REVIEW

Molecular Mechanism of Lysine Affecting Milk Protein Synthesis in Dairy Cows

  • HAN Bingqing ,
  • LIU Hongyun , *
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  • Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-04-23

  Online published: 2023-11-12

Abstract

Milk protein is an important indicator to evaluate milk quality. Lysine (Lys) is both a limiting amino acid and an essential amino acid, and plays an important regulatory role in the synthesis of milk protein in dairy cows on a corn-based diet. Lys can improve lactation performance and maintain mammary gland health of dairy cows. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of Lys regulating milk protein synthesis is still unclear. This paper reviewed the research progress on the effects of Lys on lactation performance of dairy cows, especially milk protein synthesis, and introduced the possible mechanism of Lys on milk protein synthesis in dairy cows, so as to provide theoretical reference for improving the precise regulation strategy of lactation nutrition in dairy cows.

Cite this article

HAN Bingqing , LIU Hongyun . Molecular Mechanism of Lysine Affecting Milk Protein Synthesis in Dairy Cows[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(11) : 6880 -6887 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.626

满足反刍动物生理需要的氨基酸组成可最大限度地提高机体对摄入蛋白质的吸收利用。对于奶牛而言,瘤胃微生物可利用饲粮中的瘤胃可降解蛋白质转化为菌体蛋白或合成内源性氨基酸,并随瘤胃不可降解蛋白质(rumen-undegraded protein,RUP)一起在小肠被消化吸收。而饲粮蛋白质含量过高或氨基酸模式不平衡均会降低反刍动物小肠蛋白质的利用率。研究表明,赖氨酸(lysine,Lys)是以玉米为基础饲粮的奶牛的限制性氨基酸[1],也是奶牛必需氨基酸(essential amino acid,EAA)之一。补充过瘤胃赖氨酸(rumen-protected lysine,RPL)可提高奶牛采食量[2]、氮利用率[3]和泌乳性能[2],增加到达小肠可吸收利用的氨基酸含量,调节机体炎症反应[4-5]、免疫功能[6]和瘤胃发酵参数[7],减少饲粮蛋白质消耗[2],参与能量代谢[8-9]并维持乳腺健康[6]。乳蛋白不仅具有丰富的营养价值,还是评价奶牛泌乳功能的重要指标。虽然越来越多的研究关注到Lys对奶牛乳蛋白合成的影响,但其影响机制缺乏系统性的整理与归纳。本文围绕Lys对奶牛乳蛋白合成的影响,综述了Lys影响乳蛋白合成机制的研究进展,并对其潜在研究方向进行展望,以期为Lys在奶牛养殖业的应用和后续研究提供参考。

1 乳蛋白概述

乳蛋白是评价乳质量的重要指标,其组成与含量直接影响乳及乳制品的营养价值。在牛奶中,蛋白质含量约占3.5%,其中80%约为酪蛋白,20%约为乳清蛋白[10]。乳中含有αs1、αs2、β和κ这4种酪蛋白,分别占总乳蛋白的39%~46%、8%~10%、25%~35%和8%~15%[10]。酪蛋白具有较高的生物利用度及多种营养功能,包括提供高质量蛋白质、与钙磷结合促进骨骼健康、支持肌肉生长和修复、改善免疫系统功能以及促进胃内胶束形成维持饱腹感等[11]。乳清蛋白以α-乳白蛋白(α-lactalbumin,α-LA)和β-乳球蛋白(β-lactoglobulin,β-LG)为主,分别占总乳清蛋白的20%~25%和50%[10],其余组成包括乳铁蛋白、免疫球蛋白、血清白蛋白、乳过氧化物酶和溶菌酶等[12]。α-LA和β-LG富含支链氨基酸(branched chain amino acid,BCAA),参与肿瘤抑制过程[13]。乳铁蛋白具有较好的铁吸收转运、抗炎、抗肿瘤和抗氧化等生物功能[14]。乳蛋白酶解后产生β-酪啡肽等生物活性肽,参与心血管系统、神经系统、免疫系统和消化系统的调节[14]

2 Lys影响奶牛乳蛋白合成

2.1 Lys的生理功能

Lys化学名称为2,6-二氨基己酸,其构型分为L型和D型,且只有L-Lys具有生物活性。Lys直接参与或调节激素、肌肉、酶类和乳蛋白等蛋白质或肽的合成[15]。当机体吸收的碳水化合物不足时,Lys被氧化代谢为乙酰辅酶A参与三羧酸循环,或作为肉碱合成前体物进入脂肪代谢,为基础细胞活动提供能量[16]。此外,Lys在维持机体免疫、保护神经系统或维持酸碱平衡中发挥重要功能[17-18]。特别值得注意的是,Lys是生物体内蛋白质翻译后修饰最活跃的位点之一,发生在蛋白质赖氨酸残基上的甲基化、乙酰化、泛素化和巴豆酰化等[19]都会影响蛋白质3级结构折叠及功能发挥,从而调节细胞功能和生物过程[20]

2.2 Lys影响奶牛泌乳性能

Lys是以玉米为主要饲粮的反刍动物的第一限制性氨基酸。已有研究表明,饲粮中RUP含量减少25.3%,会使泌乳中期奶牛饲料利用效率降低5.4%,并显著提高血浆中非必需氨基酸(non-essential amino acid,NEAA)浓度,降低血浆中EAA浓度,导致奶牛泌乳性能明显下降[2]。补充RPL后,饲粮RUP含量不变,对血浆NEAA浓度无影响,但显著提高血浆EAA浓度,产奶量和乳成分含量升高,且乳中体细胞数显著减少,提示RPL可改善乳腺健康状况[2]。对泌乳早期奶牛的研究观察到类似影响,每天每头牛补充20 g RPL增加了1.1 kg/d的产奶量和50 g/d的乳中真蛋白质产量[21]。RPL供应减少引起乳产量和乳脂含量显著降低,可能与催乳素水平下降相关[22]。虽然已有多项研究表明,RPL对奶牛泌乳功能存在积极影响,但仍有部分文献报道了阴性结果。最近的研究表明,以玉米青贮饲料为基础饲粮配制成Lys缺乏饲粮,再分别补充含充足饲粮代谢蛋白(metabolizable protein,MP)的0.3%或0.6%的RPL,对泌乳中期奶牛的干物质摄入量、产奶量及乳成分均无显著影响[4],这可能和RPL较低的生物利用率有关。

2.3 Lys影响乳蛋白合成

Lys在乳蛋白的合成中发挥重要作用。补充Lys改善乳腺健康状况及机体免疫状态的同时,可提供氮源促进蛋白质合成[6]。此外,真胃灌注Lys梯度减少的氨基酸混合液,导致奶山羊体内催乳素含量线性降低,引起乳蛋白产量降低[22]。有研究表明,饲粮中添加0.24%平衡MP的RPL使得围产期奶牛产奶量提高了11.4%,乳蛋白产量提高了13.9%[23]。产前补充Lys会提高泌乳早期奶牛乳中真蛋白质含量,但不影响奶牛产奶量[24]。围产期补充RPL能够促进乳蛋白合成,但对产奶量的影响结果并不一致,这可能与产奶量随MP摄入量的增加而提高有关[25]。与MP供应充足饲粮相比,饲喂泌乳中期奶牛每头每天27.6 g RPL后乳中真蛋白质含量约提高3.64%,乳蛋白产量增加40 g/d,提示补充Lys可在不影响奶牛泌乳性能的同时减少饲粮中蛋白质的使用量[2]。此外,有研究表明,Lys和蛋氨酸、组氨酸或BCAA联合添加对乳蛋白合成的促进效果优于Lys单独添加[6,26]。Lys在乳腺中摄入量高于乳中含量,可能参与BCAA等氨基酸的合成[27],通过改变血浆氨基酸谱以促进乳腺对其他氨基酸的摄取,进而提高乳蛋白合成。

3 Lys影响奶牛乳蛋白合成的分子机制

3.1 通过底物作用影响乳蛋白合成

氨基酸是合成乳蛋白的直接底物。林秀娟[27]总结了牛乳中主要蛋白质的氨基酸组成,发现每100 g α-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白中Lys的含量分别为8.9和6.5 g,每100 g α-LA和β-LG中Lys的含量分别为11.5和11.8 g。乳蛋白中丰富的Lys含量提示乳腺对Lys的需求量较高。已有研究表明,提高培养基中Lys的含量显著促进了β-酪蛋白的合成。大约90%的Lys在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(bovine mammary epithelial cell,BMEC)中主要参与蛋白质合成,其余约10%的Lys用于合成NEAA,如组氨酸、天冬氨酸[28]。Lys作为底物时除参与乳蛋白合成外,还参与氨基酸转运载体表达的调控。已有研究表明,添加Lys提高了BMEC中转运载体——溶质载体家族6成员14(SLC6A14)的表达[29],但抑制了溶质载体家族7成员1(SLC7A1)、溶质载体家族7成员6(SLC7A6)和溶质载体家族3成员2(SLC3A2)的表达[28,30]。此外,补充Lys改变了血浆中氨基酸含量,提高了乳腺对其他氨基酸特别是NEAA的摄取和利用[27]。以上研究表明,Lys不仅可以作为氨基酸转运载体和蛋白质合成的底物直接参与乳蛋白合成,还可以通过改变其他氨基酸底物的含量调节乳腺合成乳蛋白。

3.2 通过蛋白质周转影响乳蛋白合成

乳腺上皮细胞中蛋白质的周转与蛋白质合成、降解的动态过程相关。目前认为吞噬/自噬-溶酶体和泛素-蛋白酶体是蛋白质降解的主要途径[31]。已有研究表明,Lys抑制自噬-溶酶体系统介导的蛋白质降解,减少自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ的表达以抑制蛋白质分解,促进蛋白质沉积[32]。但尚未发现Lys通过泛素-蛋白酶体调节自噬的研究。此外,Lys缺乏时会抑制Janus激酶(Janus kinase,JAK)2-信号转导和转录激活因子(signal transducers and activators of transcription,STAT)3信号通路,引起线粒体膜电位丧失,凋亡基因半胱天冬酶9(Caspase9)和半胱天冬酶3(Caspase3)表达量升高,线粒体凋亡,可能通过减少能量供应影响蛋白质合成[33]。而高剂量Lys促进凋亡基因B细胞淋巴瘤2相关X蛋白(Bax)和凋亡酶激活因子-1(Apaf-1)表达,抑制B细胞淋巴瘤2(Bcl-2)表达,引起还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶亚基mRNA表达提高和ROS产生,诱导细胞凋亡[34],降低蛋白质合成。哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1(mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1,mTORC1)是自噬的重要抑制因子和细胞代谢的调节因子,其激活引起下游自噬相关基因表达[35]。研究发现,剥夺培养基中的Lys会抑制蛋白质合成,激活mTORC1介导的细胞凋亡和自噬,添加Lys则减弱以上抑制效果[36]。同样,Lin等[37]观察到添加Lys能够显著提高细胞内蛋白质合成量,抑制胞内总蛋白质降解速率。以上结果提示Lys影响蛋白质周转,该过程可能由独立的自噬-溶酶体形成过程或JAK-STAT、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)信号通路介导的细胞凋亡发挥作用,但目前仍缺乏在奶牛上的深入研究。

3.3 通过调节细胞增殖影响乳蛋白合成

乳腺上皮细胞的活力和增殖对乳蛋白合成具有重要影响,泌乳高峰期细胞分泌活动增加使得乳蛋白产量升高[38]。已有研究报道,Lys促进不同类型哺乳动物细胞的增殖[39-40]。Prizant等[41]发现,剥夺培养基中的全部氨基酸时,随着Lys含量的增加,细胞活力显著升高,但在达到一定含量后呈下降趋势,提示BMEC增殖对Lys存在剂量依赖效应,且高剂量的Lys对细胞存在毒性作用。Lin等[37]研究表明,1.0 mmol/L Lys处理BMEC 24 h后,显著提高了细胞活力和蛋白质合成量,并提高了β-酪蛋白的表达,但超过该剂量时BMEC蛋白质合成速率降低。Cao等[29]研究发现,在0.7 mmol/L Lys浓度时,BMEC的活力和周期蛋白D1(cyclin D1)、增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)表达量均处于最高水平。另外,奶牛随着泌乳次数与胎次的增加,乳腺在形态和功能上发生退化,并在干奶期完成重构,Lys是否参与了这一过程的调节仍需探究。

3.4 通过改善乳腺健康影响乳蛋白合成

围产期奶牛因产犊或能量和蛋白质负平衡更易产生炎症反应,导致血浆中白蛋白、球蛋白等负性急性期蛋白(acute-phase protein,APP)表达量降低,触珠蛋白等正性APP表达量升高[42]。产前或产后补充Lys能够降低参与编码正性APP的血清淀粉样蛋白A3(serum amyloid protein A3,SAA3)mRNA表达,抑制正性APP表达,促进负性APP表达,提示Lys在减轻奶牛炎症损伤过程中发挥了积极作用[5]。围产期、泌乳中期奶牛乳腺体细胞数随Lys添加而降低[4,23],这可能与中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞减少促炎因子分泌相关[43-44]。另外,中性粒细胞等免疫细胞释放蛋白质水解酶以削弱乳腺紧密连接,促进体细胞进入乳腺腺泡发挥抗炎作用[45]。体外试验表明,脂多糖诱导BMEC产生炎症损伤,下调β-酪蛋白、α-LA和β-LG蛋白表达[46],且这与白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)的分泌相关[47]。而Lys促进miR-575表达以抑制磷酸酶和张力蛋白磷酸酶同源物(phosphatase and tensin homolog,PTEN)蛋白表达,进而抑制小鼠M2小胶质细胞产生炎症反应[48]。生产中,随着奶牛泌乳胎次的增加,乳腺炎发生概率提高,探究Lys对不同泌乳时期奶牛免疫功能的影响可以更精准调节奶牛乳腺健康水平,对提高泌乳性能具有重要指导作用。

3.5 通过调控相关信号通路影响乳蛋白合成

3.5.1 JAK-STAT信号通路

JAK-STAT信号通路受多种细胞因子和生长因子的调控,介导下游造血作用、免疫适应性、组织修复、炎症、细胞凋亡和脂肪生成。研究发现,添加1.0 mmol/L Lys显著提高JAK2、STAT5 mRNA表达和蛋白磷酸化水平,β-酪蛋白表达升高[37]。研究表明,Lys缺乏导致猪背最长肌细胞凋亡,该过程伴随着JAK2-STAT3信号通路被抑制,而添加Lys后促进STAT3被酪氨酸激酶磷酸化,磷酸化STAT3二聚体进入细胞核与DNA靶基因启动子结合,JAK2-STAT3信号通路的活性恢复[49]。已有研究表明,添加Lys显著提高奶牛体内胰岛素和葡萄糖浓度[2]。尽管尚未在奶牛中得到验证,但胰岛素可诱导小鼠成纤维细胞中STAT5B酪氨酸磷酸化,促进STAT5B入核发挥促转录作用[50],该过程由细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)信号通路介导[51]。Stöcklin等[52]研究表明,催乳素和糖皮质激素促进STAT异二聚体形成而激活STAT4依赖性转录。以上结果提示,Lys可通过促进激素分泌激活JAK-STAT信号传导以调节乳蛋白合成,但在奶牛泌乳上的深层次机制有待进一步研究。

3.5.2 mTOR信号通路

mTOR是一种进化保守的非典型丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白激酶,其通过整合营养、能量及生长因子等多种细胞外信号调控细胞代谢过程。目前普遍认为mTOR刺激细胞核编码的线粒体相关蛋白质的合成,协调蛋白质合成过程中的能量消耗和线粒体能量产生[8]。Lys可作为信号调节分子激活mTOR调控蛋白合成。体外试验表明,单独添加Lys通过促进mTOR、核糖体S6激酶1(ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1,S6K1)和真核翻译起始因子4E结合蛋白1(eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1,4EBP1)磷酸化而激活mTOR信号通路。饲喂高Lys饲粮时,观察到小鼠大脑皮质层中mTORC1信号传导因p70-S6K1磷酸化程度减弱而被抑制[9]。剥夺培养基中的全部氨基酸后添加Lys提高了S6K1磷酸化水平,在0.1 mmol/L时有最大促进作用,但对真核翻译起始因子4E(eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E,eIF4E)的磷酸化无显著影响[41],提示Lys提高了mTOR活性,高浓度Lys可能通过抑制S6K1磷酸化进而抑制mTOR通路。磷酸化S6K1可激活真核翻译起始因子4B(eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B,eIF4B)和真核翻译起始因子3(eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3,eIF3),并导致程序性细胞死亡因子4(programmed cell death 4,PDCD4)失活,该基因编码抑制翻译起始蛋白,从而促进磷酸化介导的翻译进行,增加蛋白质合成[53]。RagD参与mTORC1溶酶体定位及mTORC1下游底物T淋巴细胞转录调节因子转录因子EB(transcription factor EB,TFEB)/转录因子E3(transcription factor E3,TFE3)磷酸化的过程[54],Lys可通过RagD诱导mTOC1磷酸化和细胞增殖,促进β-酪蛋白表达[55]。以上研究提示,Lys可通过调节mTOR信号通路以促进乳蛋白合成,但深入影响机制尚不清楚。

3.5.3 其他信号通路

Lys调节乳蛋白合成的信号通路研究主要集中于JAK-STAT和mTOR通路,但也有文献报道丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)通路参与其中调控。MAPK信号通路的激活导致大量细胞因子被释放。MAPK1是一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,可响应氨基酸等细胞外刺激,在信号通路传导中发挥关键作用。已有研究表明,Lys提高BMEC中MAPK1蛋白表达和磷酸化水平[56],磷酸化的MAPK1正向调节Raptor和STAT5A的磷酸化进而激活mTORC1和JAK-STAT信号通路[57-58],促进β-酪蛋白表达。此外,Lys引起mTOR和MAPK信号通路串扰,并调节细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶1(cyclin dependent kinase 1,CDK1)的表达推进细胞周期进程[24],从而影响乳蛋白合成。磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase,PI3K)-蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)通路作为mTOR通路的上游通路,在乳蛋白调控过程中发挥重要作用[59]。添加Lys显著提高PI3K、Akt磷酸化水平,激活mTOR信号通路,并促进乳腺导管发育[60]

4 小结

Lys是以玉米为基础饲粮的反刍动物的限制性氨基酸。补充Lys可提高奶牛小肠可利用氨基酸含量,改善血浆氨基酸谱,调节乳腺对氨基酸的摄取,进而影响奶牛泌乳性能及乳蛋白合成。在乳腺内,Lys可通过调节氨基酸转运载体表达、蛋白质周转、细胞增殖和乳腺健康影响乳蛋白合成。JAK-STAT和mTOR信号通路是Lys调控BMEC乳蛋白合成的主要信号通路,此外,MAPK和PI3K-Akt信号通路也参与其中。然而,奶牛乳蛋白合成过程由诸多组织器官协同完成,未来可进一步探究Lys对不同泌乳时期奶牛各内脏组织的影响,并利用细胞共培养技术深入探究Lys影响乳蛋白合成的分子机制,为其在调节奶牛生产性能和机体健康的应用开辟新思路。
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