Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 12: 7691 - 7701

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.699

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dryopteris crassirhizoma Fermented with Bacteria and Enzymes on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indexes and Antioxidant Capacity of Weaned Piglets

  • MA Xudong , 1 ,
  • LIU Xianjun , 1, * ,
  • CHEN Jing 1 ,
  • JIA Peng 2 ,
  • SUI Fengtong 2 ,
  • LI Haidong 2
Expand
  • 1 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
  • 2 Gansu Qicaoyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dingxi 743000, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-06-16

  Online published: 2023-12-11

Fold

Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of Dryopteris crassirhizoma fermented with bacteria and enzymes on growth performance, serum biochemical indexes and antioxidant capacity of weaned piglets. A single factor randomized design was adopted, and one hundred and sixty (28±2)-day-old weaned piglets with similar body weight were randomly divided into 5 groups with 4 replicates per group and 8 piglets per replicate. Piglets in the control group were fed a basal diet, piglets in the original powder group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.6% Dryopteris crassirhizoma original powder, and others in bacteria and enzymes synergy groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% Dryopteris crassirhizoma fermented with bacteria and enzymes, respectively. The experimental period was 28 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the average daily gain of 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% bacteria and enzymes synergy groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), the average daily feed intake of 0.6% bacteria and enzymes synergy group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the feed to gain ratio of 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% bacteria and enzymes synergy groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the contents of immunoglobulin A, complement 3, complement 4 and lysozyme in serum of 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% bacteria and enzymes synergy groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the contents of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 in serum were significantly decreased (P<0.05); the serum immunoglobulin G content of 0.6% and 0.9% bacteria and enzymes synergy groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the serum alkaline phosphatase activity and albumin content of 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% bacteria and enzymes synergy groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity and urea nitrogen content of 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% bacteria and enzymes synergy groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the serum creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase activities and glucose content of 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% bacteria and enzymes synergy groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, the serum total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase activity and reduced glutathione content of 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% bacteria and enzymes synergy groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum malondialdehyde content of 0.6% and 0.9% bacteria and enzymes synergy groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of 0.6% Dryopteris crassirhizoma fermented with bacteria and enzymes in the diet can improve the growth performance, and enhance the antioxidant capacity and immune function of weaned piglets.

Key words： Dryopteris crassirhizoma; fermented with bacteria and enzymes; weaned piglets; growth performance; serum biochemical; antioxidant capacity

Cite this article

MA Xudong , LIU Xianjun , CHEN Jing , JIA Peng , SUI Fengtong , LI Haidong . Effects of Dryopteris crassirhizoma Fermented with Bacteria and Enzymes on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indexes and Antioxidant Capacity of Weaned Piglets[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(12) : 7691 -7701 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.699

早期的断奶仔猪自身免疫力低下、消化系统不健全,加之所处的环境及身体所摄入的营养物质等发生巨大变化,容易使仔猪产生断奶应激反应,从而影响仔猪生长性能的提升。2020年随着我国在饲料中全面禁止添加抗生素,寻求有效代替抗生素的饲料添加剂成为研究的热点。我国中草药历史悠久,中草药具有治疗疾病的作用,且毒副作用小、安全有效[1],是代替抗生素的主力军。有研究发现,绵马贯众多酚可以通过超声辅助工艺来提取[2],但提取条件严苛,而且不适合规模化提取。规模化发酵中草药一般采用的是益生菌发酵、酶解、菌酶协同等方法,通过破坏中草药细胞壁将其有效成分释放出来,提高其利用率,不仅操作流程简便,又能节约成本。菌酶协同发酵是利用益生菌发酵和酶解处理相结合的方式[3],是对中草药深度发酵的一种技术,可以更高效地释放其活性成分。
绵马贯众是鳞毛蕨科鳞毛蕨属植物,在我国主要产自东北、华北地区。现代药理学研究表明,绵马贯众具有抗疟[4]、抗病毒[5]、抗氧化[6]等多种药理活性。目前绵马贯众经过菌酶协同发酵后在仔猪上的应用还未见报道。因此,本试验以断奶仔猪为试验对象,以菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众为饲料添加剂,研究其对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标和抗氧化能力的影响,为绵马贯众在养猪生产中应用提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

1.1.1 绵马贯众来源及菌酶协同发酵处理

绵马贯众由六安市某生物科技有限公司提供。菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众在沈阳农业大学动物科学与动物医学学院实验室制备。协同发酵所用菌(植物乳酸杆菌,活菌数1×1010 CFU/g;酵母菌,活菌数1×109 CFU/g;枯草芽孢杆菌,活菌数1×1011 CFU/g)和酶(木聚糖酶,活性1×104 U/g;果胶酶,活性1×104 U/g;纤维素酶,活性1×104 U/g)均由甘肃某生物科技有限公司公司提供,且符合《饲料添加剂品种目录(2013)》规定。绵马贯众菌酶协同发酵处理方法:将混菌和混酶依次添加到绵马贯众原粉中,之后加入蒸馏水与其充分混匀,3种菌接种量均为1×107 CFU/g,3种酶添加量均为0.7%,蒸馏水添加量为45%。接着放入带单向呼吸阀的呼吸袋中,37 ℃厌氧发酵7 d,最后低温干燥至风干态备用。绵马贯众发酵前后营养成分含量见表1。
表1 绵马贯众发酵前后营养成分含量(风干基础)

Table 1 Nutrient contents of Dryopteris crassirhizoma before and after fermentation (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 发酵前Before fermentation 发酵后After fermentation
干物质DM 43.5±1.7 40.3±0.9
粗蛋白质CP 8.8±0.5 9.2±0.3
粗纤维CF 13.4±0.7 15.1±0.3
粗灰分Ash 11.6±0.6 11.9±0.4
粗脂肪EE 1.6±0.1 1.5±0.1

营养成分含量均为实测值,为3次测定的平均值。

Nutrient contents were all measured values, and were the average of three measurements.

1.1.2 基础饲粮

基础饲粮按照NRC(2012)标准配制,营养水平满足断奶仔猪需要,基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表2。
表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 11.07
小麦次粉Wheat middling 1.96
面粉Flour 12.25
米糠粕Rice bran meal 2.94
膨化玉米Extruded corn 26.95
饼干粉Cookie powder 14.7
豆粕Soybean meal 7.53
膨化大豆Extruded soybean 7.84
发酵豆粕Fermented soybean meal 2.94
鱼粉Fish meal 2.45
白糖White sugar 1.96
花生壳颗粒粉Peanut shell particle powder 2
石粉Limestone 0.98
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.29
磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO4)2 0.29
氯化钠NaCl 0.29
赖氨酸Lys (98.5%) 0.6
蛋氨酸Met 0.1
苏氨酸Thr 0.17
一水柠檬酸C6H8O7·H2O 0.98
预混料Premix1) 1.71
合计Total 100
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
水分Moisture 10.74
消化能DE/(MJ/kg) 14.02
粗蛋白质CP 17.23
粗脂肪EE 5.35
粗纤维CF 2.86
粗灰分Ash 4.59
钙Ca 0.76
总磷TP 0.55
有效磷AP 0.28
可消化赖氨酸DLys 1.33
可消化蛋氨酸DMet 0.83
含硫氨基酸SAA 0.76
可消化苏氨酸DThr 0.96
可消化色氨酸DTry 0.39

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 8 000 IU,VC 500 mg,VD3 3 000 IU,VE 60 mg,VK 35 mg,VB1 15 mg,VB2 30 mg,VB6 15 mg,VB12 0.5 mg,胆碱 choline 500 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 175 mg,D-生物素 D-biotin 2.5 mg,叶酸 folic acid 5 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 50 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 120 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 35 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 55 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 30 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.6 mg。

2)水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分为实测值,其余为计算值。Moisture, CP, EE, CF and Ash were measured values, while the others were calculated values.

1.2 试验设计

本试验采用单因素随机化设计,挑选体重相近的(28±2)日龄的断奶仔猪160头,随机分为5个组,每组4个重复,每个重复8头仔猪(公母各占1/2)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,原粉组在基础饲粮中添加0.6%绵马贯众原粉,菌酶协同组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.3%、0.6%、0.9%的菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众。试验期为28 d。

1.3 饲养管理

饲养试验地点在辽宁省新民市兴隆堡镇东营子村博睿猪场,饲养管理严格遵循饲养场的规范程序。猪舍在仔猪进入之前彻底清扫干净,并且进行全面的消毒杀菌工作,确保猪舍没有任何污染物质,试验全程由专人在现场进行饲养。同时,猪舍采光度和通风度均保持良好状态,温度和湿度都相对适宜,保证仔猪在无外界因素干扰下可以正常生长发育。试验期间,仔猪自由采食、自由饮水。

1.4 指标测定

1.4.1 饲粮营养水平

饲粮干物质含量采用烘干法(GB/T 36860—2018)测定,粗蛋白质含量采用凯氏定氮法(GB/T 6432—2018)测定,粗纤维含量采用酸碱法(GB/T 6434—2022)测定,粗灰分含量采用550 ℃马弗炉高温灼烧法(GB/T 6438—2007)测定,粗脂肪含量采用索氏抽提法(GB/T 6433—2006)测定。

1.4.2 生长性能

在试验的第1、28天对空腹断奶仔猪称重,并计算平均日增重;每7天记录1次采食量,并计算平均日采食量;根据平均日采食量和平均日增重计算料重比。

1.4.3 血清生化和抗氧化指标

试验结束后每个重复选择2头空腹断奶仔猪进行前腔静脉采血,分离血清。
血清免疫指标:测定免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、补体3(C3)、补体4(C4)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、溶菌酶(LZM)含量。
血清蛋白质代谢指标:测定白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)、尿素氮(UN)含量及碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性。
血清应激指标:测定肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性及葡萄糖(GLU)含量。
血清抗氧化指标:测定丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)。
以上指标均采用间接酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)方法测定,试剂盒由沈阳今惠科技公司提供。

1.5 数据处理

试验数据经Excel 2010整理后,采用SPSS 26.0软件中单因素方差分析法进行统计分析,如差异显著则用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。P<0.05表示差异显著,数据结果用“平均值±标准差”表示。

2 结果

2.1 菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,原粉组末重和料重比显著降低(P<0.05),平均日增重和平均日采食量无显著差异(P>0.05);0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组平均日增重显著提高(P<0.05),0.6%菌酶协同组平均日采食量显著降低(P<0.05),0.3%、0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组料重比显著降低(P<0.05)。与原粉组相比,0.3%、0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组末重显著提高(P<0.05),0.6%菌酶协同组平均日增重显著提高(P<0.05),0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组料重比显著降低(P<0.05)。
表3 菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of Dryopteris crassirhizoma fermented with bacteria and enzymes on growth performance of weaned piglets

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 原粉组
Original
powder group		 0.3%菌酶协同组
0.3% bacteria
and enzymes
synergy group		 0.6%菌酶协同组
0.6% bacteria
and enzymes
synergy group		 0.9%菌酶协同组
0.9% bacteria
and enzymes
synergy group
初重IBW/kg 6.43±0.53 6.78±0.48 6.48±0.51 6.35±0.39 6.33±0.65
末重FBW/kg 20.10±0.76a 18.85±0.54b 19.77±0.48a 20.31±0.51a 20.55±0.45a
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 388.42±27.55c 406.16±26.91bc 428.26±22.99abc 441.37±28.23a 431.77±20.44ab
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 844.51±71.12a 788.49±69.98ab 777.99±48.85ab 745.76±41.10b 785.78±33.52ab
料重比F/G 2.18±0.12a 1.94±0.07b 1.86±0.04bc 1.65±0.03d 1.81±0.10c

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众对断奶仔猪血清免疫指标的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,原粉组血清C4含量显著提高(P<0.05),其他血清免疫指标无显著差异(P>0.05);0.3%、0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组血清IgA、C3、C4和LZM含量显著提高(P<0.05),血清IL-1、IL-6含量显著降低(P<0.05);0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组血清IgG含量显著提高(P<0.05)。与原粉组相比,0.3%、0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组血清IgA、C3、C4和LZM含量显著提高(P<0.05),血清IL-1、IL-6含量显著降低(P<0.05);0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组血清IgG含量显著提高(P<0.05)。
表4 菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众对断奶仔猪血清免疫指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of Dryopteris crassirhizoma fermented with bacteria and enzymes on serum immune indexes of weaned piglets

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 原粉组
Original
powder group		 0.3%菌酶协同组
0.3% bacteria
and enzymes
synergy group		 0.6%菌酶协同组
0.6% bacteria
and enzymes
synergy group		 0.9%菌酶协同组
0.9% bacteria
and enzymes
synergy group
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) 32.71±1.56d 32.88±1.73d 34.52±1.86c 38.56±1.68a 37.72±1.57b
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) 25.86±1.36 25.63±3.51 22.58±3.11 25.65±1.56 24.75±1.83
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mL) 168.31±7.84b 178.63±6.13b 189.32±10.56b 258.31±9.19a 243.31±14.98a
补体3 C3/(mg/L) 29.25±1.21c 29.52±1.27c 31.28±1.35b 34.74±1.32a 31.52±1.18ab
补体4 C4/(mg/L) 25.62±1.62d 25.75±1.64c 26.94±1.58b 27.04±1.43a 26.90±1.68b
白细胞介素-1 IL-1/(pg/mL) 261.57±16.34a 258.67±19.28a 241.38±18.72b 187.87±14.37c 243.76±17.68b
白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL) 47.16±2.54a 43.34±2.63a 35.11±2.48b 25.29±1.04c 37.34±1.22b
肿瘤坏死因子-α
TNF-α/(pg/mL)		 238.73±18.45 238.37±17.85 237.75±18.85 237.16±16.71 236.99±18.68
溶菌酶LZM/(μg/mL) 11.48±1.03c 11.65±1.12c 12.15±1.06b 13.01±1.17a 12.12±0.98b

2.3 菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众对断奶仔猪血清蛋白质代谢指标的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,原粉组血清蛋白质代谢指标无显著差异(P>0.05);0.3%、0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组血清AKP活性和ALB含量显著提高(P<0.05),0.3%、0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组血清AST活性和UN含量显著降低(P<0.05)。与原粉组相比,0.3%、0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组血清AKP活性和ALB含量显著提高(P<0.05),0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组血清AST活性显著降低(P<0.05),0.3%、0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组血清AST活性和UN含量显著降低(P<0.05)。
表5 菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众对断奶仔猪血清蛋白质代谢指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of Dryopteris crassirhizoma fermented with bacteria and enzymes on serum protein metabolism indexes of weaned piglets

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 原粉组
Original
powder group		 0.3%菌酶协同组
0.3% bacteria
and enzymes
synergy group		 0.6%菌酶协同组
0.6% bacteria
and enzymes
synergy group		 0.9%菌酶协同组
0.9% bacteria
and enzymes
synergy group
碱性磷酸酶AKP/(金氏单位/dL) 27.81±1.65b 28.28±1.74b 29.89±1.62a 29.77±1.73a 29.75±1.89a
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/mL) 121.60±10.41a 117.35±10.78ab 96.79±7.31b 95.39±7.82c 97.45±7.91c
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 30.77±1.35b 31.15±1.62b 41.38±2.39a 37.15±2.43a 36.69±2.59a
总蛋白TP/(mg/mL) 4.64±0.35 4.65±0.29 4.67±0.34 4.63±0.37 4.63±0.41
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 4.21±0.52a 4.21±0.63a 3.24±0.48c 3.14±0.62d 3.37±0.58b

2.4 菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众对断奶仔猪血清应激指标的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,原粉组血清CK活性显著降低(P<0.05),血清LDH活性和GLU含量无显著差异(P>0.05);0.3%、0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组血清CK、LDH活性和GLU含量显著降低(P<0.05)。与原粉组相比,0.3%、0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组血清CK活性显著提高(P<0.05),0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组血清LDH活性显著降低(P<0.05),0.3%、0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组血清GLU含量显著降低(P<0.05)。
表6 菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众对断奶仔猪血清应激指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of Dryopteris crassirhizoma fermented with bacteria and enzymes on serum stress indexes of weaned piglets

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 原粉组
Original
powder group		 0.3%菌酶协同组
0.3% bacteria
and enzymes
synergy group		 0.6%菌酶协同组
0.6% bacteria
and enzymes
synergy group		 0.9%菌酶协同组
0.9% bacteria
and enzymes
synergy group
肌酸激酶CK/(U/mL) 2.97±0.16a 2.15±0.12c 2.65±0.12b 2.63±0.15b 2.58±0.13b
乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(U/L) 3 616.06±138.79a 3 515.15±136.72ab 3 363.14±135.49b 2 757.57±90.61c 2 727.27±95.49c
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 3.09±0.18a 3.27±0.14a 1.93±0.11b 1.93±0.16b 1.99±0.13b

2.5 菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众对断奶仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表7可知,与对照组相比,原粉组血清T-AOC和SOD活性显著提高(P<0.05),血清GSH和MDA含量无显著差异(P>0.05);0.3%、0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组血清T-AOC、SOD活性和GSH含量显著提高(P<0.05),0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组血清MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05)。与原粉组相比,0.3%、0.6%和0.9%菌酶协同组血清T-AOC、SOD活性和GSH含量显著提高(P<0.05),0.6%菌酶协同组血清MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05)。
表7 菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众对断奶仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of Dryopteris crassirhizoma fermented with bacteria and enzymes on serum antioxidant indexes of weaned piglets

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 原粉组
Original
powder group		 0.3%菌酶协同组
0.3% bacteria
and enzymes
synergy group		 0.6%菌酶协同组
0.6% bacteria
and enzymes
synergy group		 0.9%菌酶协同组
0.9% bacteria
and enzymes
synergy group
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(U/mL)		 21.77±1.22d 22.74±1.31c 25.16±1.21b 29.22±1.17a 24.98±1.28b
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mL)		 66.19±4.73d 74.81±5.99c 86.27±6.84b 97.34±6.79a 88.91±5.91b
还原型谷胱甘肽
GSH/(μg/mL)		 5.45±0.23c 5.85±0.24c 6.38±0.26b 9.31±0.26a 8.94±0.24a
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 16.24±0.55a 15.65±0.51ab 14.18±0.37ab 10.71±0.53c 14.49±0.54b

3 讨论

3.1 菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

绵马贯众是鳞毛蕨科鳞毛蕨属植物,广泛分布于我国东北地区[7]。绵马贯众含有多酚、多糖、皂苷、氨基酸等多种活性物质,具有清热解毒、止血杀虫等功效[8]。通过微生物发酵处理后,可以有效去除植物细胞壁的阻碍作用[9],有助于中草药中有效成分的释放。研究表明,微生物可以降解转化发酵中草药释放的生物碱类、内酯类、重金属等毒性成分,可降低或消除毒性[10]。中草药经发酵后,其释放的单宁、皂苷、类黄酮等有效成分可以抑制动物肠道甲烷生成,减少温室气体排放[11]。菌酶协同处理绵马贯众后,大量释放酚类、多糖、氨基酸等活性物质,这些产物通过提高仔猪对营养物质的消化率和利用率,进而提高仔猪的生长性能。刘庆雨等[12]用菌酶协同发酵饲料饲喂仔猪可以显著降低仔猪腹泻率,显著提高平均日增重。米成军[13]将发酵中草药添加至仔猪饲粮中,结果表明,发酵中草药有提升仔猪血清免疫指标的作用。武洪志等[14]添加发酵中草药至断奶仔猪饲粮中,与对照组相比较,发酵中草药能提高断奶仔猪的生长性能。Chen等[15]在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加菌酶协同发酵中草药,结果表明,与对照组相比较,菌酶协同发酵中草药不仅能提升断奶仔猪的生长性能,还能改变肠道微生物多样性。本试验中,与对照组和原粉组相比,添加菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众可提高平均日增重,降低料重比和平均日采食量,这说明菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众有改善仔猪生长性能的能力,原因可能是菌酶协同发酵将绵马贯众中的多酚、多糖等有效成分释放出来,提高了机体对养分的表观消化率,进而促进了仔猪生长。

3.2 菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众对断奶仔猪血清生化指标的影响

3.2.1 菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众对断奶仔猪血清免疫指标的影响

菌酶协同发酵中草药后,其有效成分可以使体内不易被机体吸收的大分子物质转变为易吸收的小分子物质。小分子肽进入机体后通过刺激机体分泌特异性酶,从而引起免疫应答,使动物血清中的免疫球蛋白含量维持在较高水平,从而增强机体的免疫水平[16]。免疫球蛋白能够保护动物机体免疫系统健康,提高机体免疫能力,机体过度缺失免疫球蛋白可能会增加患有感染、肿瘤和自身免疫性疾病的风险。仔猪免疫能力的高低可通过其体内血清中免疫球蛋白含量反映,免疫球蛋白可以防止仔猪免受外界病原体感染,在预防仔猪肠道疾病方面发挥重要作用[17]。补体作为血清蛋白的一种指标,在动物血清及组织液中广泛分布,在动物体内扮演着重要角色,在机体细胞和体液免疫细胞的修复中发挥重要作用,还能起到抗炎、抗菌等作用。白细胞介素可以通过与细胞因子相互作用来共同完成造血,此外,白细胞介素可以在白细胞之间传递信息,激活免疫细胞,调节机体的免疫功能。LZM可以破坏细菌的细胞壁,导致细菌溶解和死亡,发挥抗炎和杀菌作用。刘宗正等[18]研究发现,饲粮中添加菌酶协同制剂能够显著提高仔猪血清IgM含量。方静等[19]研究表明,饲粮中添加发酵小麦麸能够显著提高断奶仔猪血清IgG含量。蓝海恩等[20]研究表明,饲粮中添加益生菌发酵饲料能够显著提高断奶仔猪血清C3、C4、白细胞介素-2和白细胞介素-4含量。邹志恒等[21]研究表明,将中草药菌酶协同发酵处理后添加至断奶仔猪饲粮中,可以提升血清TP、ALB和球蛋白含量,增强机体免疫功能。Lin等[22]也研究发现,中草药饲料添加可以改善猪的血清生化指标和免疫功能。在本试验中,饲粮中添加菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众可以不同程度地提高仔猪血清IgA、IgG、C3、C4和LZM含量,显著降低血清IL-1和IL-6含量,原因可能是菌酶发酵破坏了绵马贯众细胞壁,将氨基酸、酮类等有效成分释放出来,这些活性成分改善了仔猪器官功能,增强了仔猪机体免疫功能。

3.2.2 菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众对断奶仔猪血清蛋白质代谢指标的影响

血清蛋白质代谢指标能反映动物机体新陈代谢和器官健康的状况,而机体免疫功能的强弱可通过TP和ALB含量反映,UN含量可判断饲粮中氨基酸均衡状况,球蛋白在一定程度上可反映机体抗体水平[23],AKP、AST是血清转氨酶中重要的转氨酶。姜玫宏等[24]在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加菌酶协同发酵中草药,结果表明,与对照组相比,菌酶协同发酵中草药组仔猪血清ALB含量显著提高。解军亮等[25]研究表明,发酵中草药可以显著提高断奶仔猪血清谷丙转氨酶活性及TP、球蛋白含量,还可以显著降低使血清UN、TNF-α含量。易延彬[26]研究发现,饲粮中添加不同水平的中草药能显著降仔断奶仔猪血清AST活性和UN含量。陈强等[27]研究发现,饲粮中添加复方中草药有增加断奶仔猪血清AKP活性趋势,并显著降低血清UN含量。本试验中,与对照组和原粉组相比较,菌酶协同发酵组血清AKP活性和ALB含量显著提高,UN含量显著下降,原因可能是菌酶协同发酵后,绵马贯众的多糖、多酚、贯众素等有效成分释放出来,有助于血红蛋白浓度的增加,增强新陈代谢及免疫功能[28]。

3.2.3 菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众对断奶仔猪血清应激指标的影响

早期断奶会产生一系列的应激反应,仔猪本身的消化系统不完善,缺乏对各种疾病的抵抗能力,而断奶后仔猪肠道微生物群系失衡,再加上断奶后换料应激,使得仔猪抵抗力下降,容易造成仔猪腹泻。发酵中草药中的益生菌能使仔猪受到外界刺激后,降低合成代谢能力,而分解代谢能力提升,从而增强了仔猪机体内巨噬细胞的吞噬活性,增强免疫器官的发育,提升了仔猪机体的抗体水平,进而增强仔猪抗应激能力[12]。陈静等[17]将白头翁型中草药添加至断奶仔猪饲粮中,结果表明血清中CK和LDH活性有降低趋势。张莹莹等[29]研究表明,饲粮中添加复方中草药制剂能够显著降低断奶仔猪血清CK活性及GLU含量。本试验中,与对照组相比,菌酶协同组血清CK、LDH活性及GLU含量均显著降低,原因可能是绵马贯众通过菌酶协同发酵后,酮类、多酚、氨基酸等有效成分释放出来,能够抑制心肌中CK的释放,从而提高了仔猪抗应激能力。

3.3 菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众对断奶仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响

物机体的健康状况可以通过抗氧化能力反映,断奶应激使仔猪机体自由基代谢失常,抗自由基系统损伤过度,诱发疾病。动物机体在新陈代谢过程中,自由基一边在合成,一边在分解,两者间保持着一种平衡状态[30],从而保证仔猪机体处于健康状态。姜玫宏等[24]研究表明,饲粮中添加菌酶协同发酵草药能显著提高断奶仔猪血清T-AOC和SOD活性。安琦等[31]把用植物乳酸杆菌发酵的安黄芩药渣添加至仔断奶猪饲粮中,结果表明断奶仔猪抗氧化能力增强。鲍菊等[32]研究表明,饲粮中添加发酵中草药能显著提高断奶仔猪抗氧化能力。Li等[33]研究表明,饲粮中添加发酵中草药不仅能显著提高断奶仔猪生长性能,还能提高断奶仔猪抗氧化能力。本试验结果表明,与对照组和原粉组相比,菌酶协同组血清T-AOC、SOD活性和GSH含量显著提高,MDA含量降低。原因可能是绵马贯众经过菌酶协同发酵后,将多糖、皂苷、多酚等有效成分释放出来,有效地清除了1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基[34]和羟自由基[35],从而有效提高了仔猪的抗氧化能力[36]。

4 结论

饲粮中添加0.6%的菌酶协同发酵绵马贯众能提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,增强抗氧化能力和免疫功能。

References

Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within
[1]
KIM Y J, YOU Y H, JUN W J. Hepatoprotective activity of fermented Curcuma longa L.on galactosamine-intoxicated rats[J]. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 2012, 41(6):790-795.

DOI

[2]
侯敏娜, 侯少平, 何璐, 等. 响应面法优化绵马贯众多酚超声辅助提取工艺及其抗氧化活性研究[J]. 化学与生物工程, 2022, 39(9):28-34.

HOU M N, HOU S P, HE L, et al. Optimization in ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of polyphenols from Dryopteris crassirhizoma by response surface methodology and its antioxidant activity[J]. Chemistry & Bioengineering, 2022, 39(9):28-34. (in Chinese)

[3]
林标声, 何玉琴, 谢璐娜, 等. 菌酶协同发酵饲料对肉鸡肌肉风味物质含量、肠道转录组及菌群组成的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2022, 34(11):7049-7062.

DOI

LIN B S, HE Y Q, XIE L N, et al. Effects of fermented feed by bacteria coupled fermentation with enzymes on meat flavor contents,intestinal transcriptome and flora composition of broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2022, 34(11):7049-7062. (in Chinese)

[4]
高增平, 陆蕴如, 李国福. 绵马贯众抗疟活性筛选[J]. 北京中医药大学学报, 2002, 25(4):45-46.

GAO Z P, LU Y R, LI G F. Screening of the antimalarial parts of the extract of Guanzhong (the rhizome of Dryopteris crassirhizoma)[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2002, 25(4):45-46. (in Chinese)

[5]
王娟. 绵马贯众中间苯三酚类化合物抗H5N1流感病毒活性筛选及代谢研究[D]. 博士学位论文. 北京: 北京中医药大学, 2017.

WANG J. The screening on phloroglucinols of anti-influenza H5N1 virus from Dryopteris crassirhizoma and the metabolic study[D]. Ph.D.Thesis. Beijing: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 2017. (in Chinese)

[6]
BEI Q, WU Z Q, CHEN G. Dynamic changes in the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of oats during simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation[J]. Food Chemistry, 2020, 305:125269.

DOI

[7]
李欢欢. 绵马贯众对冷鲜肉保鲜活性研究[D]. 硕士学位论文. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2018.

LI H H. Study on the preservation activity of Dryopteris crassirhizoma on chilled fresh meat[D]. Master’s Thesis. Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2018. (in Chinese)

[8]
张昊, 马骥, 朱贞贞, 等. 超声波法提取贯众总黄酮及其不同极性部位的抗氧化作用[J]. 光谱实验室, 2012, 29(5):2668-2672.

ZHANG H, MA J, ZHU Z Z, et al. Ultrasonic extraction of total flavonoids from Cyrtomium fortunei and its antioxidant activities of different polarity[J]. Chinese Journal of Spectroscopy Laboratory, 2012, 29(5):2668-2672. (in Chinese)

[9]
LI L, WANG L, FAN W X, et al. The application of fermentation technology in traditional Chinese medicine:a review[J]. American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 2020, 48(4):899-921.

DOI

[10]
潘扬, 张弦, 刘亮镜, 等. 马钱子发酵品中生物碱化学成分研究[J]. 中草药, 2012, 43(3):452-457.

PAN Y, ZHANG X, LIU L J, et al. Alkaloids from fermentation product in Strychni semen[J]. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 2012, 43(3):452-457. (in Chinese)

[11]
PATRA A K, SAXENA J. A new perspective on the use of plant secondary metabolites to inhibit methanogenesis in the rumen[J]. Phytochemistry, 2010, 71(11/12):1198-1222.

DOI

[12]
刘庆雨, 李娜, 于永生, 等. 复合微生态制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能和血清免疫指标的影响[J]. 养猪, 2018(6):11-13.

LIU Q Y, LI N, YU Y S, et al. Effect of probiotics on growth performance and immune indexes of weaned piglets[J]. Swine Production, 2018(6):11-13. (in Chinese)

[13]
米成军. 发酵中草药对仔猪生长性能、腹泻率和血清免疫指标的影响[J]. 湖南畜牧兽医, 2022(5):41-43.

MI C J. Effects of fermented Chinese herbal medicines on growth performance,diarrhea rate and serum immunity indexes of piglets[J]. Hunan Journal of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, 2022(5):41-43. (in Chinese)

[14]
武洪志, 宋玉卓, 王志龙, 等. 发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫和生化指标的影响[J]. 东北农业大学学报, 2017, 48(8):15-24.

WU H Z, SONG Y Z, WANG Z L, et al. Effect of fermented compound Chinese herbal medicine on growth performance,immune and biochemical indices of weaned piglets[J]. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University, 2017, 48(8):15-24. (in Chinese)

[15]
CHEN G, LI Z Q, LIU S L, et al. Fermented Chinese herbal medicine promoted growth performance,intestinal health,and regulated bacterial microbiota of weaned piglets[J]. Animals, 2023, 13(3):476.

DOI

[16]
KUMAR N, ARTHUR C P, CIFERRI C, et al. Structure of the human secretory immunoglobulin M core[J]. Structure, 2021, 29(6):564-571.

DOI PMID

[17]
陈静, 朴钟云, 刘显军, 等. 白头翁型中草药添加剂对早期断奶仔猪血清生化指标的影响[J]. 中国兽医杂志, 2011, 47(3):50-52.

CHEN J, PIAO Z Y, LIU X J, et al. Effects of Chinese herbal on the serum bio-chemical traits[J]. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2011, 47(3):50-52. (in Chinese)

[18]
刘宗正, 邹明, 檀学进, 等. 菌酶协同对里岔黑猪断奶仔猪生长性能、血清免疫指标和肠道菌群的影响[J]. 畜牧与饲料科学, 2022, 43(6):30-35.

LIU Z Z, ZOU M, TAN X J, et al. Synergistic effects of feeding bacteria and enzymes on growth performance,serum immune indexes and intestinal microflora of weaned piglets of Licha black pig[J]. Animal Husbandry and Feed Science, 2022, 43(6):30-35. (in Chinese)

[19]
方静, 石宝明, 何威, 等. 发酵小麦麸对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率、免疫功能及粪便菌群的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2022, 34(1):150-158.

DOI

FANG J, SHI B M, HE W, et al. Effects of fermented wheat bran on growth performance,nutrient apparent digestibility,immune function and fecal microbiota of weaned piglets[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2022, 34(1):150-158. (in Chinese)

[20]
蓝海恩, 麦伟虹, 黄焕昌, 等. 复合益生菌发酵饲料对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道微生物菌群、血清生化指标和免疫指标的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2020(15):120-124.

LAN H E, MAI W H, HUANG H C, et al. Effects of compound probiotic fermented feed on growth performance,intestinal microflora,serum biochemical index and immune index of weaned piglets[J]. China Feed, 2020(15):120-124. (in Chinese)

[21]
邹志恒, 季华员, 陈小连, 等. 复方中草药发酵制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫功能和血清生化指标的影响[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2019, 46(4):1038-1044.

DOI

ZOU Z H, JI H Y, CHEN X L, et al. Effects of fermentation preparation of compound Chinese herbal medicine on growth performance,immune function and serum biochemical indexes in weaned piglets[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2019, 46(4):1038-1044. (in Chinese)

[22]
LIN Z N, YE L, LI Z W, et al. Chinese herb feed additives improved the growth performance,meat quality,and nutrient digestibility parameters of pigs[J]. Animal Models and experimental Medicine, 2020, 3(1):47-54.

DOI

[23]
CHEN G, LI Z, LIU S, et al. Fermented Chinese herbal medicine promoted growth performance, intestinal health, and regulated bacterial microbiota of weaned piglets[J]. Animals (Basel), 2023, 13(3):476.

[24]
姜玫宏, 葛金山, 程金龙, 等. 菌酶协同异步发酵中草药对断奶仔猪生长、腹泻、免疫和抗氧化性能的影响[J]. 江苏农业学报, 2023, 39(1):126-133.

JIANG M H, GE J S, CHENG J L, et al. Effects of bacteria-enzymes synergistic asynchronous fermentation of Chinese herbal medicine on growth,diarrhea,immunity and antioxidant of weaned piglets[J]. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 39(1):126-133. (in Chinese)

[25]
解军亮, 张敏, 尚迎辉. 发酵中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清免疫、生化指标的影响[J]. 饲料研究, 2022, 45(17):30-33.

XIE J L, ZHANG M, SHANG Y H. Effect of fermented Chinese herbal medicine on growth performance,serum immunity and biochemical indexes of weaned piglets[J]. Feed Research, 2022, 45(17):30-33. (in Chinese)

[26]
易延彬. 中草药添加剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标及免疫指标的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2020(19):49-52.

YI Y B. Effects of traditional Chinese medicine additives on growth performance,serum biochemical indexes and immune indexes of weaned piglets[J]. China Feed, 2020(19):49-52. (in Chinese)

[27]
陈强, 梁军生. 复方中草药添加剂对断奶仔猪血清生化指标及免疫功能的影响[J]. 饲料研究, 2014(3):42-44.

CHEN Q, LIANG J S. Effects of compound Chinese herbal additives on serum biochemical indexes and immune function of weaned piglets[J]. Feed Research, 2014(3):42-44. (in Chinese)

[28]
陈小连, 宋琼莉, 宋文静, 等. 杨树来源多酚和低聚木糖对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫与抗氧化功能、血常规和血清生化指标的影响[J]. 江西农业大学学报, 2020, 42(5):932-940.

CHEN X L, SONG Q L, SONG W J, et al. Effects of polyphenols and xylooligosaccharides from poplar on growth performance,immune function,antioxidant ability,blood routine and serum biochemical indexes of weaned piglets[J]. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, 2020, 42(5):932-940. (in Chinese)

[29]
张莹莹, 刘晓辉, 贾彬彬, 等. 复方中草药制剂对早期断奶仔猪蛋白质合成能力及抗应激能力的影响[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2014, 41(9):121-125.

ZHANG Y Y, LIU X H, JIA B B, et al. Effect of Chinese herbal feed formula supplementation on protein synthesis and anti-stress ability of early weaned piglets[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2014, 41(9):121-125. (in Chinese)

[30]
万金娟, 刘波, 戈贤平, 等. 日粮中不同水平维生素C对团头鲂幼鱼免疫力的影响[J]. 水生生物学报, 2014, 38(1):10-18.

WAN J J, LIU B, GE X P, et al. Effects of dietary vitamin C on the non-specific immunity,three HSPs mRNA expression and disease resistance of juvenile bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2014, 38(1):10-18. (in Chinese)

[31]
安琦, 曹亚彬, 牛彦波, 等. 发酵黄芩药渣对仔猪生长性能、氧化应激及免疫功能的影响[J]. 饲料工业, 2021, 42(16):17-21.

AN Q, CAO Y B, NIU Y B, et al. Effects of fermented Scutellaria baicalensis residues on growth performance,oxidative stress and immune function of weaned piglets[J]. Feed Industry, 2021, 42(16):17-21. (in Chinese)

[32]
鲍菊, 张恬, 郭杨, 等. 发酵中草药对断奶仔猪血清、免疫指标的影响[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2022, 58(8):280-285.

BAO J, ZHANG T, GUO Y, et al. Effects of fermented Chinese herbal medicines on serum and immune indexes of weaned piglets[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2022, 58(8):280-285. (in Chinese)

[33]
LI Y, SUN T H, HONG Y X, et al. Mixture of five fermented herbs (Zhihuasi Tk) alters the intestinal microbiota and promotes the growth performance in piglets[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2021, 12:725196.

DOI

[34]
侯敏娜, 侯少平, 何璐, 等. 响应面法优化绵马贯众多酚超声辅助提取工艺及其抗氧化活性研究[J]. 化学与生物工程, 2022, 39(9):28-34.

HOU M N, HOU S P HE L, et al. Optinization in ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of polyphenols from Dryopteris crassirhizoma by response surface methodology and its antioxidant activity[J]. Chemistry & Bioengineering, 2022, 39(9):28-34. (in Chinese)

[35]
张慧芳, 王叶, 户维超, 等. 绵马贯众多酚的分离纯化及其抗氧化活性研究[J]. 林产化学与工业, 2019, 39(2):81-88.

ZHANG H F, WANG Y, HU W C, et al. Purification and antioxidation activity of polyphenol from Cyrtomium fortune[J]. Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, 2019, 39(2):81-88. (in Chinese)

[36]
刘莉, 郝福星, 刘智, 等. 复方中草药制剂对仔猪免疫机能和抗氧化能力的影响[J]. 畜牧与兽医, 2007, 39(3):8-11.

LIU L, HAO F X, LIU Z, et al. Effect of compound Chinese herbal on immune function of piglets[J]. Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2007, 39(3):8-11. (in Chinese)

Options
Outlines

/

〈 〉

京ICP备17050989号-2
Copyright © Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, All Rights Reserved.
Tel: 010－62817823　E-mail: cjan@vip.163.com
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co., Ltd.