1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 发酵玉米浆化学成分(饲喂基础)Table 1 Chemical composition of fermented corn steep liquor (as-fed basis) |
| 项目Items | 成分及含量Composition and content |
|---|---|
| 常规营养成分 Conventional nutrients | 88.01%干物质、26.45%粗蛋白质、7.03%粗纤维、8.80%酸性洗涤纤维、 27.93%中性洗涤纤维、1.74%粗脂肪、9.26%粗灰分、 0.28%钙、1.50%总磷以及16.07 MJ/kg总能 |
| 必需氨基酸 Essential amino acids | 1.06%精氨酸、0.76%组氨酸、0.76%异亮氨酸、1.76%亮氨酸、0.82%赖氨酸、 0.23%蛋氨酸、0.70%苯丙氨酸、0.76%苏氨酸、0.06%色氨酸及1.06%缬氨酸 |
| 非必需氨基酸 Non-essential amino acids | 1.58%丙氨酸、1.38%天冬氨酸、0.56%半胱氨酸、3.80%谷氨酸、 1.13%甘氨酸、2.00%脯氨酸、0.82%丝氨酸及0.34%酪氨酸 |
| 其他成分 Other composition | 玉米赤霉烯酮382 μg/kg、呕吐毒素2 600 μg/kg、 黄曲霉毒素B1<1 μg/kg及乳酸18 000 mg/kg |
1.2 试验设计
表2 试验1饲粮组成及营养水平(饲喂基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets in experiment 1 (as-fed basis) % |
| 项目Items | 基础饲粮Basal diet | 发酵玉米浆饲粮Fermented corn steep liquor diet |
|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | ||
| 玉米Corn | 74.80 | 56.10 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 22.20 | 16.65 |
| 发酵玉米浆Fermented corn steep liquor | 24.25 | |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.20 | 1.20 |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 石粉Limestone | 0.80 | 0.80 |
| 赖氨酸Lysine | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 16.14 | 18.32 |
| 总能GE/(MJ/kg) | 16.23 | 16.00 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 5 000 IU,VD3 1 350 IU,VE 13.5 IU,VK3 1.45 mg,VB1 0.7 mg,VB2 2.7 mg,VB6 1.35 mg,VB12 0.009 mg,烟酸胺 nicotinamide 16.0 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 8.0 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.3 mg,生物素 biotin 0.02 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 70.0 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 10.0 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 40.0 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 15.0 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.30 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.20 mg。 2)营养水平为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values. |
表3 试验2饲粮组成及营养水平(饲喂基础)Table 3 Composition and nutrient levels of diets in experiment 2 (as-fed basis) % |
| 项目Items | 无氮饲粮Nitrogen-free diet | 发酵玉米浆饲粮Fermented corn steep liquor diet | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米淀粉Corn starch | 69.00 | 33.40 | |
| 蔗糖Sucrose | 20.00 | 20.00 | |
| 发酵玉米浆Fermented corn steep liquor | 40.00 | ||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 3.00 | 3.00 | |
| 碳酸钾K2CO3 | 0.30 | ||
| 醋酸纤维素Cellulose acetate | 4.00 | ||
| 氧化镁MgO | 0.10 | ||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.60 | 1.60 | |
| 三氧化二铬Cr2O3 | 0.30 | 0.30 | |
| 石粉Limestone | 0.90 | 0.90 | |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | |
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.50 | 0.50 | |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
| 营养水平Nutrient level2) | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 0.24 | 9.94 | |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 5 000 IU,VD3 1 350 IU,VE 13.5 IU,VK3 1.45 mg,VB1 0.7 mg,VB2 2.7 mg,VB6 1.35 mg,VB12 0.009 mg,烟酸胺 nicotinamide 16.0 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 8.0 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.3 mg,生物素 biotin 0.02 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 70.0 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 10.0 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 40.0 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 15.0 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.30 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.20 mg。 2)营养水平为实测值。Nutrient level was a measured value. |
表4 试验3饲粮组成及营养水平(饲喂基础)Table 4 Composition and nutrient levels of diets in experiment 3 (as-fed basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | FCSL4 | FCSL8 | FCSL12 | |
| 原料Ingredients | ||||
| 玉米Corn | 75.72 | 76.63 | 74.25 | 71.23 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 17.05 | 15.65 | 13.54 | 11.50 |
| 发酵玉米浆Fermented corn steep liquor | 4.00 | 8.00 | 12.00 | |
| 麦麸Wheat bran | 4.00 | |||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.20 | 1.33 | 1.10 | 1.05 |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 0.65 | 1.60 | ||
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl | 0.35 | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.50 |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 石粉Limestone | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.88 | 0.90 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.14 |
| L-缬氨酸L-Val | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.15 | |
| L-色氨酸L-Trp | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||||
| 消化能DE/(MJ/kg) | 13.97 | 14.06 | 14.12 | 14.31 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 15.08 | 15.13 | 14.90 | 14.69 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 12.08 | 10.95 | 11.58 | 12.75 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 3.44 | 2.79 | 3.53 | 3.78 |
| 钙Ca | 0.61 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.64 |
| 总磷TP | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.28 |
| 标准回肠可消化赖氨酸SID Lys | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 |
| 标准回肠可消化蛋氨酸SID Met | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.60 |
| 标准回肠可消化苏氨酸SID Thr | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.54 |
| 标准回肠可消化色氨酸SID Trp | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 |
| 标准回肠可消化缬氨酸SID Val | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.57 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 4 000 IU,VD3 1 000 IU,VE 10.0 IU,VK3 1.25 mg,VB1 0.5 mg,VB2 2.1 mg,VB6 1.0 mg,VB12 0.007 mg,烟酸胺 nicotinamide 12.0 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 6.0 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.25 mg,生物素 biotin 0.02 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 50.0 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 10.0 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 40.0 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 10.0 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.25 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.20 mg。 2)消化能根据各项原料的消化能值计算得出,其他为实测值。DE was calculated according to DE value of each ingredient, while the others were measured values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品收集
1.5 检测指标及方法
1.6 计算公式
1.7 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 发酵玉米浆表观消化能、表观代谢能及饲粮营养物质消化率
表5 饲粮营养物质表观消化率Table 5 Apparent digestibility of dietary nutrients % |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 发酵玉米浆饲粮 Fermented corn steep liquor diet | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质CP | 90.14 | 86.03 | 2.06 | <0.01 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 70.80 | 57.27 | 6.77 | 0.01 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 59.75 | 56.36 | 1.70 | 0.06 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 72.08 | 79.31 | 3.62 | 0.01 |
| 钙Ca | 57.15 | 50.37 | 3.39 | 0.11 |
| 总磷TP | 50.35 | 47.35 | 1.50 | 0.66 |
| 总能GE | 91.60 | 85.66 | 2.97 | <0.01 |
2.2 发酵玉米浆氨基酸回肠末端消化率
表6 发酵玉米浆氨基酸回肠末端消化率Table 6 Amino acid digestibility in terminal ileum of fermented corn steep liquor % |
| 项目 Items | 回肠末端表观消化率 Apparent digestibility in terminal ileum | 回肠末端标准消化率 Standard digestibility in terminal ileum |
|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质CP | 71.80 | 71.90 |
| 必需氨基酸Essential amino acids | ||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 66.34 | 66.46 |
| 缬氨酸Val | 81.31 | 81.37 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 76.68 | 76.76 |
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 81.05 | 81.13 |
| 亮氨酸Leu | 81.62 | 81.67 |
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 75.44 | 75.51 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 66.61 | 66.69 |
| 组氨酸His | 76.05 | 76.10 |
| 精氨酸Arg | 77.73 | 77.83 |
| 色氨酸Trp | 85.91 | 85.99 |
| 非必需氨基酸Non-essential amino acids | ||
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 68.10 | 68.19 |
| 丝氨酸Ser | 70.66 | 70.76 |
| 谷氨酸Glu | 79.56 | 79.60 |
| 脯氨酸Pro | 54.54 | 54.89 |
| 甘氨酸Gly | 57.98 | 58.21 |
| 丙氨酸Ala | 81.73 | 81.79 |
| 半胱氨酸Cys | 65.57 | 65.67 |
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 88.98 | 89.00 |
2.3 发酵玉米浆对育肥猪生长性能的影响
表7 发酵玉米浆对育肥猪生长性能的影响Table 7 Effects of fermented corn steep liquor on growth performance of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | FCSL4 | FCSL8 | FCSL12 | |||
| 初重Initial BW/kg | 82.38 | 82.33 | 82.17 | 82.31 | 8.05 | 1.00 |
| 末重Final BW/kg | 116.75 | 116.42 | 115.46 | 115.21 | 6.56 | 0.98 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(kg/d) | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.14 | 0.99 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(kg/d) | 3.20 | 3.07 | 3.11 | 3.09 | 0.11 | 0.63 |
| 料重比F/G | 3.36 | 3.30 | 3.42 | 3.62 | 0.83 | 0.93 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
2.4 发酵玉米浆对育肥猪血清生化指标的影响
表8 发酵玉米浆对育肥猪血清生化指标的影响Table 8 Effects of fermented corn steep liquor on serum biochemical indices of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | FCSL4 | FCSL8 | FCSL12 | |||
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 61.52 | 67.98 | 65.73 | 66.60 | 6.41 | 0.51 |
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 4.72ab | 4.06ab | 4.83a | 3.17b | 1.84 | 0.03 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 209.14 | 185.27 | 200.22 | 208.13 | 26.54 | 0.38 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 146.10 | 133.29 | 139.90 | 131.79 | 15.34 | 0.22 |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/L) | 0.34A | 0.31A | 0.28AB | 0.19B | 0.15 | <0.01 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 2.22 | 2.73 | 2.29 | 2.52 | 0.55 | 0.43 |
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(g/L) | 1.00a | 1.24ab | 1.49ab | 1.78b | 0.79 | 0.04 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(g/L) | 8.10 | 8.17 | 7.17 | 7.79 | 1.10 | 0.10 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(g/L) | 1.00a | 1.02ab | 1.17abc | 1.62c | 0.70 | 0.02 |
