REVIEW

Research Progress in Biochar for Animals in Effects of Growth Performance and Intestinal Health

  • LI Jinhong , 1, 2 ,
  • LI Xiang 3 ,
  • CHEN Bing , 2, * ,
  • CAO Junming 1, 2
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  • 1 College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 2 Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture in Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 3 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-05-12

  Online published: 2023-11-12

Abstract

Biochar is a porous material which is produced by pyrolysis and carbonization of the agricultural waste or industrial waste raw materials in low oxygen or anaerobic environment. The rich pore structure of biochar has the functions of adsorbing harmful substances and waste gas, providing microbial growth environment, dialysis of blood lipids in the body, etc. Biochar as a new environmentally friendly and efficient feed additive applied to animal breeding, it can increase the growth performance, improve the gut health and enhance the disease resistance, and maintain the breeding environment of animals. This paper reviewed the research progress of biochar and its effects on growth performance and intestinal health of animals, in order to provide a reference for biochar application in animal breeding.

Cite this article

LI Jinhong , LI Xiang , CHEN Bing , CAO Junming . Research Progress in Biochar for Animals in Effects of Growth Performance and Intestinal Health[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(11) : 6926 -6935 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.631

生物炭(biochar)是指通过将粪污、稻壳、木材、秸秆等农业废弃物或工业废料等在低氧或无氧环境下以350~800 ℃的温度进行热解,高温炭化制备的颗粒小、质地轻、可溶性极低的黑色蓬松物质,具有较高的孔隙结构[1]。生物炭中特殊的微孔结构和丰富的含氧官能团,使其具有独特的吸附能力,能有效地去除动物体内和养殖环境中的污染物和毒素[2-3]。目前,国内外已有学者将生物炭作为饲料添加剂应用于动物养殖中,研究发现生物炭可有效改善动物的饲料转化率[4]、生长性能[5-6]、血液状况[7]、肠道状态[8],并能抵抗病原体[9]和减少反刍动物的废气产量[10],具有极大的开发价值。本文对目前已有的生物炭对动物生长性能和肠道健康影响方面的研究进行总结,为生物炭饲料添加剂的研发及其在动物养殖中的应用提供理论基础。

1 生物炭概述

1.1 生物炭的分类

我国现行生物炭标准以有机碳、粒径、总碳、灰分、比表面积、pH、孔容积、碘吸附度等检测指标为分级标准[11-12]。生物炭的制备方法有慢速热解、快速热解、水热炭化、热解气化和闪蒸炭化,各种方法在生物炭的产率和质量上各不相同[13-17]。现有方法中,慢速热解是目前最经济便利且能满足多种应用的制备生物炭的方式。根据炭化温度可将生物炭分为高温(>500 ℃)裂解法制备和低温(<500 ℃)热解法制备;按照物理状态可将生物炭分为颗粒状、片状、无定形、蜂窝状及多孔状;按照原料来源可将生物炭分为秸秆类、壳类、木质类、粪污类等[18-21]

1.2 生物炭的结构

生物炭的结构与煤炭类似,是一种由含碳物质组成的混合物,主要成分为炭和少量有机质。从性质上看,生物炭是一种高有机质、低灰分的混合物,呈黑色(或褐色)粉末状或者颗粒状。生物炭主要组成元素为碳、氢、氧、氮等[22],碳含量较高,一般为60%~80%,在动物饲料中应用可提高饲料的碳含量和碳氮比,总灰分含量一般在10%~30%[23]
在热解制备生物炭的过程中,原料中大分子炭化形成的炭骨架相互交错形成介孔结构(2~50 nm),小分子则由内向外扩散形成孔径微孔结构(<2 nm)[1,24]。生物质中的纤维素、半纤维素、蛋白质、脂肪等,经热解炭化后在生物炭表面及内部形成一些特殊官能团,如羟基和羧基等[25-27]。热稳定分析表明,高温制备的生物炭具有较高的热稳定性,比表面积减小且孔隙结构更加发达[28]。赵世翔[29]研究表明,随着热解温度(300~600 ℃)增加,生物炭的产率、挥发性组分、酸性官能团及总官能团的含量降低,固定态碳及矿质元素[钾(K)、磷(P)、铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)、钙(Ca)和镁(Mg)]的含量增加。当炭化温度过高时,随着温度的升高比表面积反而减小。以小麦秸秆为例,热解温度在300~400 ℃时,生物炭原料的纤维素和半纤维素间的氢键发生脱氢反应,快速脱水并形成孔隙;热解温度在400~600 ℃时,木质素分解,内部羰基(C=O)、芳醚(C-O-C)、甲氧基(O-CH3)等含氧基团化学键断裂重组,以气体的形态挥发且在内部形成更小的孔隙;热解温度≥600 ℃时,生物炭表面边缘熔融,孔隙结构发生坍塌[30]

1.3 生物炭的功能

生物炭具有离子交换、静电吸附和沉淀作用等多种吸附污染物手段[31]。在降解多种污染物反应(如脱氯、氮还原等),吸附去除抗生素、重金属和有机化合物等方面有积极效果[27,32-35]。随着热解时间的延长,生物炭表面的含氧官能团更加丰富,但炭化温度过高会使官能团分解,pH提高[36]。绝大部分生物炭呈偏碱性,pH在5~12,对改善酸性土壤、调节水体pH、堆粪发酵都有较好的效果[37-39]
生物炭的特殊孔隙结构具有去除有毒物质的高吸附能力,能有效维持机体及环境的稳定。生物炭的物理特性如孔径、直径和比表面积是决定吸附效果的关键因素[40]。有研究发现,生物炭的吸附能力并不仅仅只受炭孔隙大小的影响,还受比表面积、官能团等因素影响。Burchacka等[41]在电子显微镜观察到细菌主要黏附在生物炭孔隙的表面,生物炭水溶液与细菌接触6 h后,山毛榉生物炭对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌的吸附水平最佳(分别为90%和80%),山毛榉生物炭含氧基团丰富度(14.05%)为同处理方式的椰子壳生物炭、硬煤、药用炭的2倍。Pereira等[42]发现,当生物炭与黑麦草青贮饲料混合使用时,可以减少霉菌毒素的形成、抑制丁酸的形成并增加乳酸菌的数量。Rao等[43]向受黄曲霉毒素B1污染的饲粮中添加生物炭,饲喂山羊后山羊奶中毒素含量减少且不影响羊奶的成分和产量。给山羊和牛喂食生物炭还可以降低寄生虫的发生率[44]。生物炭作为吸附剂的孔径(2~50 nm)小于病毒颗粒的直径(20~200 nm)[45],对病毒的吸附可能是其表面离子与病毒外壳蛋白的非特异性结合,因此能大量吸附饲料及环境中的病毒,减少病毒进入动物消化道,抑制病毒在肠道中获取营养而增殖。饲粮中添加生物炭对养殖动物生长性能、抑制霉菌毒素、杀虫剂和病原体等能力取决于生物炭的吸附特性,这些特性又受生物炭原料、热解温度、热解时间等因素影响。

2 生物炭对动物生长性能的影响

2.1 生物炭对增重和饲料利用的影响

综合目前已有的研究发现,生物炭在动物饲粮中的适宜添加量在0.2%~4.0%,其可提高动物的平均日增重、终末体重,降低饲料系数。不同来源的生物炭在动物饲粮中的最适添加量及应用效果见表1
表1 不同来源的生物炭在动物饲粮中的最适添加量及应用效果

Table 1 Optimum adding amount and application effect of biochar from different sources in diets of animals

生物炭原料
Biochar
materials
试验动物
Experimental
animals
最适添加量
Optimum
adding amount/%
应用效果
Application
effect
参考文献
Reference
小麦秸秆Wheat straw 育肥猪 3 显著降低FCR,FBW增加26.2% [7]
稻壳Rice husk 1 显著降低FCR,FBW增加20.1% [46]
稻壳Rice husk 黄牛 1 显著降低FCR,FBW增加15% [47]
稻壳Rice husk 黄牛 0.6 FBW增加25% [10]
木质的绿化废弃物Woody green waste 蛋鸡 4 显著降低FCR,提高蛋均重 [9]
玉米秸秆Corn straw 肉鸡 0.4 显著降低FCR、AFR, ADG提高8.00% [48]
玉米秸秆Corn straw 肉鸭 0.6 显著降低FCR、AFR, ADG提高5.59% [49]
红木Mahogany tree 肉鸡 1.5 BWG增加11.44% [50]
橄榄仁Canarium schweinfurthii 肉鸡 0.2 显著降低FCR,FBW提高12.1% [51]
稻壳Rice husk 巴沙鱼 1 显著降低FCR,FBW提高26.1% [52]
竹Bamboo 巴沙鱼 2 显著降低FCR,FBW提高27.4% [53]

FCR:饲料系数 feed conversion ratio;FBW:终末体重 final body weight;AFR: 腹脂率 abdominal fat rate;ADG:平均日增重 average daily gain;BWG:体增重 body weight gain。

2.2 生物炭对摄食的影响

生物炭在制备过程中不可避免携带焦味,使动物对生物炭的接受程度并不一致。Kana等[51]分别将0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%和1.0%的生物炭添加到肉鸡饲粮中,结果发现,生物炭添加量超过0.6%时显著降低了饲料的适口性,肉鸡摄食量下降。McAvoy等[4]将不添加生物炭的对照饲粮和添加不同剂量生物炭试验饲粮供绵羊自由选择,发现绵羊对生物炭添加量在1.2%以内饲粮的摄食量较为一致,对适口性无影响。韩杰等[54-55]将水稻秸秆生物炭和木醋液(8∶1)混合物加入到断奶仔猪饲粮中,结果显示,添加3%的混合物显著降低了仔猪的采食量。也有研究发现,在没有添加生物炭的情况下,羊羔拒绝食用有苦味的新鲜苦艾草饲料,每天将0.5~1.5 g/kg的生物炭直接混入饲粮可提高苦艾草饲料的摄入量[56]

2.3 生物炭对机体营养成分的影响

Boonanuntanasarn等[57]发现,结束试验前2~4周,在罗非鱼饲料中添加0、10、20和30 g/kg生物炭,随着生物炭添加量的升高,鱼体营养成分中蛋白质含量增加,水分含量降低;试验结束时,10、20和30 g/kg生物炭组鱼肉中土臭素含量较对照组显著降低。刘秀玲等[48]研究发现,饲粮中添加0.2%、0.4%和0.6%的玉米秸秆生物炭能够降低肉鸡的腹脂率,改善胴体品质,其中0.4%生物炭组肉鸡的胴体率、胸肉率和腿肉率等指标最好。朱魁夫等[49]研究发现,饲粮中添加0.3%、0.6%或1.2%玉米秸秆生物炭均可以提高樱桃谷肉鸭的生产性能,提高腿肌率、胸肌率,降低腹脂率,改善胴体品质。Yunana等[50]在饲粮中分别添加0、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%和2.5%的木质生物炭饲喂育肥期肉鸡,结果显示,2.5%木质生物炭组肉鸡腹部脂肪沉积量较对照组增加了51.85%。上述研究结果显示生物炭对肉鸡腹脂沉积率的调节作用与肉鸭不一致,可能是由于不同试验所用生物炭的种类、添加量以及养殖环境存在差异,具体原因仍需进一步研究。

3 生物炭对动物肠道健康的影响

饲粮中添加适量的生物炭可以提高动物的生产性能和改善健康状况,但生物炭本身并不能直接提供维持机体健康所需的营养物质和微生物群。肠道是营养物质消化吸收的重要部位,添加生物炭后产生的特定功效普遍认为是在肠道环境中发挥作用的结果。生物炭在调节肠道菌群、维持肠黏膜屏障的完整性和减少肠道废气排放等改善肠道健康方面具有良好效应。

3.1 生物炭对肠道结构的影响

炭类是中医常用的一类经典药材,在治疗腹泻、呕吐等肠胃疾病上发挥积极作用,可以刺激小肠和大肠生长、发育、成熟和修复,促进营养物质在体内消化吸收,改善肠道组织结构,提升肠黏膜屏障功能[58-59]。生物炭可通过调节肠黏膜组织中激素水平来维持动物体内的内分泌平衡。Goiri等[8]研究表明,在肉鸡饲粮中添加3%的生物炭可增加盲肠段乙酸、己酸等短链脂肪酸含量,促进结肠细胞增殖,有助于刺激胃肠激素生成[60]。生物炭的特殊孔隙结构可刺激肠道绒毛末端的发育,使肠道的消化能力和吸收效率提高。Thaib等[61]研究显示,在尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)饲料中添加3%的鱼骨生物炭可使其肠道绒毛长度显著增加71.11 μm,并显著提高了80.3%的饲料利用效率。

3.2 生物炭对肠道通透性的影响

生物炭的吸附能力与肠道通透性相互作用,能通过透析吸收和清除血液中的亲脂性和亲水性毒素[62]。生物炭的透析特性可以吸收沿着肠道血液和尿液之间的浓度梯度扩散的化合物,还可以干扰肠道、肝脏和胆汁之间有毒物质的肠肝循环,从而防止从胆汁中提取酯类和孕激素、有机汞、砷等化合物[63]。在饲粮中添加生物炭可以显著降低断奶仔猪[64]和肉仔鸡[65]血液中总脂质、总胆固醇和甘油三酯的含量。付潘潘[7]研究发现,饲粮中添加1%小麦秸秆生物炭显著减少肉鸡的腹脂沉积、血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量。闫九明等[66]发现,服用竹生物炭粉具有减少高脂型大鼠体内脂肪蓄积、降血脂、减轻肝脏脂肪变性的作用。生物炭对脂肪、脂溶性物质和干扰消化的有毒物质的结合作用能增加机体对脂肪的排泄,但对脂溶性营养物质是否流失的问题暂未见有相关报道。

3.3 生物炭对肠道微生物调节的影响

生物炭的多孔结构拥有超大比表面积,是各种微生物理想的生长环境[37]。饲粮中添加生物炭能使动物肠道微生物群落丰度增加,减少条件致病菌比例,减轻肠道炎症。Kim等[67]研究表明,投喂10 d含0.50%椰子树生物炭的饲粮后,猪粪便中大肠杆菌的数量显著降低,而有益菌乳酸杆菌的数量显著增加。Han等[68]研究发现,大鼠灌胃体重的0.1%的稻草生物炭5周,肠道黏膜结构和上皮细胞的完整性得到改善,同时盲肠微生物群落丰度增加,厚壁菌门的相对丰度增加了68.61%,拟杆菌门的相对丰度减少了57.03%;普雷沃氏菌属在拟杆菌门中的比例有所下降。厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门所属细菌占肠道菌群的90%,厚壁菌门是最大的肠道微生物群,已被证实其参与能量代谢、调节炎症和改善肠道上皮的发育等[69]。普雷沃氏菌通常与慢性炎症条件相关,是机会性的病原体,在腹泻主导型肠易激综合征患者中较正常人群增加超过100倍[70]。Yildizli等[71]研究表明,多种浓度的橄榄仁和杏籽生物炭在体外培养试验中对革兰氏阳性或革兰氏阴性细菌、噬菌体和真菌的生长没有促进或抑制的直接影响,而10、20、50和100 μg/mL生物炭施用于体外激活的巨噬细胞24 h,巨噬细胞产生的炎性细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的表达水平随生物炭浓度的增加线性下降。综上可知,生物炭可通过抑制体内炎症反应,减弱微生物对肠道的刺激,从而丰富细菌群落、改善肠道菌群结构。

3.4 生物炭对肠道营养物质消化吸收的影响

目前尚未有研究生物炭对肠道中脂肪酶、蛋白酶和淀粉酶等消化酶活性影响的报道,研究显示生物炭对反刍动物饲粮中草料的干物质、有机物和纤维类物质消化率有较为显著的提高作用。Dereje等[72]给4组育肥公绵羊中每天投喂200 g麦麸和100 g牛油籽饼精饲料,并分别放置混合了0、1.5、3.0、4.5 g玉米芯生物炭的干禾草供自由取食,发现玉米芯生物炭显著提高了绵羊的有机物、干物质和酸性洗涤纤维消化率。Do等[73]研究发现,在相思木叶(Acacia mangium)中添加0.5、1.0 g/kg竹生物炭组山羊的有机物、干物质、粗蛋白质消化率和氮保留率最高,显著高于未添加竹生物炭对照组和添加1.5 g/kg竹生物炭组。生物炭可以减轻草料中抗营养因子(单宁)的影响,Ben等[74]将相思叶浸泡在含180 g/kg木质生物炭灰溶液中浸泡1 d,相比浸泡在等量蒸馏水中降低了24.5%的单宁含量,生物炭灰处理后的草料使山羊的粗蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维消化率显著提高。

3.5 生物炭对肠道气体排放的影响

农业养殖活动是人为甲烷(CH4)生产的最大组成部分,甲烷占全球温室气体排放总量的14%,其中62%来自反刍动物的肠道发酵[75-76]。肠道内气体通过打嗝、肠壁吸收、菌群代谢和肛门排空等方式减少,单胃动物和反刍动物肠道内的甲烷主要由产甲烷菌产生[77-78]。Hansen等[79]研究发现,与对照组相比,9%的活化生物炭、木质生物炭和稻草生物炭在离体瘤胃中孵化48 h可减少11%~17%的甲烷产量。Teoh等[80]研究发现,在瘤胃模拟系统中补充7.2%的硬木生物炭降低了一种甲烷甲基菌科和一种乳杆菌属的产甲烷菌丰度,实际养殖中生物炭最适添加剂量将低于该数值。Mirheidari等[81]发现,饲粮中添加0.5%、1.0%和1.5%核桃壳生物炭或鸡粪生物炭投喂母羊2 h后,抽取母羊瘤胃液进行体外发酵,发现随着生物炭添加水平的增加,pH线性增加,氨浓度线性下降,其中1.0%核桃壳生物炭使甲烷排放量减少了42%,添加1.5%鸡粪生物炭使甲烷排放量减少了54%。Leng等[10]研究发现,在黄牛饲粮中添加0.8%的生物炭可显著提高饲料转化率,同时使甲烷排放量减少了11%。生物炭减少甲烷排放的机制可能在于其对产甲烷菌和营养物底物的影响,通过增加瘤胃pH抑制产气菌生长,或通过增加肠道某些菌群丰度争夺可发酵底物,从而降低甲烷排放,减少环境污染。

4 小结与展望

生物炭主要由农、林、工业废弃物再加工制成,属于绿色环保材料,符合我国资源可循环利用政策,作为新型功能饲料添加剂有很大的开发潜力。生物炭具有特殊的生物功能,有助于提高动物对饲粮中营养物质的利用率,从而提高饲料效率,并能促进动物生长发育,改善肠道健康和维持养殖环境,值得研究开发和推广。但生物炭在不同来源、不同处理方法、不同添加剂量等条件下,所产生的效果不同,今后还需从生物炭来源、处理方式、结构功能等方面深入研究,针对不同动物品种、不同生长阶段,筛选适宜的生物炭类型、处理方式和添加剂量,进一步探讨生物炭的影响机制,推动生物炭在动物饲粮中的科学高效应用。
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