1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料及处理
1.2 试验动物与饲养管理
1.3 体外发酵
1.4 样品采集与分析
1.5 发酵液总细菌及纤维降解菌数量
表1 引物序列Table 1 Primer sequences |
| 目标微生物 Target microorganism | 引物序列 Primer sequences(5'—3') | 产物大小 Product size/bp |
|---|---|---|
| 总细菌 Total bacteria | F: CGGCAACGAGCGCAACCC R: CCATTGTAGCACGTGTGTAGCC | 146 |
| 白色瘤胃球菌 Ruminococcus albus | F: CCCTAAAAGCAGTCTTAGTTCG R: CCTCCTTGCGGTTAGAACA | 176 |
| 黄色瘤胃球菌 Ruminococcus flavefaciens | F: CGAACGGAGATAATTTGAGTTTACTTAGG R: CGGTCTCTGTATGTTATGAGGTATTACC | 132 |
| 产琥珀酸丝状杆菌 Fibrobacter succinogenes | F: GTTCGGAATTACTGGGCGTAAA R: CGCCTGCCCCTGAACTATC | 121 |
1.6 数据计算
1.7 统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 体外产气特性
图1 不同秸秆种类及粒度的秸秆体外发酵产气量PS1、PS2和PS3分别表示粒度为<0.15 mm、0.15~0.30 mm和>0.90 mm。下同。 Fig.1 Gas production from in vitro fermentation of different straw species and particle sizes of straws PS1, PS2 and PS3 indicate particle sizes<0.15 mm, 0.15 to 0.30 mm and >0.90 mm, respectively. The same as below. |
表2 秸秆种类及粒度对秸秆体外发酵产气参数的影响Table 2 Effects of straw species and particle size on in vitro fermentation gas production parameters of straws |
| 项目 Items | 理论最大 产气量 Vf/(mL/g) | 产气曲 线形状 b | 产气分率 k/(/h) | 发酵初期 产气分率 FRD0/(/h) | 达最大产气量一半 所需发酵时间 T0.5/h | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 秸秆种类Straw species | 粒度PS | |||||||||||
| PS1 | 125 | 0.763 | 0.069 6 | 0.019 3 | 19.1 | |||||||
| 水稻秸秆Rice straw | PS2 | 153 | 1.130 | 0.051 0 | 0.011 3 | 31.8 | ||||||
| PS3 | 150 | 1.686 | 0.058 3 | 0.009 2 | 30.2 | |||||||
| PS1 | 121 | 0.700 | 0.042 9 | 0.014 5 | 28.5 | |||||||
| 小麦秸秆Wheat straw | PS2 | 141 | 1.566 | 0.051 6 | 0.009 2 | 35.2 | ||||||
| PS3 | 153 | 2.083 | 0.048 9 | 0.005 7 | 44.8 | |||||||
| PS1 | 134 | -0.879 | 0.069 6 | 0.041 6 | 13.6 | |||||||
| 玉米秸秆Corn straw | PS2 | 185 | 1.049 | 0.045 0 | 0.011 2 | 33.9 | ||||||
| PS3 | 168 | 1.613 | 0.055 5 | 0.009 7 | 33.1 | |||||||
| SEM | 17 | 0.389 | 0.010 1 | 0.002 3 | 3.7 | |||||||
| 主效应Main effect | ||||||||||||
| 秸秆种类Straw species | ||||||||||||
| 水稻秸秆Rice straw | 143 | 1.193a | 0.059 6 | 0.013 3b | 27.0b | |||||||
| 小麦秸秆Wheat straw | 138 | 1.513a | 0.047 8 | 0.009 4c | 37.0a | |||||||
| 玉米秸秆Corn straw | 162 | 0.595b | 0.056 7 | 0.020 8a | 26.9b | |||||||
| SEM | 11 | 0.195 | 0.005 6 | 0.001 3 | 2.1 | |||||||
| 粒度PS | ||||||||||||
| PS1 | 127 | 0.149b | 0.060 7 | 0.026 1a | 19.7b | |||||||
| PS2 | 161 | 1.220a | 0.049 2 | 0.010 7b | 33.5a | |||||||
| PS3 | 157 | 1.794a | 0.054 3 | 0.008 2b | 36.0a | |||||||
| SEM | 11 | 0.195 | 0.005 6 | 0.001 3 | 2.1 | |||||||
| P值P-value | ||||||||||||
| 秸秆种类Straw species | 0.222 | 0.018 | 0.285 | <0.001 | 0.003 | |||||||
| 粒度PS | 0.060 | <0.001 | 0.325 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| 秸秆种类×粒度Straw species×PS | 0.901 | 0.146 | 0.494 | <0.001 | 0.233 | |||||||
同列数据肩标不同字母表示差异(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same column, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 体外发酵特性
表3 秸秆种类及粒度对秸秆体外发酵特性的影响Table 3 Effects of straw species and particle size on in vitro fermentation characteristics of straws |
| 项目Items | 干物质 降解率 DMD/% | 氨态氮 NH3-N/(mg/dL) | pH | 微生物蛋白 MCP/(mg/mL) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 秸秆种类Straw species | 粒度PS | ||||
| PS1 | 55.3 | 9.98 | 6.89 | 0.205 | |
| 水稻秸秆Rice straw | PS2 | 55.4 | 10.51 | 6.87 | 0.220 |
| PS3 | 56.6 | 9.74 | 6.94 | 0.175 | |
| PS1 | 53.8 | 14.39 | 6.87 | 0.261 | |
| 小麦秸秆Wheat straw | PS2 | 54.1 | 11.65 | 6.85 | 0.420 |
| PS3 | 45.5 | 11.82 | 6.92 | 0.261 | |
| PS1 | 67.7 | 10.75 | 6.70 | 0.614 | |
| 玉米秸秆Corn straw | PS2 | 61.1 | 10.50 | 6.70 | 0.420 |
| PS3 | 61.1 | 9.88 | 6.74 | 0.421 | |
| SEM | 1.2 | 0.28 | 0.02 | 0.021 | |
| 主效应Main effect | |||||
| 秸秆种类Straw species | |||||
| 水稻秸秆Rice straw | 55.8b | 10.10b | 6.90a | 0.200c | |
| 小麦秸秆Wheat straw | 51.1c | 12.60a | 6.88a | 0.314b | |
| 玉米秸秆Corn straw | 63.3a | 10.40b | 6.71b | 0.485a | |
| SEM | 0.7 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.012 | |
| 粒度PS | |||||
| PS1 | 58.9a | 11.70a | 6.82b | 0.360a | |
| PS2 | 56.9b | 10.90b | 6.81b | 0.353a | |
| PS3 | 54.4c | 10.50b | 6.87a | 0.286b | |
| SEM | 0.7 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.012 | |
| P值P-value | |||||
| 秸秆种类Straw species | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 粒度PS | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 秸秆种类×粒度Straw species×PS | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.892 | <0.001 |
表4 秸秆种类及粒度对秸秆体外发酵液挥发性脂肪酸的影响Table 4 Effects of straw species and particle size on volatile fatty acids in in vitro fermentation liquid of straws |
| 项目 Items | 总挥发性 脂肪酸 TVFA/ (mmol/L) | 挥发性脂肪酸的摩尔百分比 Molar percentage of volatile fatty acids/% | 乙丙比 A/P | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 乙酸 Acetic acid | 丙酸 Propionic acid | 丁酸 Butyric acid | 戊酸 Valeric acid | 异丁酸 Isobutyric acid | 异戊酸 Isovaleric acid | ||||
| 秸秆种类Straw species | 粒度PS | ||||||||
| PS1 | 24.7 | 72.2 | 21.2 | 5.02 | 0.597 | 0.442 | 0.786 | 3.51 | |
| 水稻秸秆Rice straw | PS2 | 31.2 | 71.8 | 21.9 | 5.06 | 0.473 | 0.332 | 0.597 | 3.30 |
| PS3 | 26.9 | 72.0 | 21.5 | 5.29 | 0.494 | 0.349 | 0.581 | 3.35 | |
| PS1 | 25.3 | 71.6 | 19.6 | 6.10 | 0.827 | 0.466 | 1.455 | 3.66 | |
| 小麦秸秆Wheat straw | PS2 | 26.4 | 72.2 | 19.8 | 5.73 | 0.649 | 0.479 | 1.242 | 3.66 |
| PS3 | 19.5 | 73.6 | 18.4 | 5.59 | 0.897 | 0.519 | 1.168 | 4.00 | |
| PS1 | 35.6 | 69.7 | 22.7 | 5.74 | 1.016 | 0.134 | 0.729 | 3.08 | |
| 玉米秸秆Corn straw | PS2 | 33.1 | 69.2 | 22.3 | 6.55 | 0.894 | 0.319 | 0.818 | 3.10 |
| PS3 | 30.7 | 70.5 | 21.6 | 6.38 | 0.579 | 0.523 | 0.648 | 3.27 | |
| SEM | 2.1 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.29 | 0.072 | 0.068 | 0.066 | 0.10 | |
| 主效应Main effect | |||||||||
| 秸秆种类Straw species | |||||||||
| 水稻秸秆Rice straw | 27.6b | 72.0a | 21.5b | 5.12b | 0.521b | 0.374b | 0.655b | 3.39b | |
| 小麦秸秆Wheat straw | 23.7c | 72.5a | 19.3c | 5.81a | 0.791a | 0.488a | 1.288a | 3.77a | |
| 玉米秸秆Corn straw | 33.1a | 69.8b | 22.2a | 6.22a | 0.830a | 0.325b | 0.732b | 3.15c | |
| SEM | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.15 | 0.043 | 0.039 | 0.040 | 0.06 | |
| 粒度PS | |||||||||
| PS1 | 28.5ab | 71.2 | 21.2b | 5.62 | 0.813a | 0.347 | 0.990a | 3.42 | |
| PS2 | 30.2a | 71.0 | 21.3b | 5.78 | 0.672b | 0.377 | 0.886a | 3.35 | |
| PS3 | 26.3b | 71.9 | 20.7a | 5.75 | 0.657b | 0.464 | 0.799b | 3.54 | |
| SEM | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.15 | 0.043 | 0.039 | 0.040 | 0.06 | |
| P值P-value | |||||||||
| 秸秆种类Straw species | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 粒度PS | 0.012 | 0.197 | 0.027 | 0.706 | 0.017 | 0.074 | 0.003 | 0.084 | |
| 秸秆种类×粒度Straw species×PS | 0.064 | 0.624 | 0.272 | 0.113 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.156 | 0.159 | |
2.3 发酵液及微生物表面物理特性
表5 秸秆种类及粒度对秸秆体外发酵液表面张力及微生物表面物理特性的影响Table 5 Effects of straw species and particle size on surface tension of fermentation liquor and physical characteristics of microbial surface in in vitro fermentation liquid of straws |
| 项目 Items | 表面张力 ST/(mN/m) | Zeta电位 ZP/mv | 细胞膜疏水性 CSH/% | 细胞膜通透性 CMP/% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 秸秆种类Straw species | 粒度PS | ||||
| PS1 | 51.1 | -31.5 | 21.7 | 13.2 | |
| 水稻秸秆Rice straw | PS2 | 49.9 | -32.4 | 20.4 | 14.0 |
| PS3 | 51.3 | -30.3 | 23.9 | 14.3 | |
| PS1 | 51.9 | -30.9 | 19.8 | 10.3 | |
| 小麦秸秆Wheat straw | PS2 | 50.2 | -31.0 | 23.0 | 10.8 |
| PS3 | 53.0 | -31.7 | 24.3 | 13.0 | |
| PS1 | 49.0 | -29.6 | 24.8 | 12.1 | |
| 玉米秸秆Corn straw | PS2 | 49.6 | -29.0 | 22.6 | 11.9 |
| PS3 | 52.5 | -31.2 | 25.3 | 13.9 | |
| SEM | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.5 | |
| 主效应Main effect | |||||
| 秸秆种类Straw species | |||||
| 水稻秸秆Rice straw | 50.8ab | -31.4 | 22.0b | 13.8a | |
| 小麦秸秆Wheat straw | 51.7a | -31.2 | 22.4b | 11.4c | |
| 玉米秸秆Corn straw | 50.4b | -29.9 | 24.2a | 12.6b | |
| SEM | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.3 | |
| 粒度PS | |||||
| PS1 | 50.7b | -30.7 | 22.1b | 11.9b | |
| PS2 | 49.9b | -30.8 | 22.0b | 12.2b | |
| PS3 | 52.3a | -31.1 | 24.5a | 13.7a | |
| SEM | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.3 | |
| P值P-value | |||||
| 秸秆种类Straw species | 0.035 | 0.299 | 0.002 | <0.001 | |
| 粒度PS | <0.001 | 0.919 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 秸秆种类×粒度Straw species×PS | 0.098 | 0.524 | 0.009 | 0.171 |
2.4 总细菌及纤维降解菌数量
表6 Effects of straw species and particle size on number of total bacteria and cellulolytic bacteria in in vitro fermentation liquid of straws log10 (拷贝数/mL)Table 6 |
| 项目 Items | 总细菌 Total bacteria | 黄色瘤胃球菌 Ruminococcus flavefaciens | 白色瘤胃球菌 Ruminococcus albus | 产琥珀酸丝状杆菌 Fibrobacter succinogenes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 秸秆种类Straw species | 粒度PS | ||||
| PS1 | 9.48 | 5.98 | 5.93 | 6.77 | |
| 水稻秸秆Rice straw | PS2 | 9.45 | 5.79 | 5.87 | 6.25 |
| PS3 | 9.69 | 5.58 | 6.04 | 6.77 | |
| PS1 | 9.41 | 5.79 | 6.02 | 5.99 | |
| 小麦秸秆Wheat straw | PS2 | 9.25 | 5.76 | 6.65 | 6.76 |
| PS3 | 9.43 | 5.71 | 6.65 | 6.91 | |
| PS1 | 9.67 | 5.82 | 6.15 | 6.86 | |
| 玉米秸秆Corn straw | PS2 | 9.47 | 5.81 | 6.63 | 6.50 |
| PS3 | 9.62 | 5.81 | 6.73 | 6.62 | |
| SEM | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.09 | |
| 主效应Main effect | |||||
| 秸秆种类Straw species | |||||
| 水稻秸秆Rice straw | 9.54a | 5.78 | 5.95b | 6.60 | |
| 小麦秸秆Wheat straw | 9.36b | 5.75 | 6.44a | 6.55 | |
| 玉米秸秆Corn straw | 9.59a | 5.81 | 6.50a | 6.66 | |
| SEM | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | |
| 粒度PS | |||||
| PS1 | 9.52a | 5.86 | 6.03b | 6.54b | |
| PS2 | 9.39b | 5.79 | 6.38a | 6.50b | |
| PS3 | 9.58a | 5.70 | 6.47a | 6.77a | |
| SEM | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | |
| P值P-value | |||||
| 秸秆种类Straw species | <0.001 | 0.693 | <0.001 | 0.359 | |
| 粒度PS | <0.001 | 0.050 | <0.001 | 0.002 | |
| 秸秆种类×粒度Straw species×PS | 0.166 | 0.191 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
