Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 11: 7002 - 7013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.638

Original article

Effects of Different Butyric Acid Dosage Forms in Diets on Growth Performance, Intestinal Health, Footrest and Gait Scores of Broilers

  • YAN Lei , 1 ,
  • AN Sha 2, 3 ,
  • GAO Jia 2, 3 ,
  • LYU Zunzhou 2, 3 ,
  • WANG Tianhu 3 ,
  • WANG Zhengguo 2, 3 ,
  • ZHOU Guilian 3 ,
  • LI Yong 2, 3 ,
  • GUO Yuming , 4, ** ,
  • JIA Yougang , 3, **
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  • 1 Laiyang Liuhe Feed Co., Ltd., Laiyang 265200, China
  • 2 Qingdao Key Laboratory of Animal Feed Safety, Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266061, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Control of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610101, China
  • 4 College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
** GUO Yuming, professor, E-mail: ;
JIA Yougang, E-mail:

*Contributed equally

Received date: 2023-03-14

  Online published: 2023-11-12

Fold

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of different butyric acid dosage forms on growth performance and intestinal health of broilers. Experiment one (feeding test): 2 100 male and female differential chicks of 1-day-old Ross 308 commercial broilers were selected and divided into 5 groups, with 12 replicates for each replicate (male and female separately fed, 6 replicates for each) and 35 for each replicate. Group 1 was the control group (NC group), which was fed the basal diet without the products of virginiamycin and butyric acid; the group 2 was antibiotic group (PC group): basal diet+10 mg/kg virginiamycin; group 3 was sodium butyrate (SB) group: basal diet+0.5 g/kg SB; group 4 was tributyl glyceride (TB) group: basal diet+0.5 g/kg TB; group 5 was monobutyric acid glyceride (MB) group: basal diet+1.0 g/kg BM. Chickens in each group were fed and watered freely, and the experiment lasted for 39 days. Experiment 2 (in vivo metabolism of butyric acid): the experimental animal and grouping were the same as the experimental one. Groups 1 and 2 were the same as experimental one, and groups 3 to 5 added different dosage forms butyric acid (SB, TB and MB) on the basis of the NC group, so that the concentration of butyric acid ions in the diet reached 1.0 g/kg. At the age of 28 days, the pre-test period lasted for 5 days and the experimental period lasted for 3 days. Take duodenal chyme, jejunum chyme and ileum chyme, and measure volatile fatty acids (VFA) content and pH. The results showed as follows: 1) from 1 to 10 days of age, the effects of virginiamycin and butyric acid dosage forms on feed/gain (F/G), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and survival rate of broilers were not significant (P>0.05); body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) in TB group were significantly lower than those in NC and SB groups (P<0.05). From 11 to 24 days of age, the effects of antibiotics and butyric acid dosage forms on F/G, ADG and survival rate of broilers were not significant (P>0.05); BW and ADFI in NC group were significantly higher than those in PC group, TB group and MB group (P<0.05). The F/G in PC group and TB group was significantly lower than that in NC group (P<0.05) at the age of 25 to 39 days and the whole stage. In the whole stage, SB, TB and MB could increase the survival rate of broilers by 1.86%, 1.86% and 4.49%, respectively. 2) Compared with the NC group, the use of antibiotics and butyric acid had no significant effect on the eviscerating percentage, breast muscle percentage, thigh percentage, abdominal fat percentage, relative weight of immune organs, foot pads and gait scores (P>0.05), and butyric acid could improve the eviscerating percentage to a certain extent (P=0.099). 3) Compared with the NC group, the relative weight of ileum in the MB group was significantly increased (P<0.05); the unit length weight of the ileum in the PC and MB groups was significantly increased (P<0.05); butyric acid could increase the weight per unit length of the jejunum to a certain extent (P=0.052). 4) The use of butyric acid in diet could increase the content of butyric acid in the duodenum. The content of butyric acid in the duodenum and jejunum in the TB group was significantly increased (P<0.05). The butyric acid content in broiler intestine in butyric acid dosage form group was decreased from duodenum to ileum. The use of butyric acid products in the diet had no significant effect on the content of propionic acid and pH in each intestine (P>0.05). In conclusion, the use of butyric acid in broiler diets is beneficial to increase broiler weight gain and reduce F/G, and is beneficial to broiler intestinal development. Butyric acid through glycerol esterification is better than SB, in which the effect of TB is better.

Key words： butyrate; broilers; growth performance; intestinal health; slaughter performance

Cite this article

YAN Lei , AN Sha , GAO Jia , LYU Zunzhou , WANG Tianhu , WANG Zhengguo , ZHOU Guilian , LI Yong , GUO Yuming , JIA Yougang . Effects of Different Butyric Acid Dosage Forms in Diets on Growth Performance, Intestinal Health, Footrest and Gait Scores of Broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(11) : 7002 -7013 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.638

为遏制细菌耐药性问题,维护动物食品安全和公共卫生,农业农村部发布了第194号公告,除中药外的促生长类药物饲料添加剂退出市场[1-2]。随着禁抗时代的到来,养殖业面临着畜禽生产性能下降、死淘率升高、经济效益下滑等问题,抗生素替代产品研发是实现畜禽无抗养殖的重要突破口之一[3-4]。由于酸化剂可有利地控制肠道微生物种群并改善免疫反应,因此在对抗病原菌方面表现出类似于抗生素的活性,此外,酸化剂还能提高营养物质的消化率,增加矿物质的吸收。有机酸的添加可改变肠道内壁厚度,有利于营养物质更好吸收及其有效利用,又因其抗菌谱广、抗菌力强、安全高效的特点而备受关注[5⇓-7]。其中,丁酸及其盐类用作饲料添加剂,如丁酸钠(sodium butyrate,SB),具有提高动物生产性能、维持肠道结构完整性等功能,并且使用安全、绿色环保[8]。丁酸甘油酯是丁酸和甘油酯化后的产物,是多元醇型非离子表面活性剂,在胃液内不分解,在胰脂肪酶的作用下缓慢释放出丁酸和甘油,如三丁酸甘油酯(tributyrin,TB)和单丁酸甘油酯(monoglyceride,MB)[9]。丁酸甘油化使丁酸在动物体内的作用效果得以更有效的发挥。近年来,关于丁酸在肉禽上的研究报道较多,但主要集中在单一酸化剂的作用效果,对不同剂型丁酸之间的效果比较以及丁酸与肉鸡不同性别之间的互作研究较少。因此,本试验旨在研究公母分饲情况下添加不同剂型丁酸对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及肠道健康的影响,为其在生产实践中的应用提供一定的理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验选择3种剂型丁酸进行研究,包括粉剂SB(纯度≥70%)、TB(纯度≥60%)、MB(纯度≥60%)。

1.2 试验设计

试验1(饲养试验):选取2 100只1日龄罗斯308商品肉仔鸡公母鉴别雏,分为5组,每组12个重复(公母各6个重复),每个重复35只。1组为空白对照组(NC组),饲喂基础饲粮,不含维吉尼亚霉素和丁酸;2组为抗生素组(PC组),饲喂基础饲粮+10 mg/kg维吉尼亚霉素;3组为SB组,饲喂基础饲粮+0.5 g/kg SB;4组为TB组,饲喂基础饲粮+0.5 g/kg TB;5组为MB组,饲喂基础饲粮+1.0 g/kg MB。试验分1~10日龄、11~24日龄和25~39日龄3个阶段进行,基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。试验鸡地面稻壳饲养,自由采食和饮水。采用暖风炉水暖控温,最初进雏时舍温为32 ℃,以后每周降低2 ℃,直到26 ℃。7日龄免疫新城疫、鸡传染性支气管炎二联苗以及禽流感疫苗,14日龄法氏囊疫苗饮水免疫。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 含量Content
1~10日龄
1 to 10 days of age		 11~24日龄
11 to 24 days of age		 25~39日龄
25 to 39 days of age
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 48.85 45.94 43.42
豆粕Soybean meal 27.40 21.60 17.60
小麦Wheat 10.00 15.00 20.00
花生粕Peanut meal 3.00 4.00 5.00
玉米干酒糟及其可溶物Corn DDGS 3.00 4.00 4.00
棉籽粕Cottonseed meal 2.00 3.00 3.00
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.97 1.60 1.25
豆油Soybean oil 1.00 2.15 3.25
石粉Limestone 1.20 1.17 0.98
氯化钠NaCl 0.30 0.30 0.30
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.28 0.24 0.20
预混料Premix1) 1.00 1.00 1.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 10.87 11.29 11.70
粗蛋白质CP 22.00 21.00 20.00
钙Ca 1.00 0.90 0.75
总磷TP 0.66 0.60 0.53
赖氨酸Lys 1.33 1.23 1.12
蛋氨酸Met 0.57 0.53 0.47

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:Mg 100 mg,Zn 75 mg,Fe 80 mg,I 0.65 mg,Cu 80 mg,Se 0.35 mg,VA 9 000 IU,VD3 2 000 IU,VE 11 IU,VK 1.0 mg,VB1 1.2 mg,VB2 5.8 mg,烟酸 niacin 66 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,VB6 2.6 mg,生物素 biotin 0.10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.7 mg,VB12 0.012 mg。

2)所有值均为计算值。All values were calculated values.

试验2(丁酸体内代谢研究):试验动物和分组同试验1,1~2组处理同试验1,3~5组在NC组饲粮基础上添加不同剂型丁酸(SB、TB、MB),使饲粮中丁酸根离子的浓度达到1.0 g/kg(高剂量添加,以确保肠道中能检测到丁酸,见表2)。基础饲粮组成及营养水平同饲养试验11~24日龄阶段,试验鸡只采用立体重叠式笼养,人工控制光照、温度和湿度。28日龄开始,预试期5 d,试验期3 d。预试期、正试期自由采食和饮水,恒温条件下通风。肉鸡按正常免疫程序免疫,其他饲养管理按常规肉鸡饲养办法进行。
表2 丁酸添加水平(试验2)

Table 2 Butyric acid addition level (experiment 2) g/kg

项目
Items		 添加水平Addition level
丁酸剂型Buyric acid dosage form 丁酸根离子Buyric acid ion
丁酸钠SB 1.82 1.0
三丁酸甘油酯TB 1.82 1.0
单丁酸甘油酯MB 4.55 1.0

所有值均为计算值。

All values were calculated values.

1.3 检测指标

1.3.1 饲养试验测定指标

1.3.1.1 生长指标

分别在肉鸡10、24和39日龄,对整栏试验鸡进行空腹称重并统计采食量,以计算平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、料重比(F/G)和体重(BW)等指标。

1.3.1.2 胴体指标及消化器官发育

肉鸡40日龄,每组随机选择10只公鸡,称重后屠宰,剥离腹脂、双侧胸肌、腿、翅并称重,根据《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量计算方法》(NY/T 823—2020)进行分割,计算全净膛率、胸肌率、腿比率、翅膀率和腹脂率。取各完整肠段,挤出食糜后,测量十二指肠、空肠和回肠长度并称重[10],摘取法氏囊、脾脏,计算免疫器官指数,相关公式如下:
相对肠重(%)=100×肠重(g)/体重(g);
单位长度重(g/cm)=肠重(g)/肠长度(cm);
法氏囊指数(g/kg)=法氏囊重(g)/体重(kg);
脾脏指数(g/kg)=脾脏重(g)/体重(kg)。

1.3.1.3 步态和脚垫损伤评分

肉鸡40日龄,每个重复随机选2只鸡(每组各12只公鸡,12只母鸡)进行步态和脚垫损伤评分。步态评分参照Garner等[11]所改进的方法,标准如下:0分=步态正常,无行走障碍;1分=步态异常,有行走障碍;2分=不愿行走或站立,运动能力严重受损。脚垫损伤评分采用Bilgili等[12]所描述的方法,标准如下:0分=脚垫无损伤;1分=脚垫轻微损伤,伤口直径不足0.75 cm;2分=脚垫损伤较重,伤口直径介于0.75~1.50 cm;3分=脚垫严重受损,伤口直径大于1.5 cm。

1.3.2 肠道内容物VFA含量与pH测定

肉鸡28日龄时,预试期5 d,正试期3 d,屠宰前禁食8 h,然后自由采食5 h,每组取12只屠宰。打开腹腔,迅速取出并分离肠段,取适量十二指肠、空肠和回肠食糜,液氮保存,用于VFA含量的测定。
参考Manzanilla等[13]方法测定食糜pH。分别在十二指肠、空肠和回肠中间部位剪开,pH电极的玻璃珠放到食糜内,读取pH。参考Yang等[14]方法测定VFA含量。取0.8 g(精确计量)样本用1 mL硫酸(0.1 mol/L)悬浮,4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心15 min。1 mL上清液中加入0.1 mL己酸,样本在液氮中过夜。气相色谱法测定丁酸和丙酸含量,色谱条件:柱温140 ℃,氮气流速40 mL/min,空气流速0.5 mL/min,进样量1 μL。

1.4 数据统计分析

试验数据采用SPSS 25.0软件中ANOVA方法进行分析,所有指标以每个重复为试验单位。若组间差异显著,则用Duncan氏多重比较法进行检验,结果用平均值与均值标准误(SEM)表示。步态评分和脚垫评分用卡方检验进行分析。P≤0.05为差异显著,P>0.05为差异不显著,0.05<P<0.10为有差异显著的趋势。

2 结果

2.1 不同剂型丁酸对肉鸡生长性能的影响

由表3可知,1~10日龄,抗生素和各丁酸组对肉仔鸡F/G、ADFI和成活率的影响均不显著(P>0.05);TB组10日龄BW和ADG显著低于NC和SB组(P<0.05)。11~24日龄,抗生素和各丁酸组对肉鸡F/G、ADG和成活率的影响均不显著(P>0.05);NC组24日龄BW和ADFI显著高于PC、TB、MB组(P<0.05)。25~39日龄和全阶段,PC和TB组F/G显著低于NC组(P<0.05)。全阶段,SB、TB和MB组能提高肉鸡成活率,分别提高1.86%、1.86%和4.49%(P=0.215)。各组每日死淘率情况见图1。各组死淘率均呈现前期平稳,27日龄以后陡然升高的趋势,其中NC组35~39日龄死淘率上升最快,TB和MB组后期死淘率较低,其中MB组效果最佳。
表3 不同剂型丁酸对肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of different butyric acid dosage forms on growth performance of broilers

项目
Items		 组别Groups 性别Sex P值P-value
空白
对照组
NC group		 抗生素组
PC group		 丁酸钠组
SB group		 三丁酸甘
油酯组
TB group		 单丁酸
甘油酯组
MB group		 母鸡
Female		 公鸡
Male		 剂型
Dosage
form		 性别
Sex		 剂型×性别
Dosage
form×sex
1~10日龄1 to 10 days of age
10日龄体重BW at 10 days of age/g 308.1a 302.0ab 308.4a 300.5b 304.6ab 296.3b 313.2a 0.041 <0.001 0.409
平均日增重ADG /g 26.4a 25.8ab 26.4a 25.6b 26.0ab 25.2b 26.9a 0.049 <0.001 0.449
料重比F/G 1.125 1.124 1.127 1.128 1.130 1.140 1.114 0.999 0.060 0.510
平均日采食量ADFI /g 29.6 29.0 29.7 28.9 29.4 28.8b 29.9a 0.694 0.013 0.404
成活率Survival rate/% 100.0 99.3 98.6 97.9 99.5 99.0 99.2 0.107 0.724 0.594
11~24日龄11 to 24 days of age
24日龄体重BW at 24 days of age/g 1 191.3a 1 162.9b 1 184.8ab 1 165.4b 1 166.2b 1 102.2b 1 246.0a 0.045 <0.001 0.936
平均日增重ADG /g 63.1 61.5 62.6 61.8 61.6 57.5b 66.7a 0.124 <0.001 0.988
料重比F/G 1.476 1.477 1.476 1.465 1.472 1.495a 1.452b 0.616 <0.001 0.393
平均日采食量ADFI /g 93.0a 90.8b 92.3ab 90.4b 90.6b 86.0b 96.8a 0.047 <0.001 0.812
成活率Survival rate /% 97.4 97.1 97.1 98.6 99.3 99.2a 96.5b 0.072 <0.001 0.162
25~39日龄25 to 39 days of age
39日龄体重BW at 39 days of age/g 2 555.6 2 636.0 2 599.0 2 588.8 2 564.2 2 370.2b 2 807.2a 0.380 <0.001 0.401
平均日增重ADG /g 91.0 98.2 94.3 94.9 93.2 84.6b 104.0a 0.123 <0.001 0.396
料重比F/G 1.836a 1.729c 1.808ab 1.767bc 1.790ab 1.819a 1.753b 0.004 <0.001 0.211
平均日采食量ADFI /g 166.5 169.2 169.1 167.1 166.5 153.6b 181.8a 0.833 <0.001 0.732
成活率Survival rate/% 93.9 95.0 97.3 96.5 96.6 96.9a 94.8b 0.154 0.030 0.406
1~39日龄1 to 39 days of age
平均日增重ADG /g 64.4 66.5 65.5 65.3 64.6 59.7b 70.8a 0.382 <0.001 0.408
料重比F/G 1.634a 1.584c 1.620ab 1.599bc 1.612abc 1.632a 1.587b 0.009 <0.001 0.240
平均日采食量ADFI /g 105.0 105.1 105.8 104.1 104.1 97.3b 112.3a 0.679 <0.001 0.520
成活率Survival rate /% 91.4 91.6 93.1 93.1 95.5 95.2a 90.7b 0.215 <0.001 0.352

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P≤0.05)。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P≤0.05).

图1 各组每日死淘率

Fig.1 Daily mortality rate of each group

各阶段,公鸡10、24和39日龄BW均显著高于母鸡(P<0.05)。各阶段和全阶段看,公鸡ADG、ADFI显著高于母鸡(P<0.05),F/G显著低于母鸡(P<0.05)。各阶段和全阶段,剂型与性别对肉鸡生长性能各指标的交互作用不显著(P>0.05)。

2.2 不同剂型丁酸对肉鸡屠宰性能及免疫器官指数的影响

由表4可知,与NC组相比,使用抗生素和丁酸对全净膛率、胸肌率、腿比率及腹脂率的影响均不显著(P>0.05),丁酸能在一定程度上有提高全净膛率的趋势(P=0.099)。
表4 不同剂型丁酸对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

Table 4 Effects of different butyric acid dosage forms on slaughter performance of broilers %

项目
Items		 全净膛率
Percentage of
eviscerating		 胸肌率
Percentage
of breast		 腿比率
Percentage
of leg		 翅膀率
Percentage
of wing		 腹脂率
Percentage of
abdominal fat
空白对照组NC group 71.61 21.22 22.67 7.19 1.41
抗生素组PC group 73.21 21.72 23.48 7.24 1.37
丁酸钠组SB group 72.09 21.08 23.14 7.09 1.44
三丁酸甘油酯组TB group 71.77 21.42 22.78 7.14 1.25
单丁酸甘油酯组MB group 72.27 21.75 22.31 7.06 1.31
SEM 0.20 0.17 0.17 0.04 0.05
P值P-value 0.099 0.704 0.245 0.586 0.728

同列数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P≤0.05)。下表同。

In the same column, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P≤0.05). The same as below.

由表5可知,各组脾脏和法氏囊指数差异均不显著(P>0.05)。
表5 不同剂型丁酸对免疫器官指数的影响

Table 5 Effects of different butyric acid dosage forms on immune organ indexes of broilers g/kg

项目Items 脾脏Spleen 法氏囊Bursa of Fabricius
空白对照组NC group 1.0 0.5
抗生素组PC group 1.0 0.5
丁酸钠组SB group 1.0 0.4
三丁酸甘油酯组TB group 1.1 0.5
单丁酸甘油酯组MB group 1.0 0.4
SEM 0.03 0.01
P值P-value 0.741 0.885

2.3 不同剂型丁酸对肉鸡健康状态的影响

由表6可知,各组间脚垫和步态评分差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表6 不同剂型丁酸对肉鸡脚垫和步态评分的影响

Table 6 Effects of different butyric acid dosage forms on foot pads and gait scores of broilers %

项目
Items		 脚垫评分占总计百分比
Footrest score as a percentage of total		 步态评分占总计百分比
Gait scores as a percentage of total
0分
0 points		 1分
1 points		 总计
Total		 P值
P-value		 0分
0 points		 1分
1 points		 总计
Total		 P值
P-value
空白对照组NC group 75.0(18) 25.0(6) 100.0(24) 75.0(18) 25.0(6) 100.0(24)
抗生素组PC group 87.5(21) 12.5(6) 100.0(24) 75.0(18) 25.0(6) 100.0(24)
丁酸钠组SB group 79.2(19) 20.8(5) 100.0(24) 0.778 83.3(20) 16.7(4) 100.0(24) 0.787
三丁酸甘油酯组TB group 83.3(20) 16.7(4) 100.0(24) 83.3(20) 16.7(4) 100.0(24)
单丁酸甘油酯组MB group 75.0(18) 25.0(6) 100.0(24) 70.8(17) 29.2(7) 100.0(24)

括号中的数值为评分只数,占比=评分只数/试验组检测总数(24)。

The values in parentheses represent the number of scores. Proportion=the number of scores/total number of tests in the experimental group (24).

2.4 不同剂型丁酸对肉鸡肠道发育的影响

由表7可知,与NC组相比,MB组回肠相对重量显著提高(P<0.05),PC、MB组回肠单位长度重显著提高(P<0.05),丁酸能在一定程度提高空肠单位长度重(P=0.052)。
表7 不同剂型丁酸对肉鸡肠道发育的影响

Table 7 Effects of different butyric acid dosage forms on digestive tract development of broilers

项目
Items		 相对肠重
Relative weight of intestine/%		 单位长度重
Weight of unit length /(g/cm)
十二指肠
Duodenum		 空肠
Jejunum		 回肠
Ileum		 十二指肠
Duodenum		 空肠
Jejunum		 回肠
Ileum
空白对照组NC group 0.71 1.17 0.85b 0.56 0.39 0.28c
抗生素组PC group 0.67 1.29 1.04ab 0.61 0.48 0.38a
丁酸钠组SB group 0.71 1.27 0.99ab 0.58 0.44 0.31bc
三丁酸甘油酯组TB group 0.76 1.38 0.91b 0.62 0.43 0.28c
单丁酸甘油酯组MB group 0.76 1.32 1.12a 0.59 0.44 0.35ab
SEM 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01
P值P-value 0.493 0.294 0.027 0.609 0.052 <0.001

2.5 不同剂型丁酸对肉鸡肠道VFA含量的影响

由表8可知,饲粮中使用剂型丁酸可提高十二指肠丁酸含量;TB组十二指肠和空肠丁酸含量显著提高(P<0.05),饲粮中使用剂型丁酸对回肠丁酸含量与各肠道丙酸含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表8 不同剂型丁酸对肉鸡肠道VFA含量的影响

Table 8 Effects of different butyric acid dosage forms on intestinal VFA contents of broilers μmol/kg

项目
Items		 丁酸Butyric acid 丙酸Propionate
十二指肠
Duodenum		 空肠
Jejunum		 回肠
Ileum		 十二指肠
Duodenum		 空肠
Jejunum		 回肠
Ileum
空白对照组NC group 4.24b 2.64b 6.17 3.60 2.08 3.37
抗生素组PC group 3.40b 2.29b 1.13 4.00 1.85 2.98
丁酸钠组SB group 18.74ab 7.29b 5.02 3.72 2.00 4.25
三丁酸甘油酯组TB group 31.55a 26.30a 4.84 3.68 2.33 4.35
单丁酸甘油酯组MB group 19.39ab 4.67b 4.01 3.87 2.22 3.33
SEM 3.34 2.38 0.65 0.26 0.08 0.23
P值P-value 0.013 0.001 0.198 0.992 0.400 0.212

2.6 不同剂型丁酸对肉鸡肠道食糜pH的影响

由表9可知,饲粮中使用丁酸对各肠段pH的影响不显著(P>0.05)。其中,SB组有降低空肠pH的趋势(P=0.087)。
表9 不同剂型丁酸对肉鸡各肠道食糜pH的影响

Table 9 Effects of different butyric acid dosage forms on chyme pH of broilers

项目Items 十二指肠Duodenum 空肠Jejunum 回肠Ileum
空白对照组NC group 6.00 6.16 7.66
抗生素组PC group 6.03 5.98 7.38
丁酸钠组SB group 6.11 5.94 7.54
三丁酸甘油酯组TB group 6.14 6.22 7.48
单丁酸甘油酯组MB group 6.22 6.32 7.49
SEM 0.06 0.05 0.06
P值P-value 0.796 0.087 0.733

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮中添加不同剂型丁酸对肉鸡生长性能的影响

SB可改善畜禽生产性能,降低消化道pH,改善畜禽动物肠道健康,但由于未处理的丁酸具有奶酪败味,而且极易吸潮,只有极少数会被后肠段吸收利用,降低了丁酸效价[15⇓⇓-18]。Lan等[19]报道,饲喂0.6 g/kg SB能提高肉鸡1~21日龄ADG,但对ADFI和F/G无显著影响,对肉鸡22~45日龄及全阶段ADG、ADFI和F/G均无显著影响。本试验中,与NC组相比,SB组肉鸡ADG、ADFI和F/G均无显著变化。Panda等[20]研究表明,使用丁酸能显著提高饲料转化率,效果与抗生素相当,且0.2%丁酸对肉仔鸡增重无显著影响,添加0.4%丁酸能显著提高肉仔鸡增重。Guilloteau等[21]报道,SB作为饲料添加剂能够提高动物生长性能,增强动物胃肠道抵抗病原菌的能力。邹杨[22]报道,SB能够提高肉仔鸡的饲料转化率,改善生产性能,SB对肉鸡的作用集中表现在肉鸡生长后期。本试验结果表明,SB对肉鸡的作用集中表现在肉鸡生长后期,能一定程度提高出栏重,和邹杨[22]研究结果一致。
本试验结果表明,丁酸可较好地促进肉鸡生长,提高饲料转化率,全阶段F/G呈现为:NC组>SB组>MB组>TB组>PC组。TB是一种短链脂肪酸酯,与丁酸相比,TB具有无臭、不易挥发特点,丁酸甘油酯属于多元醇型非离子表面活性剂,在胃中不分解,在肠道中被胰脂肪酶分解为丁酸和甘油,在后肠段发挥抑菌、维持肠道健康等作用[20,23]。张浩等[24]研究表明,丁酸甘油酯对于肉鸡的生长性能具有很好的促进作用。Antongiovanni等[25]研究表明,TB可替代阿维拉霉素,达到促进肉鸡生长的效果。以上研究表明,丁酸经过甘油酯化后的效果均好于普通的粉剂丁酸。
SB具有提高机体免疫力和抗病力的作用。Sunkara等[26]报道指出,SB能够促进宿主防御肽的产生,宿主防御肽通过直接黏附和细胞膜溶解的方式杀灭细菌、病毒和真菌。丁酸作为G蛋白耦联受体的配体,可调控机体免疫。费枫等[27]与江兆发等[17]研究结果均表明,饲粮中添加微囊SB可降低肉种鸡死淘率。本试验饲粮中添加丁酸可提高肉鸡存活率,但未达到显著水平。本试验各阶段和全阶段来看,丁酸剂型与性别对肉鸡生长性能各指标的交互作用不显著。

3.2 饲粮中添加不同剂型丁酸对肉鸡屠宰性能、免疫器官发育以及脚垫和步态评分的影响

全净膛率是衡量畜禽产肉性能的主要指标,腹脂率则反映了肉鸡沉积脂肪的水平。Leeson等[28]报道,使用0.2%丁酸能显著提高全净膛率,而0.1%的添加量对全净膛率和胸肌率的影响不显著。Panda等[20]研究表明,添加0.2%丁酸能显著提高全净膛率,降低腹脂率,但胸肌率不受影响。本试验中,不同剂型丁酸能在一定程度上提高全净膛率,但未达到显著水平。
家禽的法氏囊属于中枢免疫器官,而脾脏是最大的周围免疫器官,参与机体细胞免疫和体液免疫反应。免疫器官的生长发育影响机体免疫状态[29]。李海英等[30]研究报道,饲粮中添加SB使白羽肉鸡胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊的重量呈增加的趋势,提示饲喂添加SB饲粮可以改善肉鸡免疫器官发育。而贺姣等[31]报道,饲粮中添加500 mg/kg的SB对高密度饲养下的黄羽肉鸡免疫器官指数无显著影响。同样,强伟平等[32]研究表明,饲粮中添加0.1%的SB对肉鸡的免疫器官指数均无显著影响。本试验结果与贺姣等[31]、强伟平等[32]研究结果一致,不同剂型丁酸对免疫器官的直接作用不大。在肉鸡饲养后期易发生腿病和脚垫炎,造成行走不便,不利于动物健康[33]。本试验结果显示,不同剂型丁酸对肉鸡出栏前脚垫和步态评分无显著影响。

3.3 饲粮中添加不同剂型丁酸对肉鸡肠道发育、肠道pH和VFA含量的影响

研究表明,丁酸可以为肠道(主要是结肠)提供能量,促进肠绒毛的发育。蔡凤仙等[34]研究发现,在鹅生长前期饲粮中添加包膜SB,能够提高各肠段相对重量和长度,促进小肠发育;王桂瑛等[35]研究发现,饲粮中添加SB能够显著提高肉鸡十二指肠、空肠的重量。本试验中,使用不同剂型丁酸均能提高回肠相对重量和回肠单位长度重,促进各肠段的发育,也能在一定程度提高空肠单位长度重,但未达到显著水平,这说明丁酸具有很好地促进肠道发育的功能,特别是MB对后肠段的作用,可能是MB能快速为肠道上皮细胞供能,有利于肠上皮细胞的增殖和维持肠黏膜的完整性[36]。
丁酸作为SB的有效成分,可以提高肉鸡肠道中乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌等有益菌的数量,而乳酸菌等发酵产生的酸性物质能够降低肠道中的pH[37]。消化道pH取决于腺胃盐酸分泌量及胆汁和胰液的作用,后两者能中和消化道的酸以提高pH[23]。Ndelekwute等[38]研究表明,与未添加酸化剂的肉鸡相比,饲粮与饮水中添加2.5 g/kg的有机酸均可降低肉鸡肠道pH。邹杨[22]与张琦等[16]研究结果均显示,胃肠道pH沿胃、十二指肠、空肠和回肠的顺序逐渐升高,这与本试验结果一致,但本试验中回肠pH偏高,可能与测定部位靠回肠后端有关。动物胃肠道中能够产生很少量的有机酸,如乙酸、丙酸和丁酸等。Ren等[39]和高俊玲等[40]研究结果均显示,在饲粮中添加TB可以增加瘤胃内乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸等VFA的含量。邹杨[22]研究结果显示,饲粮中添加200 mg/kg粉剂SB,可以提高肠道的23.08%的丙酸含量和49.01%的丁酸含量。本试验中,饲粮中添加高水平丁酸,对肠道中丁酸的含量有一定的影响,且TB和MB效果最佳,其中,TB组十二指肠和空肠丁酸含量与NC组相比达到显著差异,说明丁酸经过甘油酯化后更容易在肠道内有效释放,到回肠段吸收相对完全,利用效果较好。但需要注意的是该试验部分丁酸添加水平比正常推荐量高,仅作为机理研究参考,不建议该添加水平在生产实践中使用。

4 结论

使用不同剂型丁酸均对肉鸡生长性能和肠道健康有益,综合生长性能和肠道检测结果分析,丁酸经过甘油酯化效果好于SB,TB效果更佳。

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