1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.1.1 植物提取物
1.1.2 饲粮底物
表1 饲粮底物组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the dietary substrate (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 玉米Corn | 64.70 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 16.00 |
| 麸皮Wheat bran | 16.00 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 0.20 |
| 石粉Limestone | 1.00 |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.35 |
| 植酸酶Phytase | 0.01 |
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-lysine hydrochloride | 0.24 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.20 |
| 硫酸钾镁K2SO4 (MgSO4) | 0.30 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |
| 消化能DE/(MJ/kg) | 12.86 |
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.24 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 14.60 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.82 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.23 |
| 钙Ca | 0.47 |
| 总磷TP | 0.45 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮底物提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the dietary substrate:Cu (as basic copper chloride) 24.8 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 130 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 42 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 100 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.4 mg,Se ( as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg,VA 7 420 IU,VD3 1 000 IU,VE 25 IU,VK3 2.5 mg,VB1 1.2 mg,VB2 4.5 mg,VB6 3.0 mg,VB12 20 μg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 25 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 15 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.1 mg,生物素 biotin 0.425 mg。 2)消化能和代谢能为计算值,其余营养水平为实测值。DE and ME were calculated values, while the other nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.1.3 接种粪样采集与处理
1.2 试验方法
1.2.1 试验设计
1.2.2 培养基制备
表2 体外发酵培养基配方Table 2 Components of medium used for in vitro fermentation |
| 溶液 Solutions | 体积 Volume/mL | 成分 Components | |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | 0.1 | 每100 mL | CaCl2·2H2O 13.2 g+MnCl2·4H2O 10.0 g+ CoCl2·6H2O 1.0 g+FeCl3·6H2O 8.0 g |
| B | 200 | 每1 000 mL | NH4HCO3 4.0 g+NaHCO3 35.0 g |
| C | 200 | 每1 000 mL | Na2HPO4 5.7 g+KH2PO4 6.2 g+MgSO4·7H2O 0.6 g |
| D | 1 | 每1 000 mL | 刃天青溶液,0.1%质量浓度 |
| E | 40 | 每1 000 mL | 半胱氨酸盐酸盐0.625 g+NaOH 1.6 g+Na2S·9H2O 6.25 g |
| 去离子水Deionized water | 558.9 | ||
1.2.3 体外发酵
1.3 指标测定
1.3.1 产气量与产气动力学参数
1.3.2 CH4产量
1.3.3 短链脂肪酸(SCFA)
1.4 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 体外发酵累积产气量的变化
图2 不同浓度的3种植物提取物对体外发酵48 h累积产气量变化的影响数据柱标记*表示与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),数据柱之间标记*表示差异显著(P<0.05)。图4和图5同。 Fig.2 Effects of different concentrations of three plant extracts on cumulative gas production changes at 48 h in in vitro fermentation * marked on value columns mean significant difference compared with CON group (P<0.05), and * marked between value columns mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as Fig.4 and Fig.5. |
2.2 体外发酵产气动力学参数的变化
表3 不同浓度的3种植物提取物体外发酵产气动力学参数变化百分比Table 3 Percentage of gas production kinetics parameter changes of three plant extracts with different concentrations in in vitro fermentation % |
| 项目 Items | 理论最大产气量 Theoretical maximum gas production | 产气速率 Rate of gas production | 产气延滞时间 Lag time of gas production |
|---|---|---|---|
| 对照组CON group | 0.000a | 0.000b | 0.000c |
| 200 mg/L | |||
| 牛至油组ORM group | -3.446±0.858a | -8.140±0.650c | -10.925±5.130c |
| 肉桂油组CIN group | -3.310±0.383a | -0.476±1.529b | -8.294±2.925c |
| 大蒜素组ALN group | -12.335±0.474b | -3.376±0.992b | -13.473±1.810c |
| 400 mg/L | |||
| 牛至油组ORM group | -63.765±4.261d | -75.876±0.886f | -267.672±9.259f |
| 肉桂油组CIN group | -4.669±1.135a | -17.095±0.939d | 65.551±5.189a |
| 大蒜素组ALN group | -6.779±0.657ab | -17.442±1.194d | 41.393±4.493b |
| 800 mg/L | |||
| 牛至油组ORM group | -88.603±0.269e | 33.341±3.944a | -79.592±0.281d |
| 肉桂油组CIN group | -31.701±2.644c | -76.245±0.975f | -117.259±16.006e |
| 大蒜素组ALN group | -0.173±5.336a | -59.291±0.431e | -68.650±12.831d |
| 均值标准误SEM | 5.742 | 3.705 | 18.581 |
| P值P-value | |||
| 提取物Extract | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 浓度Concentration | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 提取物×浓度Extract×concentration | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
2.3 体外发酵累积CH4产量的变化
表4 不同浓度的3种植物提取物体外发酵CH4浓度变化百分比Table 4 Percentage of CH4 concentration changes of three plant extracts with different concentrations in in vitro fermentation % |
| 组别 Items | 发酵时间Fermentation time/h | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 6 | 12 | 24 | 48 | |
| 对照组CON group | 0.000de | 0.000a | 0.000a | 0.000a | 0.000ab |
| 200 mg/L | |||||
| 牛至油组ORM group | 0.081±0.022ab | -0.290±0.078b | -0.164±0.119a | -0.074±0.259a | 1.561±0.662a |
| 肉桂油组CIN group | 0.060±0.016b | -0.587±0.044de | 0.048±0.241a | -2.599±0.277b | -1.399±1.039bc |
| 大蒜素组ALN group | 0.104±0.026a | -0.716±0.036f | -1.941±0.134b | -5.064±0.633c | -7.076±0.952f |
| 400 mg/L | |||||
| 牛至油组ORM group | 0.048±0.013bc | -0.503±0.030cde | -3.217±0.045cd | -9.633±0.083e | -4.775±0.451d |
| 肉桂油组CIN group | 0.042±0.007bc | -0.593±0.016de | -3.009±0.118c | -6.069±0.805d | -1.989±0.720c |
| 大蒜素组ALN group | 0.016±0.008cd | -0.417±0.026c | -3.313±0.046cd | -9.166±0.058c | -5.060±0.113d |
| 800 mg/L | |||||
| 牛至油组ORM group | -0.046±0.001f | -0.478±0.036cd | -3.561±0.004d | -9.961±0.000e | -6.008±0.001de |
| 肉桂油组CIN group | -0.046±0.001f | -0.544±0.019de | -3.551±0.013d | -9.952±0.001e | -5.987±0.011de |
| 大蒜素组ALN group | -0.032±0.002ef | -0.605±0.009e | -3.501±0.013d | -9.710±0.045e | -5.615±0.076de |
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.031 | 0.086 | 0.251 | 0.838 | 1.358 |
| P值P-value | |||||
| 提取物Extract | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 浓度Concentration | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 提取物×浓度Extract×concentration | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
