Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 12: 7702 - 7713

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.700

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Manganese Glycine on Laying Performance, Hormone Level and Lipid Metabolism of Laying Hens during Late Laying Period

  • LU Jian , 1 ,
  • JIANG Dongcai 2 ,
  • DAI Nianshan 1 ,
  • ZHANG Xin 3 ,
  • MA Meng 1 ,
  • GUO Jun 1 ,
  • WANG Xingguo 1 ,
  • DOU Taocun 1 ,
  • HU Yuping 1 ,
  • WANG Qiang 1 ,
  • LI Yongfeng 1 ,
  • LI Shangmin 1 ,
  • QU Liang , 1, *
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  • 1 Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences, Yangzhou 225125, China
  • 2 Hunan DeBon Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Hengyang 421500, China
  • 3 Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225100, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-06-28

  Online published: 2023-12-11

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of manganese glycine on laying performance, hormone level and lipid metabolism of laying hens during late laying period. A total of 720 healthy 70-week-old Hy-Line brown hens with similar laying rate were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 30 birds per replicate. Hens in the control group were fed a basal diet supplemented with 120 mg/kg manganese sulfate (calculated as manganese, the same as below), and others in experimental groups were fed basal diets supplemented with 40 (group Ⅰ), 80 (group Ⅱ) and 120 mg/kg (group Ⅲ) manganese glycine, respectively. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks. The results showed as follows: 1) the laying rate during 77 to 82 weeks of age of group Ⅰ was significantly higher than that of the control group and group Ⅱ (P<0.05); the laying rate at 80 weeks of age of group Ⅰ and group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05); the laying rate at 82 weeks of age of group Ⅰ, group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the group Ⅰ was significantly higher than group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ (P<0.05). 2) There were no significant differences in reproductive organ development indexes, liver index and abdominal fat percentage of laying hens during late laying period among all groups (P>0.05). 3) The serum progesterone level of group Ⅰ, group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). 4) The contents of triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and free fatty acid in liver of group Ⅰ, group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05), while the liver high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). 5) The area and ratio of lipid droplet in liver of group Ⅰ, group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplemented with 40 to 120 mg/kg manganese glycine can improve the liver lipid metabolism and increase the serum progesterone level of laying hens during late laying period, and dietary supplemented with 40 mg/kg manganese glycine can increase the laying rate at the late stage of the experiment (77 to 82 weeks of age).

Key words： manganese glycine; laying hens; late laying period; lipid metabolism; reproductive hormone; laying performance

Cite this article

LU Jian , JIANG Dongcai , DAI Nianshan , ZHANG Xin , MA Meng , GUO Jun , WANG Xingguo , DOU Taocun , HU Yuping , WANG Qiang , LI Yongfeng , LI Shangmin , QU Liang . Effects of Manganese Glycine on Laying Performance, Hormone Level and Lipid Metabolism of Laying Hens during Late Laying Period[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(12) : 7702 -7713 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.700

我国是世界上蛋鸡饲养量和鸡蛋消费量最大的国家。《全国蛋鸡遗传改良计划》(2021—2035年)核心指标之一是高产蛋鸡700日龄产蛋数达到500个以上,这要求鸡群维持90%以上产蛋率要达到50周以上。延长产蛋期有利于减少产蛋前的成本摊销,降低蛋鸡饲养成本,具有重要的社会和经济效益,但产蛋后期蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质下降是制约蛋鸡延长产蛋期的重要因素。随着产蛋后期蛋鸡周龄的增加,蛋鸡肝脏脂质代谢极易发生紊乱,导致脂肪在肝脏中过度沉积,进而引起了肝脏脂质代谢障碍[1];同时影响了胆固醇合成和卵巢类固醇激素生成,卵泡刺激素、雌二醇、孕酮等激素的分泌量逐渐减少,等级卵泡数量减少,卵泡萎缩率及闭锁率逐渐增加,卵巢机能逐渐衰退,直接影响了蛋鸡健康和产蛋性能[2⇓⇓-5]。因此,通过营养调控调节产蛋后期蛋鸡脂质代谢,改善肝脏、肠道和生殖器官等健康状况,对缓解生殖器官机能衰退和产蛋性能下降以实现蛋鸡延长产蛋期至关重要。
肝脏是禽类合成脂肪的主要部位,是卵黄前体物质合成的主要位点,肝脏健康状况直接影响了卵泡发育和产蛋性能[6-7]。锰是家禽必需微量元素之一,对家禽的酶功能、糖代谢、脂代谢、蛋壳形成和繁殖性能等调控至关重要[8-9]。研究表明,饲粮中补充锰可能通过降低腹脂中苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)活性或者肝脏中MDH、脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)活性,提高腹脂和肌肉中激素敏感脂肪酶(HSL)活性,进而提升机体脂质代谢水平,降低肉鸡腹脂率[10⇓⇓-13]。机体血液雌二醇水平随甘油三酯、总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量增高而降低[14-15]。此外,相对于无机锰,有机锰在蛋黄[16]和种鸡子代雏鸡中的沉积效率更高,且能促进子代雏鸡胫骨发育[17]。有关锰源和锰水平对家禽脂质代谢影响的研究主要集中在肉鸡和肉种鸡上,在蛋鸡上的研究主要集中在鸡蛋锰沉积和蛋壳品质调控方面,对蛋鸡脂质代谢的调控作用有待进一步研究证实,且锰对蛋鸡脂质代谢、类固醇激素水平和产蛋性能的系统研究未见报道。与无机锰一水合硫酸锰相比,有机锰的吸收效率更高[18],甘氨酸是分子质量最小的氨基酸,与其他氨基酸锰的螯合物相比,甘氨酸锰理论上更容易被肠黏膜上皮细胞吸收和利用[19-20]。因此,本研究以无机锰一水合硫酸锰为对照,研究以甘氨酸锰形式在饲粮中添加不同水平锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡产蛋性能、激素水平和脂质代谢的影响,为揭示有机锰影响产蛋后期蛋鸡产蛋性能的作用机制提供科学依据,为甘氨酸锰在产蛋后期蛋鸡饲粮中应用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

饲料添加剂级一水合硫酸锰(锰含量≥31.8%)和甘氨酸锰(锰含量≥22.0%)均由湖南某生物科技有限公司提供。

1.2 试验设计

试验选用70周龄体况良好、产蛋率接近的海兰褐蛋鸡720只,随机分成4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复30只鸡。试验开始前2周(69~70周龄)平均产蛋率为94.55%,各组间产蛋率无显著差异(P>0.05)。对照组在基础饲粮中添加120 mg/kg的一水合硫酸锰(以锰计,后同),试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加40(Ⅰ组)、80(Ⅱ组)和120 mg/kg(Ⅲ组)的甘氨酸锰。
《海兰褐商品代蛋鸡饲养管理手册》(2022)中产蛋期的锰推荐量为90 mg/kg,在生产中调研发现,为满足产蛋后期蛋鸡微量元素需要,养殖场通常在450日龄或65周龄后增加预混料使用量,由1 kg/t增加至1.5 kg/t不等,即产蛋后期蛋鸡锰的实际使用量为90~135 mg/kg。因此,鉴于本研究中试验鸡为70~82周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,为紧密结合生产实际,对照组饲粮中锰含量设定为120 mg/kg。参照《海兰褐商品代蛋鸡饲养管理手册》(2022)和生产实际情况配制基础饲粮,其组成及营养水平见表1。各试验饲粮中锰含量实测值分别为144.46、57.84、96.97和135.59 mg/kg。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

原料Ingredients 含量Content 营养水平Nutrient levels2) 含量Content
玉米Corn 62.60 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 11.09
豆粕Soybean meal 26.45 干物质DM 90.19
石粉Limestone 8.65 粗蛋白质CP 16.42
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.30 钙Ca 3.61
食盐NaCl 0.30 总磷TP 0.59
氯化胆碱Choline chloride (50%) 0.10 蛋氨酸Met 0.35
DL-蛋氨酸DL-methionine 0.10 赖氨酸Lys 0.85
预混料Premix1) 0.50 锰Mn/(mg/kg) 21.77
合计Total 100.00

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet: VA 8 800 IU,VD3 3 300 IU,VE 20 IU,VB12 23 μg,核黄素 riboflavin 5.5 mg,烟酸 niacin 30 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 8 mg,VK3 1.2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.75 mg,吡哆醇 pyridoxine 1.2 mg,硫胺素 thiamine 1.7 mg,生物素 biotin 55 μg,Cu [Cu2(OH)3Cl] 8.12 mg,Fe (FeSO4·H2O) 80.1 mg,Zn (ZnSO4·H2O) 80.04 mg,I [Ca(IO3)2] 1.2 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.3 mg。

2)粗蛋白质、钙、总磷、锰为实测值,其他为计算值,根据《动物营养参数与饲养标准》[21]计算。CP, Ca, TP and Mn were measured values, while the others were calculated values, which calculated according to Nutrition Parameter and Feeding Standard for Animals[21].

1.3 饲养管理

试验在中国农业科学院家禽研究所邵伯试验基地开展。试验开展前,根据个体产蛋记录选取产蛋率接近个体。试验鸡采用3层阶梯式产蛋笼单笼饲养,笼宽和笼深分别为19.8和36.0 cm,前高和后高分别为40.5和36.0 cm。试验鸡采用统一的光照程序和通风等饲养管理措施,试验期间试验鸡自由采食和饮水。试验期12周(70~82周龄)。

1.4 测定指标和方法

1.4.1 产蛋性能测定

每天08:00准时收蛋,按笼位记录个体产蛋数和蛋重。每周龄末定时结料、称剩余料重,统计各重复的实际周耗料量。统计各重复试验鸡产蛋率、平均蛋重、日均蛋重、平均日采食量和料蛋比。

1.4.2 血清激素水平测定

试验期第84天(禁食12 h后),每个重复选取接近重复平均产蛋率的试验鸡2只,称量体重后,翅静脉采集血液样品置于乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)抗凝管中,室温自然凝固10~20 min,3 000 r/min离心5 min,收集上清,保存待测。采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒检测血清雌二醇和孕酮水平,试剂盒购自南京奥青生物技术有限公司。

1.4.3 生殖器官发育指标测定

试验鸡采血后,颈部放血致死。分离完整的生殖器官,统计排卵前卵泡(直径>10 mm)、小黄卵泡(直径4~10 mm)和大白卵泡(直径2~4 mm)数量;测量输卵管长度,并计算其与体重的比值;称量输卵管、卵巢基质、排卵前卵泡、小黄卵泡和大白卵泡等生殖器官重量并计算各器官重与体重的比值。具体方法参照《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量统计方法》(NY/T 823—2020)。

1.4.4 肝脏指数和腹脂率测定

分离完整的肝脏和腹脂,测定重量,并计算肝脏指数和腹脂率。具体方法参照《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量统计方法》(NY/T 823—2020)。

1.4.5 肝脏脂肪代谢相关生化指标测定

分离肝脏后,灭菌生理盐水冲洗,统一一侧(左叶)相同位置取样,置于液氮中,转移至-70 ℃超低温冰箱保存。采用试剂盒测定肝脏甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、游离脂肪酸含量,试剂盒购自南京奥青生物技术有限公司。

1.4.6 肝脏组织油红O染色切片观察

分离肝脏后,灭菌生理盐水冲洗,剪取1.0 cm×1.0 cm×1.0 cm大小的肝脏组织置于冻存管,液氮保存,用于油红O染色制作切片。切片后,经油红O染液浸染、异丙醇分化和纯水浸洗,再用苏木素复染、纯水浸洗、分化液分化、蒸馏水浸洗、返蓝液返蓝和自来水浸洗,最后用甘油明胶封片剂封片,开展显微镜镜检和图像采集分析。脂滴面积采用Image-Pro Plus软件测定。

1.4.7 饲粮营养成分测定

每个饲粮配制完成后在出料过程中取5个重复样品,粉碎后过40目筛用于营养成分测定。粗蛋白质含量测定采用凯氏定氮法(GB/T 6432—1994),钙含量测定采用乙二胺四乙酸二钠络合滴定法(GB/T 6432—2022),总磷含量测定采用分光光度法(GB/T 6437—2022),锰含量测定采用原子吸收光谱法(GB/T 13885—2003)。

1.5 统计分析

试验数据采用SPSS 15.0软件进行分析,采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)检测组间差异显著性,差异显著时用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。结果以平均值±标准差表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 甘氨酸锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响

由表2可知,各组之间产蛋后期蛋鸡产蛋率、平均蛋重、日均蛋重、平均日采食量和料蛋比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。其中,Ⅰ组产蛋率最高。
表2 甘氨酸锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of manganese glycine on laying performance of laying hens during late laying period

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
对照Control Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
产蛋率Laying rate/% 90.70±2.19 93.58±0.98 91.47±2.56 92.21±0.97 0.071
平均蛋重Average egg weight/g 63.41±0.80 63.21±0.78 63.41±0.73 63.86±1.17 0.633
日均蛋重Average daily egg mass/(g/d) 57.52±1.86 59.15±0.98 58.00±1.75 58.89±1.53 0.272
平均日采食量Average daily feed intake/(g/d) 119.05±1.40 118.40±1.42 118.97±1.28 119.45±1.64 0.659
料蛋比Feed to egg ratio 2.07±0.07 2.00±0.04 2.05±0.09 2.03±0.06 0.261

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 甘氨酸锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡各周龄产蛋率的影响

由表3可知,进一步分析各周龄产蛋率发现,Ⅰ组的77~82周龄产蛋率显著高于对照组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05);Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组的80周龄产蛋率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的82周龄产蛋率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且Ⅰ组显著高于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。
表3 甘氨酸锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡各周龄产蛋率的影响

Table 3 Effects of manganese glycine on laying rate in each weeks of age of laying hens during late laying period %

周龄
Weeks of age		 组别Groups P值
P-value
对照Control Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
71 94.51±2.58 95.45±4.25 94.27±1.86 96.03±2.41 0.704
72 93.94±2.25 94.95±3.06 94.35±2.90 95.93±1.50 0.558
73 93.37±4.04 94.46±2.29 94.43±4.48 95.82±1.11 0.646
74 93.33±2.78 95.95±2.99 93.99±4.31 91.43±3.13 0.170
75 92.01±2.65 94.28±2.01 92.66±4.34 91.46±2.53 0.420
76 90.69±3.14 92.60±2.49 91.33±5.93 91.49±2.66 0.854
77 90.18±2.05 92.57±1.70 88.98±3.72 91.77±4.23 0.223
78 90.06±1.58 93.31±1.54 89.70±3.62 91.57±2.84 0.089
79 89.93±3.93 94.05±2.22 90.43±5.36 91.37±5.73 0.149
80 85.52±3.08b 90.40±1.94a 88.43±2.99ab 89.43±1.78a 0.018
81 86.65±3.98 91.72±1.26 89.08±3.25 89.77±2.65 0.054
82 87.86±5.77c 93.15±2.24a 89.77±5.82b 90.13±3.89b 0.046
71~76 92.98±2.03 94.61±1.70 93.51±2.91 93.69±1.94 0.634
77~82 88.38±2.57b 92.53±1.28a 89.40±2.86b 90.69±2.34ab 0.034

2.3 甘氨酸锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清雌二醇和孕酮水平的影响

由图1可知,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的血清孕酮水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。各组之间血清雌二醇水平无显著差异(P>0.05),但随着甘氨酸锰添加水平的增加,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的血清雌二醇水平有升高的趋势。
图1 甘氨酸锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清雌二醇和孕酮水平的影响

数据柱标相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下图同。

Fig.1 Effects of manganese glycine on serum estradiol and progesterone levels of laying hens during late laying period

Value columns with the same small letters mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.4 甘氨酸锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡生殖器官发育指标的影响

由表4可知,各组之间产蛋后期蛋鸡生殖器官发育指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 甘氨酸锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡生殖器官发育指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of manganese glycine on reproductive organ development indexes of laying hens during late laying period

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
对照Control Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
排卵前卵泡数Preovulatory follicle amount/个 6.17±0.75 5.67±0.82 5.17±0.75 5.17±0.41 0.067
小黄卵泡数Small yellow follicle amount/个 20.33±5.65 24.83±7.60 23.67±4.97 20.17±4.75 0.424
大白卵泡数Big white follicle amount/个 18.67±5.28 19.33±6.02 22.83±4.26 23.50±4.46 0.274
输卵管长度Oviduct length/cm 57.90±9.11 62.33±3.20 60.60±6.09 62.43±2.09 0.509
输卵管重Oviduct weight/g 80.85±7.93 78.22±9.45 78.53±8.48 73.50±16.04 0.704
卵巢基质部重Ovary stroma weight/g 2.39±0.43 2.58±0.42 2.67±0.85 2.34±0.57 0.748
排卵前卵泡重Preovulatory follicle weight/g 45.73±15.85 38.72±6.78 37.44±8.13 34.35±6.34 0.278
小黄卵泡重Small yellow follicle weight/g 2.87±1.03 3.60±1.03 3.56±0.73 2.84±0.36 0.241
大白卵泡重Big white follicle weight/g 0.68±0.30 0.52±0.21 0.70±0.15 0.75±0.22 0.350
输卵管长度体重比
Oviduct length to body weight/(cm/kg)		 28.11±4.12 27.80±2.26 29.79±3.63 29.34±2.22 0.656
输卵管指数Oviduct index/(g/kg) 39.52±6.34 34.87±4.41 38.50±3.70 34.40±6.97 0.303
卵巢基质部指数Ovary stroma index/(g/kg) 1.16±0.16 1.15±0.17 1.30±0.38 1.11±0.31 0.647
排卵前卵泡指数
Preovulatory follicle index/(g/kg)		 22.11±7.34 17.43±4.17 18.54±5.05 16.11±2.96 0.243
小黄卵泡指数
Small yellow follicle index/(g/kg)		 1.39±0.49 1.61±0.47 1.74±0.35 1.33±0.17 0.262
大白卵泡指数
Big white follicle index/(g/kg)		 0.32±0.14 0.23±0.09 0.34±0.06 0.35±0.11 0.193

2.5 甘氨酸锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡肝脏指数和腹脂率的影响

由图2可知,各组之间产蛋后期蛋鸡肝脏指数和腹脂率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
图2 甘氨酸锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡肝脏指数和腹脂率的影响

Fig.2 Effects of manganese glycine on liver index and abdominal fat percentage of laying hens during late laying period

2.6 甘氨酸锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡肝脏脂肪代谢相关生化指标的影响

由表5可知,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的肝脏甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和游离脂肪酸含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而肝脏高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
表5 甘氨酸锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡肝脏脂肪代谢相关生化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of manganese glycine on liver biochemical indexes related to liver fat metabolism of laying hens during late laying periodmmol/g prot

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
对照Control Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
甘油三酯Triglyceride 0.305±0.026a 0.207±0.029b 0.181±0.013bc 0.164±0.022c <0.001
总胆固醇Total cholesterol 1.506±0.070a 1.154±0.085b 1.079±0.064bc 1.016±0.067c <0.001
游离脂肪酸Free fatty acid 0.202±0.013a 0.140±0.011b 0.129±0.015b 0.134±0.019b <0.001
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol		 0.060±0.005c 0.088±0.005b 0.094±0.003a 0.099±0.005a <0.001
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol		 0.262±0.018a 0.180±0.008b 0.161±0.006c 0.150±0.014c <0.001

2.7 甘氨酸锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡肝脏脂滴面积和占比及肝脏组织油红O染色的影响

由表6可知,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的肝脏脂滴面积和占比均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。
表6 甘氨酸锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡肝脏脂滴面积和占比的影响

Table 6 Effects of manganese glycine on area and ratio of lipid droplet in liver of laying hens during late laying period

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
对照Control Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
组织视野面积
Tissue field area/μm2		 40 216.8±1 664.0 37 839.2±1 124.2 39 640.1±1 777.1 36 220.2±980.6 0.194
脂滴面积
Lipid droplet area/μm2		 10 076.2±1 947.8a 855.3±233.8b 3 511.4±926.5b 1 085.7±379.8b <0.001
脂滴占比
Lipid droplet ratio/%		 23.08±3.84a 2.24±0.63b 8.51±2.05b 3.04±1.04b <0.001
油红O染色后,肝脏细胞脂肪滴呈鲜红色,细胞核呈蓝色。由图3可知,对照组蛋鸡肝脏组织切片有大量的红色脂肪滴,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组蛋鸡肝脏组织切片红色脂肪滴明显少于对照组,其中,饲粮中添加40 mg/kg甘氨酸锰对蛋鸡肝脏组织脂滴沉积的改善作用最为明显。
图3 肝脏组织油红O染色切片

Fig.3 Liver tissue sections with oil red O staining (400×)

3 讨论

3.1 甘氨酸锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响

产蛋高峰后,随日龄的增长,蛋鸡生理代谢活动发生变化,肝脏卵黄前体物质合成能力降低,输卵管膨大部和子宫部抗氧化能力退化,产蛋性能逐渐下降[22]。锰是家禽必需微量元素之一,是胆固醇合成酶的重要辅助因子之一,在调控脂质代谢和激素生成中发挥重要作用。有研究报道,饲粮中补充锰可以改善脂质代谢,降低腹脂率[12]。饲粮中锰含量不足会影响家禽产蛋性能。冯健等[23]研究锰缺乏对罗曼蛋鸡产蛋性能影响时发现,饲喂不额外添加锰饲粮(锰含量12.04 mg/kg)8周后的产蛋率显著低于添加80 mg/kg锰组。但有关饲粮中补充锰对家禽产蛋性能的研究结果并不一致。有研究表明,饲粮中补充锰可以提高家禽产蛋性能,Hossain等[24]研究发现,在基础饲粮中(锰含量12 mg/kg)添加50和75 mg/kg锰(五水合硫酸锰)组蛋鸡(42~52周龄)产蛋率和平均蛋重显著高于添加25 mg/kg锰组。詹爱军[25]在研究锰对伊莎蛋鸡生产性能的影响时发现,蛋鸡饲粮中锰含量达60 mg/kg时,蛋鸡的产蛋率显著增加。彭秀丽等[26]研究表明,在饲粮中添加90 mg/kg锰显著提高了伊莎褐商品蛋鸡的产蛋率和产蛋量,但当添加水平为180 mg/kg时产蛋性能与添加水平为90 mg/kg时相比无显著差异。
也有研究报道,饲粮中补充锰对家禽产蛋性能无显著影响。周旻瑶等[27]研究发现,基础饲粮中添加60和80 mg/kg锰(蛋氨酸锰)有改善“京红1号”商品蛋鸡(53~63周龄)产蛋率的趋势(分别增加了1.19%和3.52%),但与添加60 mg/kg锰的硫酸锰组相比较差异不显著。王一冰等[28]研究表明,在基础饲粮中(锰含量9.89 mg/kg)添加90和135 mg/kg的锰(一水合硫酸锰)有提高快大型岭南黄羽肉鸡种鸡(41~51周龄)产蛋率的趋势(分别增加了6.84%和4.50%),但与对照组相比较差异不显著。Xiao等[29]也发现在基础饲粮(锰含量14.3 mg/kg)中添加0、25和100 mg/kg锰(一水合硫酸锰)对海兰蛋鸡(50~62周龄)产蛋性能无显著影响。本试验研究发现,添加甘氨酸锰的试验组蛋鸡82周龄产蛋率均显著高于对照组,其中Ⅰ组蛋鸡77~82周龄产蛋率显著高于对照组和Ⅱ组。这说明适宜的有机锰添加改善了产蛋后期蛋鸡的产蛋性能,锰源和甘氨酸锰的添加水平对产蛋性能可能都发挥了作用。而Ⅰ组的产蛋性能最优,说明甘氨酸锰对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响具有剂量效应[30]。此外,不同研究报道中锰源和锰添加水平对蛋鸡产蛋性能影响的差异还可能与锰的添加形式、基础饲粮类型、蛋鸡品种、蛋鸡周龄和饲养环境等因素的不同有关。

3.2 甘氨酸锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡生殖器官发育指标和血清激素水平的影响

蛋鸡生殖器官包括卵巢和输卵管2部分,卵巢包括基质部和大量的卵泡,卵泡发育与产蛋性能密切相关,输卵管是运送卵子和受精的场所[31]。本研究发现,锰的添加形式和添加水平对82周龄蛋鸡输卵管、卵巢基质、各级卵泡发育无显著影响。这可能是因为在产蛋后期蛋鸡各生殖器官已发育完全,本试验中锰的添加形式和添加水平的差异未达到能够影响生殖器官发育的程度。研究表明,在基础饲粮中(锰含量9.89 mg/kg)添加45、90、135和180 mg/kg的锰(一水合硫酸锰)饲喂10周后,对51周龄快大型岭南黄羽肉鸡种鸡母鸡卵巢重量、6~8 mm卵泡和>8 mm卵泡数量与重量、萎缩卵泡重量以及输卵管重量和长度均没有显著影响[28]。锰是胆固醇合成途径中甲羟戊酸激酶和法尼基焦磷酸合成酶的激活因子,可能通过影响性激素前体物质胆固醇的合成调控类固醇激素生成[32⇓⇓-35]。本研究发现,各试验组蛋鸡血清孕酮水平均显著高于对照组,且雌二醇水平有增加的趋势。这说明本试验中添加甘氨酸锰促进了生殖激素的生成。饲粮中锰含量不足会影响家禽生殖激素水平,饲喂父母代罗曼蛋鸡基础饲粮(锰含量12.04 mg/kg)8周后,母鸡血清卵泡刺激素水平和公鸡血清睾酮水平均显著低于80 mg/kg锰添加组[23]。但锰对家禽生殖激素水平的影响结果并不一致,Xie等[8]研究结果表明,锰添加水平和锰源对爱拔益加肉鸡血清雌二醇水平均无显著影响。也有研究表明,适宜的锰添加水平可以提高家禽生殖激素水平,在基础饲粮中(锰含量9.89 mg/kg)添加45、90、135和180 mg/kg的锰(一水合硫酸锰)饲喂10周后,51周龄快大型岭南黄羽肉鸡血清卵泡刺激素水平呈显著线性增加[28]。在基础饲粮(锰含量36.4 mg/kg)中添加20和40 mg/kg锰(一水合硫酸锰)的五龙鹅种鹅血清卵泡刺激素水平显著高于添加100 mg/kg锰组,添加20、40和60 mg/kg锰组血清雌二醇水平有增加的趋势,但与对照组及添加80和100 mg/kg锰组相比差异不显著[36]。此外,还有研究发现,蛋鸡血清胆固醇和甘油三酯含量与卵泡刺激素和孕酮水平成反比[37]。本试验中,各试验组蛋鸡肝脏甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和游离脂肪酸含量均显著低于对照组,说明甘氨酸锰提高了蛋鸡的脂质代谢水平,促进了孕酮的分泌。本研究结果表明,饲粮中添加适宜水平甘氨酸锰可提高产蛋后期蛋鸡的生殖激素水平。

3.3 甘氨酸锰对产蛋后期蛋鸡脂质代谢的影响

家禽体内脂肪主要在肝脏中合成,以甘油三酯的形式沉积,由脂肪酸和α-磷酸甘油共同缩合而成,脂肪酸主要通过脂肪酸从头合成途径和血液循环系统中甘油三酯降解途径生成。产蛋后期蛋鸡肝脏分解脂肪和氧化脂肪酸的能力降低,肝脏中储存的脂类和结构性脂质含量增加,容易引起肝脏脂质代谢紊乱[1-2]。有研究表明,与26周龄相比,48周龄京粉1号蛋鸡肝脏甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量增加,脂滴聚集严重[12]。
锰是脂肪和类脂代谢中关键酶的重要辅助因子之一,在调控脂质代谢中发挥重要作用。锰主要通过影响家禽脂肪合成相关酶活性来影响脂肪代谢。锰可能通过降低腹脂中MDH、LPL活性或者肝脏中MDH和FAS活性,提高腹脂和肌肉中HSL活性,提升机体脂质代谢水平,降低家禽腹脂率[10,12]。锰也可以通过影响激素或者第二信使-环核苷酸从而间接影响影响脂肪代谢[35,38]。Lu等[10]研究发现,在肉鸡饲粮中添加锰可以分别降低脂肪在肝脏和腹腔中的沉积。陈仲建[12]在基础饲粮(1~21日龄饲粮锰含量25.78 mg/kg,22~42日龄饲粮锰含量26.34 mg/kg)中添加100 mg/kg锰(五水合硫酸锰),饲喂42 d后显著降低42日龄爱拔益加肉鸡血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量,同时显著降低肝脏MDH mRNA的表达水平。王美玲[39]研究锰水平(氯化锰)对肉鸡原代培养肝细胞中脂肪合成关键酶活性及其基因表达的影响时发现,不同水平培养液中,添加锰显著降低了培养48 h后肝细胞中FAS和MDH mRNA的表达水平,FAS和MDH活性有下降趋势的趋势。本试验中,各试验组蛋鸡肝脏甘油三脂、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和游离脂肪酸含量以及肝脏脂滴面积和脂滴占比均显著低于对照组,而肝脏高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著高于对照组,其中以添加40 mg/kg甘氨酸锰对蛋鸡肝脏组织脂滴沉积的改善作用最为明显,说明本试验中甘氨酸锰改善了产蛋后期蛋鸡肝脏的脂质代谢。综上所述,饲粮中添加甘氨酸锰改善了产蛋后期蛋鸡肝脏脂质代谢状态,提高了蛋鸡生殖激素水平,在一定程度上改善了产蛋性能。

4 结论

① 饲粮中添加40~120 mg/kg甘氨酸锰可降低肝脏甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、游离脂肪酸含量以及肝脏脂滴面积和脂滴占比,提高肝脏高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量,改善产蛋后期蛋鸡肝脏脂质代谢。
② 饲粮中添加40~120 mg/kg甘氨酸锰可提高血液孕酮水平,且添加40 mg/kg甘氨酸锰可提高蛋鸡试验后段(77~82周龄)产蛋率。

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