1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) kg/t |
| 原料 Ingredients | 含量 Content | 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | 含量 Content | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 玉米Corn | 722.00 | 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.42 | |
| 大豆粕Soybean meal | 120.00 | 粗蛋白质CP | 168.90 | |
| 鱼粉Fish meal | 75.00 | 粗纤维CF | 24.90 | |
| 小麦麸Wheat bran | 40.00 | 钙Ca | 6.90 | |
| 预混料Premix1) | 31.00 | 总磷TP | 5.60 | |
| 贝壳粉Shell powder | 6.00 | 有效磷AP | 3.60 | |
| 食盐NaCl | 2.00 | 食盐NaCl | 3.90 | |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 1.00 | 赖氨酸Lys | 9.20 | |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 3.00 | 蛋氨酸Met | 4.20 | |
| 合计Total | 1 000.00 | 苏氨酸Thr | 6.70 | |
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys | 7.30 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet:胆碱 choline 500 mg,VA 29 400 IU,VD 2 910 IU,VK3 50 mg,VB12 90 mg,VE 50 mg,VC 150 mg,Fe 520 mg,Cu 52 mg,Mn 520 mg,Zn 390 mg,Se 18 mg,植酸酶 phytase 120 mg。 2)营养水平为计算值,依据NY/T 33—2004计算得出。Nutrient levels were calculated values, which were calculated according to the NY/T 33—2004. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集与指标检测
1.4.1 生长性能的测定
1.4.2 血清的采集与免疫指标的检测
1.4.3 盲肠微生物样采集与检测
1.4.3.1 采集
1.4.3.2 盲肠微生物检测
1.5 数据处理与统计分析
2 结果
2.1 复合提取物对文昌鸡生长性能的影响
表2 复合提取物对文昌鸡生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of compound extract on growth performance of Wenchang broilers |
| 项目 Items | 复合提取物添加量Compound extract supplemental levels/(g/t) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 100 | 200 | 400 | 800 | 1 600 | 3 200 | |
| 初始体重 IBW/(g/只) | 710±4 | 715±4 | 719±4 | 713±4 | 718±6 | 717±3 | 709±5 |
| 终末体重 FBW/(g/只) | 1 247±6bc | 1 247±13bc | 1 299±8a | 1 291±6a | 1 271±12ab | 1 276±13ab | 1 235±11c |
| 平均日增重 ADG/[g/(只·d)] | 15.36±0.21b | 15.19±0.28b | 16.55±0.20a | 16.53±0.10a | 15.79±0.25ab | 15.95±0.44ab | 15.03±0.45b |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/[g/(只·d)] | 69.12±1.00bc | 68.57±0.84bc | 71.30±0.56ab | 73.35±0.31a | 69.97±1.26bc | 70.81±1.30ab | 67.53±1.26c |
| 料重比F/G | 4.50±0.04a | 4.52±0.06a | 4.31±0.03b | 4.44±0.03ab | 4.43±0.04ab | 4.44±0.06ab | 4.50±0.05a |
| 死亡率MR/% | 1.11 | 1.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.56 | 0.56 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
表3 平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比(N)与复合提取物添加量(M)的线性分析Table 3 Linear analysis of ADG, ADFI, F/G (N) and compound extract supplemental level (M) |
| 因变量 Dependent variables | 调整后R2 Adjusted R2 | P值 P-value | 线性回归方程 Linear regression equation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 平均日增重ADG/[g/(只·d)] | -0.490 | 0.917 | |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/[g/(只·d)] | -0.476 | 0.875 | N=0.001M+70.489 |
| 料重比F/G | -0.497 | 0.956 | N=-0.000 012 17M+4.430 |
表4 平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比(Y)与复合提取物添加量(X)的二次曲线分析Table 4 Quadratic curve analysis of ADG, ADFI, F/G (Y) and compound extract supplemental level (X) |
| 因变量 Dependent variables | 调整后R2 Adjusted R2 | P值 P-value | 二次回归方程 Quadratic regression equation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 平均日增重ADG/[g/(只·d)] | 0.206 | 0.515 | Y=-0.000 009 812X2+0.009X+14.627 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/[g/(只·d)] | 0.970 | 0.099 | Y=-0.000 035 31X2+0.034X+65.730 |
| 料重比F/G | -1.624 | 0.935 | Y=0.000 000 534 9X2-0.001X+4.502 |
2.2 复合提取物对文昌鸡血清免疫指标的影响
表5 复合提取物对文昌鸡血清免疫指标的影响Table 5 Effects of compound extract on serum immune indexes of Wenchang broilers |
| 项目 Items | 复合提取物添加量Compound extract supplemental levels/(g/t) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 100 | 400 | 3 200 | |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mL) | 17.98±0.27a | 15.95±0.20b | 15.90±0.23b | 15.78±0.19b |
| γ-干扰素IFN-γ/(pg/mL) | 24.84±0.29b | 25.14±0.22b | 24.56±0.26b | 28.82±0.23a |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(pg/mL) | 131.64±1.73b | 135.67±1.54b | 143.08±1.15a | 125.04±2.18c |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL) | 45.49±0.66a | 41.22±0.52c | 42.54±0.46bc | 43.11±0.67b |
| 脂多糖LPS/(pg/mL) | 238.52±2.64a | 196.79±3.21c | 212.76±1.83b | 215.24±1.65b |
2.3 复合提取物对文昌鸡盲肠微生物的影响
2.3.1 测序结果
2.3.2 注释信息基础统计
图2 文昌鸡盲肠微生物门水平物种组成Bacteroidetes:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Synergistetes:互养菌门;Actinobacteria:放线菌门;Deferribacteres:脱铁杆菌门;Fusobacteria:梭杆菌门;Elusimicrobia:迷踪菌门;Spirochaetes:螺旋体门;Verrucomicrobia:疣微菌门;Lentisphaerae:黏胶球形菌门;Tenericutes:软壁菌门;Unclassified:未分类。 Fig.2 Species composition of cecal microbiota at phylum level of Wenchang broilers |
图3 文昌鸡盲肠微生物属水平物种组成Unclassified:未分类;Bacteroides:拟杆菌属;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Barnesiella:巴恩斯氏菌属;Megamonas:巨单胞菌属;Prevotella:普氏菌属;Ruminococcaceae_Clostridium:瘤胃球菌科梭菌属;Faecalibacterium:粪杆菌属;Dethiosulfovibrio:脱硫代硫酸盐弧菌属;Lachnospiraceae_Clostridium:毛螺菌科梭菌属;Desulfovibrio:脱硫弧菌属;Alistipes:另枝菌属;Selenomonas:月形单胞菌属;Butyricicoccus:丁酸球菌属;Lactobacillus:乳杆菌属;Oscillospira:颤螺旋菌属;Gemmiger:芽殖菌属;Sporobacter:孢杆菌属;Other:其他。 Fig.3 Species composition of cecal microbiota at genus level of Wenchang broilers |
2.3.3 α多样性分析
表6 复合提取物对文昌鸡盲肠微生物α多样性的影响Table 6 Effects of compound extract on cecal microbial α diversity of Wenchang broilers |
| 项目 Items | 复合提取物添加量Compound extract supplemental levels/(g/t) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 100 | 400 | 3 200 | |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 607.07±21.88 | 642.57±47.41 | 607.55±30.40 | 548.66±39.33 |
| Ace指数Ace index | 605.05±21.93 | 640.43±47.23 | 605.18±29.84 | 547.56±39.14 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 7.59±0.09ab | 7.69±0.20a | 7.57±0.12ab | 7.18±0.21b |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.99±0.00 | 0.99±0.00 | 0.99±0.00 | 0.98±0.00 |
| Goods_coverage指数Goods_coverage index | 1.00±0.00 | 1.00±0.00 | 1.00±0.00 | 1.00±0.00 |
2.3.4 菌属差异性
表7 复合提取物对文昌鸡9个菌属相对丰度的影响Table 7 Effects of compound extract on relative abundances of 9 bacterial genera of Wenchang broilers % |
| 项目 Items | 复合提取物添加量Compound extract supplemental levels/(g/t) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 100 | 400 | 3 200 | |
| 双歧杆菌属Bifidobacterium | 0.01±0.01 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.02±0.06 | 0.02±0.01 |
| 优杆菌属Eubacterium | 0.20±0.04ab | 0.12±0.03b | 0.34±0.06a | 0.19±0.06ab |
| 芽孢杆菌属Bacillus | 0.00±0.00 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.00±0.00 | 0.01±0.01 |
| 乳杆菌属Lactobacillus | 0.76±0.15b | 1.52±0.27a | 0.93±0.23ab | 0.86±0.26ab |
| 颤螺旋菌属Oscillospira | 1.01±0.15a | 0.87±0.14ab | 0.64±0.05b | 0.57±0.07b |
| 链球菌属Streptococcus | 0.34±0.09 | 0.57±0.13 | 0.31±0.09 | 0.28±0.04 |
| 梭菌属Clostridium | 0.14±0.02 | 0.22±0.06 | 0.12±0.03 | 0.14±0.05 |
| 埃希氏菌属Escherichia | 0.00±0.00 | 0.00±0.00 | 0.01±0.01 | 0.00±0.00 |
| 肠球菌属Enterococcus | 0.00±0.00 | 0.00±0.00 | 0.00±0.00 | 0.00±0.00 |
5种有益菌属:双歧杆菌属、优杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属、乳杆菌属、颤螺旋菌属;4种条件致病菌属:链球菌属、梭菌属、埃希氏菌属、肠球菌属。 | |
Five beneficial bacterial genera: Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira; four genera of conditional pathogenic bacteria: Streptococcus, Clostridium, Escherichia, Enterococcus. |
2.3.5 相关性分析
图4 文昌鸡盲肠微生物相关性分析X轴为影响因子,Y轴为物种,同时,左边的色条标注了物种所属门分类。通过计算获得R值(秩相关)和P值。R值在图中以不同颜色展示,右侧图例是不同R值的颜色区间。P值小于0.05表示存在显著相关,其中0.01≤P<0.05用*标注,0.001≤P<0.01用**标注。 ADG:平均日增重 average daily gain;AL:复合提取物添加量 compound extract supplemental level;Phylum:门;Actinobacteria:放线菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Asteroleplasma:无甾醇原体属;Eubacterium:优杆菌属;Olsenella:欧陆森氏菌属;Ruminococcaceae_Clostridium:瘤胃球菌科梭菌属;Oscillospira:颤螺旋菌属;Roseburia:罗氏菌属;Lachnospiraceae_Clostridium:毛螺菌科梭菌属。 Fig.4 Correlation analysis of cecal microbiota of Wenchang broilers The X-axis represents the influencing factor and the Y-axis represents species. The color bar on the left marks the classification of the phylum to which the species belongs. R value (rank correlation) and P-value were obtained by calculation. Wherein, the R value is displayed in different colors in the graph, and the legend on the right shows the color range of different R values. A P-value less than 0.05 indicates a significant correlation. 0.01≤P<0.05 is marked with *, and 0.001≤P<0.01 is marked with **. |
