Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 12: 7724 - 7734

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.702

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Metabolizable Energy and Crude Protein Levels on Performance, Egg Quality and Reproductive Performance of Dawu Jinfeng Laying Breeders Hens during Late Laying Period

  • ZOU Jun , 1 ,
  • GONG Jiangang 2 ,
  • YANG Bowen 1 ,
  • FENG Zhihua , 1, * ,
  • ZHENG Lijie 3 ,
  • ZHAO Guoxian 1 ,
  • LI Qian , 4, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
  • 2 College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
  • 3 Baoding Xingrui Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Development Co., Ltd., Xushui 072500, China
  • 4 Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
* FENG Zhihua, associate professor, E-mail: ;
LI Qian, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-06-26

  Online published: 2023-12-11

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Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) levels on the performance, egg quality and reproductive performance of Dawu Jinfeng breeder hens during late laying period, in order to determine appropriate levels of ME and CP in the diet and provide scientific basis for the formulation of feeding standards for Dawu Jinfeng breeder hens. A total of 648 Dawu Jinfeng breeder hens at the age of 51 weeks with similar body weight and laying rate were randomly divided into 9 groups, each of which included 6 replicates of 12 hens. A 3×3 factorial design with three levels of ME (10.60, 11.10 and 11.60 MJ/kg) and three levels of CP (14.50%, 15.50% and 16.50%) was used in this experiment to prepare 9 experimental diets. The pre-trial period was 7 d, and the trial period was 84 d. The results showed as follows: 1) dietary ME level had significant effects on the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and laying rate of breeder hens during late laying period (P<0.05). The and ADFI and laying rate increased with dietary ME level decreasing (P<0.05), which in the high ME group was significantly lower than that in the medium and low ME groups (P<0.05). Dietary CP level significantly affected the laying rate and feed/egg ratio of breeder hens (P<0.05), as the dietary CP level decreasing, the laying rate of breeder hens decreased, and the feed/egg ratio increased. There was a significant interaction between dietary ME and CP levels on laying rate of breeding hens (P<0.05). 2) There was no significant effect of dietary ME level on egg quality of breeder hens (P>0.05). The Haugh unit was significantly affected by dietary CP level (P<0.05). Haugh unit decreased with the dietary CP level decreasing, and it in the low protein group was significantly lower than that in the medium and high protein groups (P<0.05). 3) Dietary CP level significantly affected the hatchability of fertile eggs, and it in the low protein group was significantly higher than that in the high protein group (P<0.05). 4) Dietary ME level significantly affected the contents of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) in serum of breeder hens (P<0.05), as the dietary ME level decreasing, the serum E2 and P4 contents were decreased. Dietary CP level significantly affected the contents of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), E2, P4 and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in serum of breeder hens (P<0.05), and the serum FSH, E2, P4 and GnRH contents were decreased with the dietary CP level decreasing. Based on the comprehensive performance and reproductive performance indicators, it is recommended that the levels of ME and CP in the diet for Dawu Jinfeng breeder hens during late laying production are 11.13 MJ/kg and 15.50%, respectively.

Key words： Dawu Jinfeng breeder hens; late laying period; metabolizable energy; crude protein

Cite this article

ZOU Jun , GONG Jiangang , YANG Bowen , FENG Zhihua , ZHENG Lijie , ZHAO Guoxian , LI Qian . Effects of Dietary Metabolizable Energy and Crude Protein Levels on Performance, Egg Quality and Reproductive Performance of Dawu Jinfeng Laying Breeders Hens during Late Laying Period[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(12) : 7724 -7734 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.702

大午金凤蛋鸡是我国自主培育的高产粉壳蛋鸡优秀品种,配套系为羽色自别雌雄,并具有优良的综合生产性能,不啄肛,全期死淘率低,适应性强,耗料少,产蛋多,蛋重适中,蛋壳颜色鲜艳,广泛适应我国气候和地域饲养条件。据报道,蛋种鸡在进入产蛋后期以后产蛋率逐渐降低,代谢能力下降,对饲粮中能量和蛋白质等营养素需要量减少,因此饲粮中适宜的能蛋比对满足蛋种鸡生产需要以及饲料资源的合理应用具有重要的意义。研究表明,不同品种、不同生产阶段的家禽,其对营养物质的需要量不同。在不同品种蛋鸡上的研究显示,产蛋后期新杨绿壳蛋鸡饲粮代谢能、粗蛋白质水平分别为11.08 MJ/kg和15.00%时,对其生产性能的发挥和蛋品质的改善更有利[1];“京红1号”蛋鸡产蛋后期饲粮中适宜代谢能水平为11.13 MJ/kg[2],适宜粗蛋白质水平为15.44%[3];33~41周龄凤达1号蛋鸡饲粮最佳代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别为11.10 MJ/kg和15.00%[4];24~33周龄皖南三黄鸡饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别为12.15 MJ/kg和14.97%[5]。目前,关于大午金凤蛋鸡的研究大多集中在低蛋白质饲粮、限制性氨基酸等对其生产性能的影响以及氨基酸平衡条件下粗蛋白质的需要量,且多侧重于商品蛋鸡育雏期与育成期[6⇓-8],而对种鸡的饲养标准相关研究还尚未见报道。因此,本试验旨在探讨饲粮代谢能、粗蛋白质水平对产蛋后期大午金凤蛋种鸡生产性能、蛋品质、繁殖性能和血清生殖激素的影响,确定其饲粮中适宜的代谢能及粗蛋白质水平,为制定大午金凤种母鸡饲养标准提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验动物

产蛋后期(51~64周龄)大午金凤蛋种鸡由保定兴芮农牧发展有限公司提供。

1.2 试验设计

采用3×3双因子试验设计,因素1为代谢能水平,因素2为粗蛋白质水平,饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平参考《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)以及企业生产实际情况设立,3个代谢能水平分别为10.60(低)、11.10(中)和11.60 MJ/kg(高),3个粗蛋白质水平分别为14.50%(低)、15.50%(中)和16.50%(高),共配制出9种试验饲粮。选取51周龄体质健康、体重和产蛋率相近的大午金凤蛋种鸡648只,随机分为9个组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡。各组所喂饲粮对应的代谢能和粗蛋白质水平见表1。预试期7 d,正试期为84 d。试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表2。
表1 试验设计

Table 1 Experimental design

代谢能水平
ME levels/(MJ/kg)		 粗蛋白质水平CP levels/%
16.50 15.50 14.50
11.60 高能高蛋白组(HH组) 高能中蛋白组(HM组) 高能低蛋白组(HL组)
11.10 中能高蛋白组(MH组) 中能中蛋白组(MM组) 中能低蛋白组(ML组)
10.60 低能高蛋白组(LH组) 低能中蛋白组(LM组) 低能低蛋白组(LL组)
表2 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 组别Groups
HH HM HL MH MM ML LH LM LL
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 63.27 59.91 65.40 61.52 63.27 65.22 57.72 59.64 61.64
豆粕Soybean meal 22.94 25.49 20.30 25.23 22.94 20.38 26.06 23.59 20.94
石粉Limestone 10.26 9.72 9.70 10.12 10.26 10.25 10.17 10.17 10.15
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.14 1.11 1.16 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.11 1.14 1.17
大豆油Soybean oil 1.00 2.73 2.23 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
沸石粉Zeolite powder 0.33 0.33 0.83 2.89 3.44 3.94
蛋氨酸Met 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.19 0.21
赖氨酸硫酸盐Lys sulphate 0.04 0.18 0.04 0.12 0.01 0.12
预混料Premix1) 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 11.60 11.60 11.60 11.10 11.10 11.10 10.60 10.60 10.60
粗蛋白质CP 16.57 15.38 14.41 16.57 15.38 14.41 16.57 15.38 14.41
钙Ca 4.00 4.00 3.99 4.15 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20
总磷TP 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.50
非植酸磷NPP 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27
赖氨酸Lys 0.87 0.82 0.82 0.86 0.82 0.80 0.88 0.82 0.80
蛋氨酸Met 0.46 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.47 0.43 0.43
苏氨酸Thr 0.62 0.59 0.55 0.62 0.59 0.55 0.63 0.59 0.55
色氨酸Try 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.20 0.18 0.17

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 12 000 IU,VB1 4 mg,VB2 12 mg,VB6 12 mg,VB12 0.04 mg,VD3 5 000 IU,VE 64 mg,VK3 5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.48 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.4 mg,烟酸 niacin 80 mg,Fe 80 mg,Cu 10 mg,Mn 120 mg,Zn 110 mg,Se 0.3 mg,I 1.2 mg。

2)粗蛋白质、钙和总磷为实测值,其余为计算值。CP, Ca and TP were measured values, while the others were calculated values.

1.3 饲养管理

饲养试验在保定兴芮家禽研究院观光鸡舍进行。采用密闭式鸡舍,4层阶梯笼养,每笼3只,不同组的各重复均匀分布在同层。每天光照16 h,喂料3次,匀料6次,于06:30、11:30、17:30进行人工喂料,自由采食;乳头式饮水器自由饮水,每天09:30准时收集鸡蛋,每5 d进行1次人工授精,其他严格依据《大午金凤蛋种鸡饲养管理手册》执行。

1.4 测定指标及方法

1.4.1 饲粮中营养成分分析

饲粮中粗蛋白质含量的测定参照《饲料中粗蛋白测定方法》(GB/T 6432—2018),钙含量的测定参照《饲料中钙的测定》(GB/T 6436—2002),总磷含量的测定参照《饲料中总磷的测定》(GB/T 6437—2018),盐酸不溶灰分含量的测定参照《饲料中盐酸不溶灰分的测定》(GB/T 23742—2009)。饲粮代谢能水平参考《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T33—2004)中各原料成分中代谢能水平计算得出。

1.4.2 生产性能

试验期内,以重复为单位记录每天的产蛋数、产蛋重、不合格蛋数,计算产蛋率、平均蛋重;每周以重复为单位结料,计算平均日采食量(ADFI)和料蛋比。

1.4.3 蛋品质

试验结束时,每个重复随机挑选5枚鸡蛋,当天立即测定蛋品质。电子天平称蛋重;游标卡尺测定鸡蛋的长、短径,计算蛋形指数;蛋壳厚度测量仪(ETG-1061型,日本Robotmation公司)测定蛋壳厚度;蛋壳强度测试仪(EFG-0503型,日本Robotmation公司)测定蛋壳强度;多功能蛋品质检测仪(EMT-5200型,日本Robotmation公司)测定蛋白高度,并计算出哈氏单位。

1.4.4 孵化性能

试验第70天,以重复为单位,预留5 d的种蛋。每个重复随机挑选21枚合格种蛋,以重复为单位进行分组孵化。
记录各重复的产蛋总数、合格种蛋数、受精蛋数、入孵总蛋数、出雏数、健雏数,计算种蛋合格率、种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率和健雏率。
种蛋合格率(%)=(合格种蛋数/产蛋总数)×100;
种蛋受精率(%)=(受精蛋数/入孵总蛋数)×100;
受精蛋孵化率(%)=(出雏数/受精蛋数)×100;
健雏率(%)=(健雏数/总出雏数)×100。

1.4.5 血清生殖激素

在试验结束时,每个重复随机选取2只试验鸡,翅下静脉采血5 mL,倾斜静置待血清析出后,3 000 r/min离心10 min,分离血清,-20 ℃保存,待测促黄体生成素(LH)、促卵泡生成素(FSH)、雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P4)和促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)含量,上述指标测定所用试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所。

1.5 数据统计与分析

试验数据用Excel 2016整理后,用SPSS 26.0统计软件的一般线性模型(GLM)进行双因素方差分析,并用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,显著水平为P<0.05。数据结果以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)的形式表示。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对产蛋后期大午金凤蛋种鸡生产性能的影响

由表3可知,饲粮代谢能水平对蛋种鸡的平均日采食量和产蛋率有显著影响(P<0.05),对平均蛋重、料蛋比无显著影响(P>0.05)。蛋种鸡平均日采食量和产蛋率随饲粮代谢能水平的降低而增加,且高代谢能组显著低于中、低代谢能组(P<0.05)。饲粮粗蛋白质水平显著影响蛋种鸡的产蛋率和料蛋比(P<0.05),对平均日采食量和平均蛋重无显著影响(P>0.05)。随饲粮粗蛋白质水平的降低,蛋种鸡产蛋率下降,料蛋比增加,低蛋白质组的产蛋率显著低于高、中蛋白质组(P<0.05),料蛋比则显著高于高、中蛋白质组(P<0.05)。饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对蛋种鸡产蛋率的影响存在显著的交互作用(P<0.05)。MM、LH和LM组的产蛋率显著高于HM、HL和LL组(P<0.05),与其余各组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。其中,LH组产蛋率最高,较最低产蛋率的LL组提高10.16%。
表3 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对产蛋后期大午金凤蛋种鸡生产性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary ME and CP levels on performance of Dawu Jinfeng breeder hens during late laying period

项目
Items		 平均日采食量
ADFI/[g/(d·只)]		 产蛋率
Laying rate/%		 平均蛋重
AEW/g		 料蛋比
Feed/egg ratio
HH 107.47 76.57ab 61.25 2.30
HM 104.89 72.41c 61.30 2.37
HL 107.30 72.86bc 60.91 2.42
MH 110.19 76.19abc 60.91 2.38
组别Groups MM 113.10 78.60a 60.98 2.36
ML 113.02 76.51ab 60.76 2.44
LH 112.07 79.60a 60.74 2.32
LM 113.63 77.67a 60.46 2.42
LL 114.16 72.26c 61.19 2.58
SEM 0.62 0.53 0.14 0.02
主效应Main effects

代谢能		 11.60 106.55b 73.94b 61.15 2.36

ME/(MJ/kg)		 11.10 112.11a 77.10a 60.88 2.39
10.60 113.29a 76.51a 60.79 2.44

粗蛋白质		 16.50 109.91 77.45a 60.96 2.33b

CP/%		 15.50 110.54 76.22a 60.91 2.38b
14.50 111.50 73.88b 60.95 2.48a
代谢能ME <0.001 0.010 0.568 0.057
P值P-value 粗蛋白质CP 0.398 0.005 0.989 <0.001
代谢能×粗蛋白质ME×CP 0.414 0.016 0.722 0.153

同列数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same column, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对产蛋后期大午金凤蛋种鸡蛋品质的影响

由表4可知,饲粮代谢能水平对蛋种鸡的蛋品质无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮粗蛋白质水平显著影响种蛋的哈氏单位(P<0.05),对蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度和蛋白高度无显著影响(P>0.05)。种蛋的哈氏单位随饲粮粗蛋白质水平的降低而下降,低蛋白质组显著低于高、中蛋白质组(P<0.05)。饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对蛋种鸡蛋品质的影响无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。
表4 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对产蛋后期大午金凤种鸡蛋品质的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary ME and CP levels on egg quality of Dawu Jinfeng breeder hens during late laying period

项目
Items		 蛋形指数
ESI		 蛋壳厚度
EST/mm		 蛋壳强度
ESS/N		 蛋白高度
AH/mm		 哈氏单位
HU
HH 1.30 0.37 34.33 6.33 77.17
HM 1.30 0.38 36.90 5.63 72.41
HL 1.29 0.38 33.82 6.11 72.12
MH 1.28 0.38 38.13 6.55 78.32
组别Groups MM 1.30 0.38 37.21 6.17 76.70
ML 1.30 0.37 33.45 5.77 72.62
LH 1.29 0.38 37.16 6.18 76.42
LM 1.28 0.37 33.93 5.57 77.99
LL 1.31 0.38 34.15 5.29 71.66
SEM 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.12 0.53
主效应Main effects

代谢能		 11.60 1.30 0.38 35.01 6.02 73.90

ME/(MJ/kg)		 11.10 1.29 0.37 36.26 6.16 75.88
10.60 1.29 0.37 35.08 5.68 75.36

粗蛋白质		 16.50 1.29 0.37 36.54 6.35 77.30a

CP/%		 15.50 1.29 0.37 36.01 5.79 75.70a
14.50 1.30 0.37 33.80 5.72 72.13b

P值		 代谢能ME 0.627 0.682 0.526 0.239 0.156

P-value		 粗蛋白质CP 0.579 0.971 0.072 0.067 <0.001
代谢能×粗蛋白质ME×CP 0.214 0.444 0.290 0.728 0.110

2.3 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对产蛋后期大午金凤蛋种鸡繁殖性能的影响

2.3.1 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对产蛋后期大午金凤蛋种鸡孵化性能的影响

由表5可知,饲粮代谢能水平对蛋种鸡的种蛋合格率、种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率和健雏率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮粗蛋白质水平对蛋种鸡的受精蛋孵化率有显著影响(P<0.05),对种蛋合格率、种蛋受精率和健雏率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。低蛋白质组蛋种鸡的受精蛋孵化率显著高于高蛋白质组(P<0.05)。饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对蛋种鸡孵化性能的影响无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。
表5 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对产蛋后期大午金凤蛋种鸡孵化性能的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary ME and CP levels on hatching performance of Dawu Jinfeng breeder hens during late laying period %

项目
Items		 种蛋合格率
Percentage of
setting eggs		 受精率
Fertility of setting
eggs		 受精蛋孵化率
Hatchability of
fertile eggs		 健雏率
Percentage of
healthy chicks
HH 94.69 93.65 90.42 97.01
HM 98.52 94.45 93.53 99.07
HL 98.93 92.86 96.43 98.96
MH 96.47 97.62 96.03 99.17
组别Groups MM 98.95 95.24 95.82 99.12
ML 96.89 92.86 96.57 95.36
LH 97.01 93.65 90.09 99.17
LM 95.99 92.06 90.26 98.28
LL 97.44 96.03 97.50 98.41
SEM 0.42 0.75 0.79 0.43
主效应Main effects

代谢能		 11.60 97.38 93.65 93.46 98.35

ME/(MJ/kg)		 11.10 97.44 95.24 96.14 97.88
10.60 96.81 93.92 92.62 98.62

粗蛋白质		 16.50 96.05 94.97 92.18b 98.45

CP/%		 15.50 97.82 93.92 93.20ab 98.83
14.50 97.75 93.92 96.83a 97.58

P值		 代谢能ME 0.759 0.671 0.142 0.775

P-value		 粗蛋白质CP 0.107 0.813 0.035 0.476
代谢能×粗蛋白质ME×CP 0.133 0.501 0.463 0.199

2.3.2 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对产蛋后期大午金凤蛋种鸡血清生殖激素的影响

由表6可知,饲粮代谢能水平显著影响蛋种鸡血清中E2和P4含量(P<0.05),对LH、FSH和GnRH含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。随饲粮代谢能水平的降低,血清中E2和P4含量下降,高、中代谢能组血清中E2含量显著高于低代谢能组(P<0.05),高代谢能组血清中P4含量显著高于中、低代谢能组(P<0.05)。饲粮粗蛋白质水平显著影响蛋种鸡血清中FSH、E2、P4和GnRH含量(P<0.05),对LH含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。蛋种鸡血清中FSH、E2、P4和GnRH含量均随饲粮粗蛋白质水平的降低而下降。饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对蛋种鸡血清中FSH、P4和GnRH含量的影响存在显著的交互作用(P<0.05)。MH组蛋种鸡血清中FSH含量最高,较HM、ML和LL组分别高出34.27%、29.29%、50.88%(P<0.05)。HH组血清中P4含量最高,较HL、MM、LH、LL组分别高出24.95%、26.27%、16.14%和50.69%(P<0.05)。HL组血清中GnRH含量最高,较HM、ML、LM和LL组分别高出23.22%、26.43%、22.64%和36.52%(P<0.05)。
表6 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对产蛋后期大午金凤蛋种鸡血清生殖激素的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary ME and CP levels on serum reproductive hormones of Dawu Jinfeng breeder hens during late laying period

项目
Items		 促黄体生成素
LH/
(mIU/mL)		 促卵泡生成素
FSH/
(mIU/mL)		 雌二醇
E2/(ng/L)		 孕酮
P4/(ng/mL)		 促性腺激素
释放激素
GnRH/(ng/L)
HH 3.70 7.55a 85.38 13.17a 85.61abc
HM 2.94 5.72bc 79.55 13.03ab 76.24bcd
HL 3.02 6.66ab 72.66 10.54c 93.94a
MH 3.13 7.68a 82.53 11.87abc 90.10a
组别Groups MM 3.22 7.17a 78.40 10.43c 88.50ab
ML 3.31 5.94bc 72.16 11.49abc 74.30cd
LH 3.03 7.47a 78.10 11.34bc 93.27a
LM 3.07 6.74ab 66.05 12.06abc 76.60bcd
LL 2.94 5.09c 60.40 8.74d 68.81d
SEM 0.07 0.16 1.58 0.25 1.74
主效应Main effects

代谢能		 11.60 3.22 6.64 79.20a 12.24a 85.26

ME/(MJ/kg)		 11.10 3.22 6.93 77.70a 11.26b 84.30
10.60 3.01 6.43 68.18b 10.71b 79.56

粗蛋白质		 16.50 3.28 7.57a 82.00a 12.13a 89.66a

CP/%		 15.50 3.08 6.54b 74.66b 11.84a 80.45b
14.50 3.09 5.90c 68.41b 10.26b 79.01b

P值		 代谢能ME 0.320 0.212 0.002 0.005 0.208

P-value		 粗蛋白质CP 0.351 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.006
代谢能×粗蛋白质ME×CP 0.116 0.005 0.844 0.004 0.001

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对大午金凤蛋种鸡产蛋后期生产性能的影响

饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平是影响家禽生产性能重要的2个因素。研究表明,家禽具有为能而食的特点,饲粮中代谢能水平对家禽的影响主要体现在采食量上,进而导致其余各营养物质摄入量出现偏差和生产性能改变[9]。研究发现,在一定水平范围内,随饲粮代谢能水平的升高,产蛋高峰期“京粉1号”蛋鸡的平均日采食量线性下降[10];25~49周龄华裕海兰褐蛋鸡的料蛋比随饲粮粗蛋白质水平的降低而增加[11]。本试验结果与上述研究结果相一致。
产蛋率是衡量蛋鸡生产性能的重要指标之一。张帅[12]研究发现,在一定水平范围内(13.00%~17.00%),32~36周龄的汶上芦花种鸡的产蛋率随饲粮粗蛋白质水平的增加而提高,粗蛋白质水平超过16.00%后,产蛋率显著下降。段国香等[3]研究表明,产蛋后期“京红1号”蛋鸡的产蛋率随饲粮粗蛋白质水平的增加而提高,这与本试验结果相一致。蛋鸡进入产蛋后期,营养需要量减少,代谢能力下降,蛋鸡摄入过高代谢能水平的饲粮会促进机体脂肪沉积[13-14],同时,过量的脂肪沉积会挤压卵巢的空间,影响排卵和卵泡发育,导致产蛋性能下降[15]。本试验也证实了这一点,高代谢能组的产蛋率显著低于中、低代谢能组。Ribeiro等[16]发现,随饲粮代谢能水平的增加,白来航蛋鸡产蛋率显著降低。方书宝等[17]在研究产蛋后期京红蛋鸡时也表明,饲粮代谢能水平降至10.79 MJ/kg时,能够显著提高其脂质代谢能力,产蛋率也有所提高。同时,饲粮中能量与蛋白质的营养关系并不是相互独立的,而是存在必然的联系[18]。当饲粮中能蛋比适当时,动物生产性能最好,饲料利用率最高;当能蛋比不当时,由于总体营养不平衡,导致饲料转化率降低,动物生产性能也随之下降。本试验结果显示,饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平在产蛋后期大午金凤蛋种鸡产蛋率上表现出显著的交互作用,这一结果与齐明星等[1]的研究结果一致。在本试验条件下,当饲粮代谢能水平为10.60 MJ/kg、粗蛋白质水平为16.50%时,大午金凤蛋种鸡产蛋后期产蛋率最高。

3.2 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对大午金凤蛋种鸡产蛋后期蛋品质的影响

据报道,蛋鸡在进入产蛋后期以后,鸡蛋的重量和体积会随着日龄的增长而增加,而蛋壳的重量并不会随着日龄和鸡蛋体积的增加产生较大的变化[19-20],从而导致蛋壳的厚度逐渐变薄,蛋壳质量变差[21]。蛋白高度和哈氏单位是衡量蛋白黏稠度和反映鸡蛋蛋白品质的重要指标,哈氏单位越大,则表明蛋白黏稠度越高,蛋白品质越好。杨小然等[22]研究发现,试验全期降低饲粮代谢能水平对产蛋后期海兰褐蛋种鸡鸡蛋的蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度无显著影响。齐明星等[1]研究发现,饲粮不同代谢能(10.87和11.08 MJ/kg)和粗蛋白质(15.00%、15.50%和16.00%)水平对产蛋后期新杨绿壳蛋鸡鸡蛋的蛋白高度、蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度均无显著影响,哈氏单位随饲粮粗蛋白质水平的降低而下降,这与本试验结果相一致。

3.3 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对大午金凤蛋种鸡产蛋后期孵化性能的影响

饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平是影响蛋种鸡繁殖性能的重要因素,适合的蛋能比对蛋种鸡的营养均衡供给十分重要。蛋种鸡代谢能摄入不足,无法满足其营养需要,导致繁殖性能极大降低,代谢能摄入过多则会引起卵泡发育过快,排卵异常,影响蛋中营养物质的沉积,同样也会降低蛋种鸡繁殖性能[23]。据报道,饲粮中过高或过低的代谢能水平均会降低汶上芦花鸡种蛋的受精率和孵化率,但未达到显著水平[23],这与本试验结果相一致。朱翠等[24]研究发现,饲粮中不同粗蛋白质水平(15.50%、16.50%和17.50%)对产蛋高峰期(30~30周龄)岭南黄羽肉种鸡的受精率和健雏率均无显著影响,但饲粮粗蛋白水质平为17.50%时其孵化率要低于饲粮粗蛋白水质平为15.50%、16.50%时。殷若新[25]的研究也表明,高粗蛋白质水平饲粮并未获得高的受精率与孵化率,这与本试验结果相一致,表明产蛋后期大午金凤蛋种鸡孵化性能对饲粮粗蛋白质水平的要求远低于产蛋性能的要求。

3.4 饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对大午金凤蛋种鸡产蛋后期血清生殖激素的影响

家禽的生殖活动主要受下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的调控,这种调控主要通过下丘脑分泌的GnRH,垂体分泌的LH和FSH及卵巢分泌的P4和E2共同起作用[26],下丘脑、垂体、卵巢三者相互协调、相互制约,使动物生殖内分泌系统保持相对稳定。饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平的变化可导致蛋白质和脂质代谢平衡改变,影响机体内分泌活动和生殖激素的分泌[27],从而影响卵泡的发育,改变家禽的繁殖性能。在海兰褐蛋鸡上的研究分析,饲喂低代谢能水平(11.70 MJ/kg)饲粮时,血清中E2和P4的含量显著降低,从而影响卵巢卵泡发育[28]。在北京鸭研究上的发现,提高饲粮代谢能水平能够刺激生殖轴,显著提高24周龄北京鸭血浆中E2、LH和FSH的含量,进而提高北京鸭的繁殖性能[15]。本试验也得到了类似的结果,大午金凤蛋种鸡血清中E2和P4的含量随饲粮代谢能水平降低而下降。
E2和P4能够协同促进母禽产蛋,下丘脑释放的GnRH可促进E2和P4的释放,从而提高产蛋性能[29]。张旭[30]的研究发现,与低蛋白质水平(14.00%)饲粮组相比,高蛋白质水平(16.00%)饲粮组蛋鸡血清中E2、P4和GnRH的含量显著增加。黄璇等[31]通过对育成期攸县麻鸭采用限饲发现,随饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平的降低,血清中E2和LH的含量呈下降趋势。在狮头鹅上的研究也表明,适当提高饲粮粗蛋白质水平能够提高垂体中促卵泡生成素β(FSHβ)和卵巢中促卵泡生成素受体(FSHR)的相对表达量,增加血清中E2和P4的含量,提高其繁殖性能[32]。本研究结果显示,降低饲粮粗蛋白质水平导致大午金凤蛋种鸡血清中FSH、E2、P4和GnRH的含量减少,与产蛋率的变化趋势相一致;饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对大午金凤蛋种鸡血清中FSH、P4和GnRH的含量的影响存在显著交互作用,当代谢能水平为10.60 MJ/kg、粗蛋白质水平为16.50%时蛋种鸡产蛋率最高。上述结果说明饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平可通过调节家禽生殖激素的分泌,改变家禽的产蛋性能。

4 结论

在本试验条件下,综合考虑生产性能和繁殖性能指标,建议产蛋后期(52~64周龄)大午金凤蛋种鸡饲粮代谢能水平为11.10 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质水平为15.50%。

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