基酸(TAA)表观消化率极显著高于对照组和1 000 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.01),且600 mg/kg GAA组TAA表观消化率极显著高于200和800 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.01)。各组之间天门冬氨酸(Asp)、苏氨酸(Thr)、丝氨酸(Ser)、谷氨酸(Glu)、Gly、丙氨酸(Ala)、蛋氨酸(Met)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、亮氨酸(Leu)、酪氨酸(Tyr)、苯丙氨酸(Phr)和脯氨酸(Pro)表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表8 GAA对育成期公貂试验Ⅰ期氨基酸表观消化率的影响

Table 8 Effects of GAA on amino acid apparent digestibility of growing male minks during experimental period Ⅰ %

项目 Items	GAA添加水平 GAA supplemental level/(mg/kg)						P值 P-value
项目 Items	0(对照组 Control group)	200	400	600	800	1 000	P值 P-value
天门冬氨酸 Asp	81.65±2.94	82.97±6.27	83.98±9.64	80.47±3.00	83.02±1.01	80.36±2.95	0.933
苏氨酸 Thr	78.16±2.16	79.59±6.16	81.57±4.18	77.02±3.77	79.74±0.69	73.71±4.88	0.307
丝氨酸 Ser	82.09±1.71	83.54±4.92	84.96±8.87	81.37±2.66	83.81±0.36	78.08±6.97	0.660
谷氨酸 Glu	88.22±1.74	89.00±3.63	89.01±7.04	85.45±2.37	87.13±1.19	84.05±4.62	0.580
甘氨酸 Gly	81.18±2.73	83.02±6.20	84.04±10.10	80.03±3.67	82.16±0.63	76.59±8.22	0.738
丙氨酸 Ala	84.48±1.72	86.02±4.55	87.39±7.07	83.77±2.89	85.37±0.59	81.45±6.03	0.678
半胱氨酸 Cys	82.36±2.03^c	84.49±0.99^bc	85.73±1.73^bc	89.43±2.76^a	86.60±2.65^ab	83.94±0.45^bc	0.013
缬氨酸 Val	84.97±2.87^c	86.12±1.24^bc	89.36±2.25^ab	90.87±2.67^a	87.02±0.53^bc	86.53±0.62^bc	0.026
蛋氨酸 Met	85.28±4.90	89.33±1.53	87.64±7.36	84.00±1.28	84.86±2.17	85.75±0.64	0.566
异亮氨酸 Ile	84.25±1.34	86.87±2.98	86.67±4.61	82.52±3.08	85.35±0.83	83.64±1.12	0.353
亮氨酸 Leu	88.30±1.01	89.91±2.60	90.00±3.12	87.12±2.28	89.11±0.34	87.17±1.58	0.375
酪氨酸 Tyr	89.06±1.44	91.16±1.37	90.58±5.15	88.82±1.55	89.15±1.00	86.04±3.43	0.346
苯丙氨酸 Phe	91.56±0.95	92.90±1.47	92.60±4.53	90.56±1.58	91.49±0.45	89.00±3.26	0.461
赖氨酸 Lys	86.84±1.51^c	87.64±0.52^bc	88.63±1.11^abc	89.02±0.89^ab	90.02±1.43^a	89.41±0.86^ab	0.040
组氨酸 His	76.45±1.00^b	77.24±2.27^b	77.88±0.77^b	79.28±0.82^ab	81.40±1.90^a	78.85±1.78^ab	0.025
精氨酸 Arg	88.98±0.77^Bb	89.98±1.16^Bb	93.12±1.42^Aa	93.25±1.19^Aa	90.35±0.46^ABab	91.41±1.41^ABab	0.003
脯氨酸 Pro	82.94±1.71	84.54±5.01	84.52±2.11	80.38±3.95	83.07±0.26	80.52±2.10	0.380
总氨基酸 TAA	83.91±1.05^Cc	85.29±1.67^BCbc	88.73±2.38^ABab	89.64±1.06^Aa	85.71±0.55^BCbc	84.95±0.61^Cc	0.001

由表9可知,试验Ⅱ期,600 mg/kg GAA组Val表观消化率显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。600和800 mg/kg GAA组Tyr表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且600 mg/kg GAA组Tyr表观消化率显著高于200和400 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.05)。600 mg/kg GAA组Lys表观消化率显著高于对照组极200、400和1 000 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.05)。600、800和1 000 mg/kg GAA组Cys表观消化率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。600 mg/kg GAA组Met表观消化率极显著高于对照组和200 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.01)。400、600和800 mg/kg GAA组His表观消化率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),且600 mg/kg GAA组His表观消化率极显著高于200 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.01)。600 mg/kg GAA组Arg表观消化率极显著高于对照组和200 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.01)。400和600 mg/kg GAA组TAA表观消化率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),且600 mg/kg GAA组TAA表观消化率极显著高于200、800和1 000 mg/kg GAA组(P<0.01)。各组之间Asp、Thr、Ser、Glu、Gly、Ala、Ile、Leu、Phr和Pro表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表9 GAA对育成期公貂试验Ⅱ期氨基酸表观消化率的影响

Table 9 Effects of GAA on amino acid apparent digestibility of growing male minks during experimental period Ⅱ%

项目 Items	GAA添加水平 GAA supplemental level/(mg/kg)						P值 P-value
项目 Items	0(对照组 Control group)	200	400	600	800	1 000	P值 P-value
天门冬氨酸 Asp	64.67±2.99	67.57±4.14	64.36±6.73	63.41±6.44	65.09±5.26	64.95±5.50	0.955
苏氨酸 Thr	66.97±4.51	70.11±4.66	63.68±4.86	64.42±4.91	65.17±2.98	67.42±4.33	0.537
丝氨酸 Ser	73.56±3.37	76.66±3.09	71.14±4.82	70.44±3.56	73.35±2.54	73.77±2.49	0.342
谷氨酸 Glu	75.69±1.84	78.37±5.79	73.88±5.82	73.81±2.66	72.89±2.06	75.48±2.42	0.580
甘氨酸 Gly	67.35±0.72	69.59±3.99	70.87±3.47	63.72±3.28	70.16±1.89	66.30±6.58	0.247
丙氨酸 Ala	76.48±1.07	78.72±6.08	75.31±5.72	74.03±1.91	76.08±0.81	74.39±3.29	0.699
半胱氨酸 Cys	70.48±4.46^Bb	74.01±1.34^ABab	78.04±2.82^ABab	80.52±2.51^Aa	81.79±4.21^Aa	78.93±1.62^Aa	0.006
缬氨酸 Val	76.41±2.55^b	77.44±4.09^b	79.34±1.83^b	84.94±2.85^a	79.77±1.36^b	78.50±1.28^b	0.020
蛋氨酸 Met	58.19±1.64^Bb	58.98±2.63^Bb	63.19±4.99^ABab	69.32±1.24^Aa	66.78±3.90^ABab	66.42±4.31^ABab	0.009
异亮氨酸 Ile	72.40±3.30	76.11±3.26	72.19±3.96	71.30±3.17	73.22±1.31	74.10±3.71	0.551
亮氨酸 Leu	80.66±1.78	83.12±3.27	80.38±2.94	79.86±2.63	81.26±1.47	81.45±1.88	0.660
酪氨酸 Tyr	85.93±1.59^c	86.43±0.59^bc	87.38±1.27^bc	89.63±0.95^a	88.19±1.19^ab	87.52±1.10^abc	0.025
苯丙氨酸 Phe	87.03±1.00	88.75±1.91	86.8±2.73	87.05±1.11	87.84±0.71	88.67±1.24	0.540
赖氨酸 Lys	74.86±1.45^b	75.88±1.57^b	76.04±2.06^b	80.69±2.98^a	78.81±1.01^ab	76.77±2.50^b	0.038
组氨酸 His	72.04±6.53^Cc	76.24±3.28^BCbc	83.88±0.97^ABab	85.61±1.35^Aa	81.82±2.80^ABab	79.09±0.24^ABCabc	0.003
精氨酸 Arg	84.08±1.68^Bb	85.24±1.41^Bb	86.42±1.83^ABab	89.27±0.50^Aa	86.00±1.17^ABab	85.93±0.72^ABab	0.009
脯氨酸 Pro	69.55±1.13	74.17±6.68	70.98±6.36	64.62±3.48	70.80±1.78	68.72±4.42	0.269
总氨基酸 TAA	73.71±0.83^Cc	75.66±1.02^BCbc	79.06±1.63^ABab	80.00±1.99^Aa	76.07±1.51^BCbc	75.67±1.34^BCbc	0.002

3 讨论

3.1 GAA对育成期公貂生长性能的影响

动物生长发育与能量代谢密切相关,GAA作为肌酸的唯一天然前体物,更易被机体吸收,进而提高能量利用率,促进动物生长发育^[6]。生产实践中仔貂一般45日龄断奶,60日龄左右分窝。从水貂的生长曲线来看,从断奶到90日龄是水貂生长发育最快的阶段,以后生长速度逐渐减慢^[7]。因此,本试验把水貂育成期划分为2期研究,旨在探讨GAA对不同生长阶段水貂的饲喂效果。

本研究结果表明,饲粮中添加GAA能提高育成期公貂的ADG,降低F/G,试验Ⅰ期、试验Ⅱ期和试验全期的ADG均以600 mg/kg GAA组较高,F/G也以600 mg/kg GAA组较低,表明育成期水貂饲粮中GAA的适宜添加水平为600 mg/kg。这与邱明科^[8]对肉牛、李蛟龙等^[9]对生长育肥猪、王晓辉等^[10]对白羽肉鸡的研究结果比较接近。这可能是因为GAA能够促进机体肌酸合成,进而提高能量物质的储存和利用效率,满足育成期水貂毛皮快速生长的需要,提高水貂的生长性能^[11]。但饲粮中添加GAA对育成期公貂ADFI影响不显著,这可能是因为夏季气温高,各组水貂的采食量均不同程度受影响,添加GAA效果不显著。

水貂的体长在一定程度上反映了其生长发育规律,并与皮张质量有关。一般而言,水貂的体重大时,其体长也大。本试验中,水貂的体长以800 mg/kg GAA组最高,体长的GAA适宜添加水平与ADG和F/G的GAA适宜水平不完全一致。这可能是由于育成期水貂体内蛋白质、脂肪的沉积有一定差异,体长与ADG不完全一致。综上所述,综合考虑ADG、F/G、体长等指标,育成期公貂试验Ⅰ期、试验Ⅱ期和试验全期饲粮中GAA的适宜添加水平为600 mg/kg。

3.2 GAA对育成期公貂脏器指数的影响

脏器指数属于动物生物学特性指标,能反映机体各器官生理状态,与生长性能和体重成正比,但受品种、年龄及饲养条件的影响^[12]。向本山^[13]研究表明,饲粮中添加1 000 mg/kg的GAA能够增加大白猪的心脏指数、肝脏指数、肺脏指数以及肾脏指数。张泰等^[14]研究发现,饲粮中添加GAA能够增加小鼠的心脏指数、肝脏指数、脾脏指数和肾脏指数。本试验中,饲粮中添加GAA显著提高了公貂心脏指数和肾脏指数,与上述试验基本一致,但不影响肝脏指数和肺脏指数,其机制有待进一步研究。肉鸡饲粮中添加200、400、600和800 mg/kg GAA,饲喂42 d后结果显示不同添加水平的GAA能够提高肉鸡脾脏指数、法氏囊指数,提高肉鸡免疫力^[15]。本试验研究结果还发现,饲粮中添加400和800 mg/kg GAA极显著提高了育成期公貂脾脏指数,与上述研究结果基本一致。这可能是由于GAA能够提高动物生长性能,提高机体免疫力,促进T细胞分化增殖,同时提高脾脏指数和各器官指数^[15]。

3.3 GAA对育成期公貂营养物质表观消化率的影响

与其他肉食性动物相比,水貂的胃肠道较为简单,小肠短且无盲肠,食糜经过消化道的速度很快,微生物没有充足的时间作用于营养物质^[16]。所以消化能力的强弱对水貂生长性能至关重要。已有研究表明,饲粮中添加GAA能够有效提高蛋鸡能量利用率和CP表观消化率,提高其饲料利用率^[17]。饲粮中添加GAA能够提高安格斯公牛瘤胃总短链脂肪酸浓度,提高瘤胃干物质(DM)、CP、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率,提高营养物质消化水平^[18]。饲粮中添加不同水平的GAA能够提高羔羊DM、CP、EE、ADF和NDF表观消化率,改善其生长性能^[19]。本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加GAA能显著提高育成期公貂试验Ⅱ期CP表观消化率和试验Ⅰ期EE表观消化率,与上述研究结果基本一致;同时,饲粮中添加GAA能够显著提高育成期公貂试验Ⅰ期和试验Ⅱ期Ca和P表观消化率。其原因可能是GAA通过促进动物体肌酸合成和肠道细胞能量代谢,改善肠道形态,提高了营养物质表观消化率^[20]。

3.4 GAA对育成期公貂氨基酸表观消化率的影响

水貂对蛋白质的需要量较高,而氨基酸消化率的高低直接影响体内蛋白质代谢。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加GAA对育成期公貂试验Ⅰ期和试验Ⅱ期的氨基酸表观消化率产生一定影响。从TAA表观消化率看,育成期公貂试验Ⅰ期和试验Ⅱ期均是随着GAA添加水平的增加逐渐升高,至600 mg/kg GAA时TAA表观消化率达到最高,随后逐渐降低,说明过量添加GAA对氨基酸表观消化率产生不利影响;Met作为水貂的第一限制性氨基酸,对水貂生长及毛皮质量至关重要^[21]。尽管各组之间试验Ⅰ期Met表观消化率差异不显著,但试验Ⅱ期饲粮中添加GAA对Met表观消化率影响显著,以600 mg/kg GAA添加水平时最高。

Arg是水貂的必需氨基酸,不仅用于合成蛋白质,而且对体内营养物质代谢发挥重要调节作用^[22]。张德福等^[23]研究表明,爱拔益加肉仔鸡饲粮中添加GAA能节省Arg,使其更多的合成蛋白质,更能够平衡动物饲粮中的氨基酸。本试验结果表明,育成期公貂基础饲粮中添加GAA能提高试验Ⅰ期和试验Ⅱ期的Arg表观消化率,与上述试验结果基本一致,且以600 mg/kg添加水平时最高,这可能是由于GAA的前体物质是Arg和Gly,添加GAA能够增加机体肌酸合成,减少动物体内的Arg和Gly的消耗,促进动物机体吸收,同时GAA能够有效地改善肠道健康,提高消化率^[24]。

饲粮中添加GAA对育成期公貂其他必需氨基酸如Lys、Val等的表观消化率影响显著,且变化趋势与上述氨基酸消化率变化趋势基本一致。这表明饲粮中添加适宜水平的GAA可在一定程度上改善水貂氨基酸表观消化率,促进水貂的生长发育。

4 结论

饲粮中添加适宜水平的GAA能够提高育成期公貂的生长性能、脏器指数和营养物质表观消化率。综合各项指标,育成期公貂饲粮中GAA的适宜添加水平为600 mg/kg。

References

Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within

[1]

于海罗, 肖调义, 骆艺文, 等. 胍基乙酸对斑点叉尾鮰生长、肝脏抗氧化和肌肉能量代谢的影响[J/OL]. 水产学报:1-12[2023-04-01]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/31.1283.s.20220816.1137.020.html.

H L

, XIAO

T Y

, LUO

Y W

, et al. Effect of dietary guanidinoacetic acid on growth,hepatic anti-oxidative capacity and muscle energy metabolism in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)[J/OL]. Journal of Fisheries of China:1-12[2023-04-01]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/31.1283.s.20220816.1137.020.html. in Chinese)

[2]

晁雅琳, 刘博, 寇启芳, 等. 胍基乙酸对舍饲滩羊生长性能、屠宰性能、脂肪沉积及肌肉营养成分的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2019, 31(1):388-394.

CHAO

Y L

, LIU

, KOU

Q F

, et al. Effects of guanidine acetic acid on growth performance,slaughter performance,fat deposition and nutritional components in muscle of stabling Tan sheep[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2019, 31(1):388-394. (in Chinese)

[3]	李文娟, 王彦芦, 王炜康, 等. 胍基乙酸对畜禽生产性能与肉品质的调控作用研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2021, 57(1):1-5. LI W J, WANG Y L, WANG W K, et al. Role of dietary guanidine acetic acid in manipulating animal performance and meat quality:a review[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 57(1):1-5. (in Chinese)

[4]

李子平, 田树飞, 牛建东. 不同蛋白质水平日粮添加胍基乙酸对热应激肉鸡生长性能、应激指标及肠道形态的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2020(4):59-63.

Z P

, TIAN

S F

, NIU

J D

. Effects of additional of guanidylacetic acid in different protein levels diets on growth performance,stress index and intestinal morphology of broilers exposed to heat stress[J]. China Feed, 2020(4):59-63. (in Chinese)

[5]

刘笑梅, 郝小燕, 崔乔, 等. 饲粮中添加胍基乙酸对羔羊生长性能和营养物质消化代谢的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2021, 33(12):6910-6918.

DOI

LIU

X M

, HAO

X Y

, CUI

, et al. Effects of dietary guanidineacetic acid on growth performance and nutrient digestion and metabolism of lambs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2021, 33(12):6910-6918. (in Chinese)

[6]	OSTOJIC S M. Guanidinoacetic acid as a performance-enhancing agent[J]. Amino Acids, 2016, 48(8):1867-1875. DOI PMID

[7]	荣敏, 涂剑锋, 徐佳萍, 等. 不同彩貂生长发育比较及生长曲线拟合研究[J]. 黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2018(9):184-186,251. RONG M, TU J F, XU J P, et al. Comparison of growth and development and study on fitting of growth curves in different colored minks[J]. Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2018(9):184-186,251. (in Chinese)

[8]	邱明科. 胍基乙酸对放牧条件下肉牛生产性能、血清生化指标及经济效益的影响[J]. 饲料研究, 2021, 44(3):9-12. QIU M K. Effects of guanidine acetic acid on performance,serum biochemical indices and economic benefits of beef cattle under grazing conditions[J]. Feed Research, 2021, 44(3):9-12. (in Chinese)

[9]

李蛟龙, 马冰冰, 陈作栋, 等. 胍基乙酸对育肥猪肉品质和抗氧化能力的影响[J]. 中国粮油学报, 2020, 35(12):94-100.

J L

, MA

B B

, CHEN

Z D

, et al. Effects of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation on meat quality and antioxidant capacity of finishing pigs[J]. Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association, 2020, 35(12):94-100. (in Chinese)

[10]	王晓辉, 姜海龙. 日粮中添加胍基乙酸对白羽肉鸡生长及屠宰性能的影响[J]. 吉林畜牧兽医, 2022, 43(12):3-4. WANG X H, JIANG H L. Effects of dietary guanidine acetic acid on growth and slaughter performance of white feathered broilers[J]. Jilin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2022, 43(12):3-4. (in Chinese)

[11]	李洁蕾. 胍基乙酸对骨骼肌细胞及保育猪的作用效果[D]. 硕士学位论文. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2017. LI J L. Effects of guanidine acetic acid on skeletal muscle cells and nursery pigs[D]. Master’s Thesis. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2017. (in Chinese)

[12]	吴凯, 管先超, 曲嘉晨, 等. 液态三丁酸甘油酯对小鼠生长、脏器指数及十二指肠形态结构的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023, 35(2):1330-1337. DOI WU K, GUAN X C, QU J C, et al. Effects of liquid tributyrin on growth,viscera indexes and duodenal morphology of mice[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023, 35(2):1330-1337. (in Chinese)

[13]	向本山. 胍基乙酸对育肥猪生长性能、屠宰性能以及肌纤维和脂肪细胞的影响[D]. 硕士学位论文. 雅安: 四川农业大学, 2020. XIANG B S. Effects of guanidinoacetic acid on growth performance,slaughter performance,muscle fibers and fat cells developing in finishing pigs[D]. Master’s Thesis. Ya’an: Sichuan Agricultural University, 2020. (in Chinese)

[14]

张泰, 高畅, 李抒柏, 等. 胍基乙酸中药制剂对小鼠生长性能、养分表观消化率、血清生化指标的影响[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2020, 56(10):137-140.

ZHANG

, GAO

, LI

S B

, et al. Effects of traditional Chinese medicine preparation of guanidine acetic acid on growth performance,nutrient apparent digestibility and serum biochemical indices of mice[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2020, 56(10):137-140. (in Chinese)

[15]	江涛. 胍基乙酸的合成及其对肉鸡生长性能和血液理化指标的影响[D]. 硕士学位论文. 合肥: 安徽农业大学, 2012. JIANG T. The synthesis of guanidine acetic acid and the influence of broiler growth performance and blood biochemical indexes[D]. Master’s Thesis. Hefei: Anhui Agricultural University, 2012. (in Chinese)

[16]	王利华. 水貂高效养殖关键技术[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2018. WANG L H. Key techniques of efficient mink breeding[M]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2018. (in Chinese)

[17]	DAO H T, SHARMA N K, BRADBURY E J, et al. Response of laying hens to L-arginine,L-citrulline and guanidinoacetic acid supplementation in reduced protein diet[J]. Animal Nutrition, 2021, 7(2):460-471. DOI

[18]	LIU Y J, CHEN J Z, WANG D H, et al. Effects of guanidinoacetic acid and coated folic acid supplementation on growth performance,nutrient digestion and hepatic gene expression in Angus bulls[J]. British Journal of Nutrition, 2021, 126(4):510-517. DOI

[19]	LI W J, WU Q C, CUI Z Y, et al. Guanidine acetic acid exhibited greater growth performance in younger (13-30 kg) than in older (30-50 kg) lambs under high-concentrate feedlotting pattern[J]. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2022, 9:954675. DOI

[20]	WALLIMANN T, TOKARSKA-SCHLATTNER M, SCHLATTNER U. The creatine kinase system and pleiotropic effects of creatine[J]. Amino Acids, 2011, 40(5):1271-1296. DOI PMID

[21]	韩梦飞, 范文文, 李海燕, 等. 水貂对五种非常规蛋白质饲料的氨基酸消化利用率研究[J]. 黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2017(21):233-237. HAN M F, FAN W W, LI H Y, et al. Amino acid digestibility of 5 kinds of unconventional protein feeds in mink[J]. Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2017(21):233-237. (in Chinese)

[22]

万春孟, 张铁涛, 崔虎, 等. 饲粮L-精氨酸含量对冬毛期雌性水貂氨基酸消化率、血清氨基酸含量及血清生化指标的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2016, 28(3):932-939.

WAN

C M

, ZHANG

T T