Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 12: 7774 - 7785

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.706

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Monascus on Growth Performance, Immune Function, Plasma Biochemical Indexes, Antioxidant Capacity and Lipid Metabolism of Yellow-Feathered Chickens

  • SU Qingyun , 1, 2 ,
  • XIONG Taidi 1 ,
  • ZHANG Sheng 1 ,
  • YE Jinling 1 ,
  • LUO Qili 1 ,
  • GOU Zhongyong 1 ,
  • JIANG Shouqun 1 ,
  • FAN Qiuli , 1, *
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  • 1 Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Key Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 2 Guangdong Nanbao Group Maoming Jinying Feed Co., Ltd., Maoming 525024 China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-06-25

  Online published: 2023-12-11

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Monascus on growth performance, immune function, plasma biochemical indexes, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism of yellow-feathered chickens, to provide reference for its application in chicken feeding. A total of 288 one-day-old healthy ephedra chickens were randomly divided into 2 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 24 chickens in each replicate (half male and half female). Chickens in the control group were fed a basal diet, and chickens in the Monascus group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg Monascus. The experiment lasted for 51 days. The results showed that compared with the control group: 1) The average daily gain of chickens during 22 to 42 days of age and 43 to 51 days of age of Monascus group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the ratio of feed to gain of chickens during 22 to 42 days of age, 43 to 51 days of age and 1 to 51 days of age of Monascus group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) The spleen index of chickens at 21 and 51 days of age of Monascus group was significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) The contents of total protein (TP) and total bilirubin (TBILI) in plasma of chickens at 21 days of age of Monascus group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the uric acid (UA) content and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity were significantly decreased (P<0.05); the TP and TBILI contents and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in plasma of chickens at 51 days of age of Monascus group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the UA content and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity were significantly decreased (P<0.05). 4) The content of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in jejunal mucosa of chickens at 21 days of age and content of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in jejunal mucosa of chickens at 51 days of age of Monascus group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the content of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in jejunal mucosa of chickens at 21 and 51 days of age was significantly increased (P<0.05). 5) The activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in liver of chickens of Monascus group were significantly increased (P<0.05), the kidney malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the kidney GSH-Px activity was significantly increased (P<0.05). 6) The content of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in plasma of chickens at 21 and 51 days of age and in liver of chickens at 21 days of age of Monascus group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the content low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) content in plasma of chickens at 21 days of age was significantly decreased (P<0.05). In summary, dietary 500 mg/kg Monascus can improve the growth performance, immune function and antioxidant capacity of yellow-feathered chickens during 1 to 51 days of age, and regulate the lipid metabolism.

Key words： Monascus; yellow-feathered chickens; growth performance; immune function; antioxidant capacity; lipid metabolism

Cite this article

SU Qingyun , XIONG Taidi , ZHANG Sheng , YE Jinling , LUO Qili , GOU Zhongyong , JIANG Shouqun , FAN Qiuli . Effects of Monascus on Growth Performance, Immune Function, Plasma Biochemical Indexes, Antioxidant Capacity and Lipid Metabolism of Yellow-Feathered Chickens[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(12) : 7774 -7785 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.706

红曲菌(Monascus spp.)属于真菌门、子囊菌纲、红曲霉属,又名红曲霉,不仅可用来生产药食同源发酵产品——红曲,同时,红曲菌在生长和发酵过程中可产生红曲色素、红曲多糖、莫纳克林K、γ-氨基丁酸、多酚、黄酮、消化酶、生长因子和麦角固醇等活性物质[1],具有着色[2]、降脂[3]、抗氧化[4]、抗炎抑菌[5]以及抗癌[6]等生物学功能。鉴于以上功能,红曲菌及相关产品已被广泛应用于医疗领域[7]和食品添加剂方面[8],治疗心血管和激素相关性疾病,同时代替亚硝酸盐作为食品添加剂为食品着色。目前,红曲菌及相关产品在畜禽生产方面的应用主要集中于改善生长性能、免疫功能和畜禽产品品质。饲粮中添加0.5%红曲合生元可提高断奶仔猪平均日增重,降低料重比[9];饲粮中添加0.5%红曲菌可提高成年延边黄牛血液中免疫球蛋白、淋巴细胞和单核细胞含量[10];饲粮中添加0.5%~1.5%红曲复合添加剂可提高肉鸡胸肌和腿肌肉色红度和黄度值,降低剪切力[11]。红曲菌及相关产品,如红曲米和红曲菌发酵中药复合制剂在鸡上的研究报道主要以蛋鸡为主,且主要在降低鸡蛋胆固醇含量、提高鸡蛋哈氏单位方面效果显著[12⇓-14]。然而,红曲菌在肉鸡上的应用研究尚未见报道。因此,本试验以具有地方特色的黄羽肉鸡为研究对象,研究饲粮中添加500 mg/kg红曲菌对其生长性能、免疫功能、血浆生化指标、抗氧化能力和脂质代谢的影响,为红曲菌在肉鸡上的科学应用提供参考依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

1日龄麻黄雏鸡购自广州某农牧有限公司。红曲菌含量2.4×109 CFU/g,其中蛋白酶活性23 U/mL,淀粉酶活性28 U/mL,由广州某生物公司提供。

1.2 试验设计

选择288只1日龄初始体重为(38.45±0.02) g的麻黄雏鸡,采用单因子随机分组设计分为2个组,每组6个重复,每个重复24只(公母各占1/2)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,红曲菌组在基础饲粮中添加500 mg/kg红曲菌。试验共51 d,分生长初期(1~21日龄)、生长期(22~42日龄)和育肥期(43~51日龄)3个饲养阶段。

1.3 试验饲粮

试验采用玉米-小麦-杂粕型基础饲粮(颗粒料),不同饲养阶段饲粮营养水平参考《黄羽肉鸡营养需要量》(NY/T 3645—2020)中的快速型黄羽肉鸡营养需要量参数科学配制。红曲菌按照添加量等重量替代预混料中的载体统糠。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (DM basis) %

项目
Items		 1~21日龄
1 to 21 days of age		 22~42日龄
22 to 42 days of age		 43~51日龄
43 to 51 days of age
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 36.95 29.10 20.90
小麦Wheat 20.00 30.00 40.00
豆粕Soybean meal 11.60 7.90 6.00
花生粕Peanut meal 10.50 7.00 4.10
菜籽粕Rapeseed meal 6.00 8.20 11.20
麸皮Wheat bran 3.20 4.00 4.00
次粉Wheat middling 2.20 4.00 4.00
豆油Soybean oil 3.00 4.00 5.00
石粉Limestone 1.20 1.26 1.24
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.83 1.36 0.98
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-lysine·HCl 0.53 0.46 0.29
DL-蛋氨酸DL-methionine 0.35 0.28 0.10
异亮氨酸Isoleucine 0.18 0.16 0.04
L-苏氨酸L-threonine 0.25 0.24 0.10
食盐NaCl 0.30 0.30 0.30
统糠Rice mill byproduct 0.91 0.74 0.75
预混料Premix1) 1.00 1.00 1.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
表观代谢能AME/(MJ/kg) 12.13 12.39 12.60
粗蛋白质CP 19.61 17.54 16.63
赖氨酸Lys 1.29 1.15 0.96
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.93 0.86 0.71
异亮氨酸Ile 0.86 0.79 0.66
苏氨酸Thr 0.86 0.81 0.67
色氨酸Trp 0.21 0.20 0.16
钙Ca 1.02 0.89 0.80
总磷TP 0.64 0.54 0.51
非植酸磷NPP 0.47 0.41 0.36

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age,VA 8 000 IU,VB1 2 mg,VB2 8 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 35 mg,VB6 3.5 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,VD3 1 000 IU,VE 20 IU,VK 0.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.18 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.55 mg,胆碱 choline 1 300 mg,Fe 100 mg,Cu 8 mg,Mn 120 mg,Zn 100 mg,I 0.7 mg,Se 0.3 mg;22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age,VA 6 000 IU,VB1 2 mg,VB2 5 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 30 mg,VB6 3 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,VD3 750 IU,VE 10 IU,VK 0.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.15 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.55 mg,胆碱 choline 1 000 mg,Fe 80 mg,Cu 8 mg,Mn 100 mg,Zn 80 mg,I 0.7 mg,Se 0.3 mg;43~51日龄 43 to 51 days of age,VA 6 000 IU,VB1 1 mg,VB2 4 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 20 mg,VB6 0.6 mg,VB12 0.008 mg,VD3 500 IU,VE 25 IU,VK 1.7 mg,生物素 biotin 0.02 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 8 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.3 mg,胆碱 choline 750 mg,Fe 80 mg,Cu 7 mg,Mn 55 mg,Zn 75 mg,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.15 mg。

2)表观代谢能、氨基酸和非植酸磷为计算值,粗蛋白质、钙和总磷为实测值。AME, amino acids and NPP were calculated values, while CP, Ca and TP were measured values.

1.4 饲养管理

试验鸡平养于封闭式鸡舍,地面铺放谷壳,自由采食颗粒料和饮水,各组饲养管理和环境条件一致,自然通风,保持鸡舍清洁卫生。试验期间,所有试验鸡均按照常规程序和流程进行饲养和免疫,且饲养员每天观察鸡只健康情况并记录。

1.5 样品采集与制备

各阶段试验结束当天19:00断料供水,次日09:00以重复为单位称试验鸡空腹重量,每重复选取接近平均重的鸡2只(公母各1只),翅静脉采集全血4 mL于加有肝素钠的抗凝管中,3 500 r/min离心10 min后,取上层血浆,分装于0.5 mL离心管中,-80 ℃保存,待测血浆生化和脂质代谢指标。
试验鸡采血后颈部放血致死,剖取肝脏、胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊等免疫器官称重。剖取整个空肠,剪取中间部位约10 cm,用磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)将内容物清洗干净后置于滤纸上,载玻片刮取黏膜组织于灭菌的2 mL离心管中,-80 ℃保存,待测空肠黏膜免疫球蛋白和细胞因子含量。剖取的肝脏和肾脏剪取固定部位,分装于灭菌的2 mL离心管中,-80 ℃保存,待测肝脏和肾脏抗氧化以及脂质代谢指标。

1.6 测定指标及方法

1.6.1 饲粮营养水平

表观代谢能、氨基酸和非植酸磷根据《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2019年第30版)》各原料数值进行计算。粗蛋白质、钙和总磷含量分别参照GB/T 6432—2018[15]、GB/T 6436—2018[16]和GB/T 6437—2018[17]方法进行测定。

1.6.2 生长性能

21、42和51日龄时,各组以重复为单位结料,准确记录给料量和剩料量,并称试验鸡活重,各生长性能指标测定方法同范秋丽等[18]。

1.6.3 免疫器官指数

各器官称重后计算以活体重为基础的器官指数,计算公式如下:
肝脏指数(%)=(肝脏重量/活鸡重量)×100;
胸腺指数(%)=(胸腺重量/活鸡重量)×100;
脾脏指数(%)=(脾脏重量/活鸡重量)×100;
法氏囊指数(%)=(法氏囊重量/活鸡重量)×100。

1.6.4 血浆生化指标

血浆总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、尿酸(UA)、葡萄糖(GLU)、总胆红素(TBILI)、肌酐(CRE)含量及谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性采用试剂盒测定,试剂盒均购买于南京建成生物工程研究所,检测方法同范秋丽等[19-20];皮质醇(COR)含量采用双抗夹心法测定,试剂盒购买于江苏麦莎实业有限公司。各指标读数均在多功能酶标仪(SYNERGY H1,BioTek公司,美国)上操作,结果计算严格按照试剂盒说明书进行。

1.6.5 空肠黏膜免疫球蛋白和细胞因子含量

空肠黏膜10%匀浆液制备方法以及TP含量测定方法同Wang等[21],10%匀浆液可直接用于测定分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)等免疫球蛋白和细胞因子含量,各指标测定方法均为双抗夹心法,试剂盒均购买于江苏麦莎实业有限公司,所有指标读数均在多功能酶标仪上操作,结果计算严格按照试剂盒说明书进行。

1.6.6 肝脏和肾脏抗氧化指标

肝脏和肾脏10%匀浆液制备方法以及TP含量测定方法同Wang等[21],10%匀浆液可直接用于测定丙二醛(MDA)含量、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,各指标测定试剂盒均购买于南京建成生物工程研究所,测定方法同Wang等[21],所有指标读数均在多功能酶标仪上操作,结果计算严格按照试剂盒说明书进行。

1.6.7 血浆和肝脏脂质代谢指标

血浆和肝脏甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量采用试剂盒测定,试剂盒均购买于南京建成生物工程研究所,测定方法同Cui等[22],所有指标读数均在多功能酶标仪上操作,结果计算严格按照试剂盒说明书进行。

1.7 数据处理与统计分析

试验数据采用SPSS 23.0软件中的one-way ANOVA程序进行独立样本t检验,P<0.05为差异显著,数据均以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示。

2 结果

2.1 红曲菌对黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响

由表2可知,与对照组相比,红曲菌组肉鸡22~42日龄和43~51日龄平均日增重显著升高(P<0.05),22~42日龄平均日采食量以及22~42日龄、43~51日龄和1~51日龄料重比显著降低(P<0.05)。
表2 红曲菌对黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of Monascus on growth performance of yellow-feathered chickens

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 红曲菌组
Monascus group		 SEM P值
P-value
1~21日龄1 to 21 days of age
1日龄体重BW at 1 day of age/g 38.47 38.44 0.06 0.754
21日龄体重BW at 21 days of age/g 466.21 442.71 7.32 0.616
平均日增重ADG/g 20.37 19.25 0.35 0.625
平均日采食量ADFI/g 32.39 31.01 0.46 0.086
料重比F/G 1.59 1.61 0.03 0.546
死亡率Mortality/% 1.39 0.00 0.87
22~42日龄22 to 42 days of age
42日龄体重BW at 42 days of age/g 1 335.39 1 331.82 19.43 0.157
平均日增重ADG/g 41.39b 42.34a 0.86 <0.001
平均日采食量ADFI/g 90.50a 88.16b 1.78 <0.001
料重比F/G 2.19a 2.08b 0.02 0.029
死亡率Mortality/% 0.00 0.00 0.00
43~51日龄43 to 51 days of age
51日龄体重BW at 51 days of age/g 1 688.90 1 720.91 52.30 0.368
平均日增重ADG/g 37.06b 43.23a 4.76 0.043
平均日采食量ADFI/g 113.51 117.97 5.48 0.141
料重比F/G 3.06a 2.73b 0.08 0.021
死亡率Mortality/% 1.52 0.00 0.96
1~51日龄1 to 51 days of age
平均日增重ADG/g 32.36 32.99 1.09 0.368
平均日采食量ADFI/g 72.68 70.18 1.32 0.713
料重比F/G 2.37a 2.13b 0.06 0.035
死亡率Mortality/% 2.90 0.00 0.92

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 红曲菌对黄羽肉鸡免疫器官指数的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,红曲菌组肉鸡21和51日龄脾脏指数均显著升高(P<0.05)。
表3 红曲菌对黄羽肉鸡免疫器官指数的影响

Table 3 Effects of Monascus on immune organ indexes of yellow-feathered chickens %

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 红曲菌组
Monascus group		 SEM P值
P-value
21日龄21 days of age
肝脏指数Liver index 3.14 3.36 0.23 0.263
胸腺指数Thymus index 0.46 0.46 0.00 0.523
脾脏指数Spleen index 0.19b 0.25a 0.05 0.009
法氏囊指数Bursa of Fabricius index 0.20 0.24 0.02 0.648
51日龄51 days of age
肝脏指数Liver index 1.71 1.90 0.25 0.187
脾脏指数Spleen index 0.14b 0.16a 0.03 0.017

2.3 红曲菌对黄羽肉鸡血浆生化指标的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,红曲菌组肉鸡21日龄血浆TP和TBILI含量均显著升高(P<0.05),UA含量和AST活性均显著降低(P<0.05);同时,红曲菌组肉鸡51日龄血浆TBILI和CRE含量以及LDH活性均显著升高(P<0.05),UA含量和ALT活性均显著降低(P<0.05)。
表4 红曲菌对黄羽肉鸡血浆生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of Monascus on plasma biochemical indexes of yellow-feathered chickens

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 红曲菌组
Monascus group		 SEM P值
P-value
21日龄21 days of age
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 15.96b 18.47a 1.42 0.044
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 11.62 13.72 1.91 0.129
尿酸UA/(mg/L) 316.38a 222.41b 16.57 0.008
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 13.26 12.77 0.23 0.163
总胆红素TBILI/(μmol/L) 35.12b 68.70a 5.06 0.038
肌酐CRE/(μmol/L) 50.47 55.97 1.53 0.571
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 8.20 6.89 2.50 0.329
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 40.00a 28.10b 2.87 0.015
碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) 49.92 41.09 4.82 0.119
肌酸激酶CK/(U/mL) 0.90 1.14 0.11 0.202
乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(U/L) 3 395.06 3 738.68 41.26 0.587
皮质醇COR/(μg/L) 88.49 78.38 6.22 0.165
51日龄51 days of age
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 18.84 21.03 1.06 0.913
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 10.48 12.12 0.55 0.442
尿酸UA/(mg/L) 209.50a 156.29b 26.90 0.023
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 12.41 11.72 0.26 0.148
总胆红素TBILI/(μmol/L) 4.47b 9.91a 2.47 0.003
肌酐CRE/(μmol/L) 37.24b 40.28a 1.50 0.028
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 5.28a 4.02b 0.26 0.037
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 17.26 17.07 1.18 0.465
碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) 13.71 11.19 0.60 0.514
肌酸激酶CK/(U/mL) 1.10 1.35 0.07 0.757
乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(U/L) 4 001.29b 4 813.14a 179.94 0.015
皮质醇COR/(μg/L) 107.53 92.74 9.50 0.064

2.4 红曲菌对黄羽肉鸡空肠黏膜免疫球蛋白和细胞因子含量的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,红曲菌组肉鸡21日龄空肠黏膜IL-1β含量和51日龄空肠黏膜TNF-ɑ含量均显著降低(P<0.05),21和51日龄空肠黏膜IL-10含量显著升高(P<0.05)。
表5 红曲菌对黄羽肉鸡空肠黏膜免疫球蛋白和细胞因子含量的影响

Table 5 Effects of Monascus on contents of immunoglobulins and cytokines in jejunum mucosa of yellow-feathered chickens

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 红曲菌组
Monascus group		 SEM P值
P-value
21日龄21 days of age
分泌型免疫球蛋白A sIgA/(mg/g) 1.11 1.41 0.14 0.705
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(ng/g) 6.46 6.03 0.49 0.268
白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(ng/g) 2.52a 1.82b 0.34 0.012
白细胞介素-8 IL-8/(ng/g) 3.37 2.83 0.35 0.112
白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(ng/g) 6.07b 6.77a 0.82 0.014
51日龄51 days of age
分泌型免疫球蛋白A sIgA/(mg/g) 1.25 1.53 0.08 0.359
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(ng/g) 6.20a 3.00b 0.54 0.040
白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(ng/g) 2.31 2.21 0.20 0.513
白细胞介素-8 IL-8/(ng/g) 4.27 3.87 0.27 0.062
白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(ng/g) 5.85b 7.69a 0.62 0.017

2.5 红曲菌对黄羽肉鸡肝脏和肾脏抗氧化指标的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,红曲菌组肉鸡肝脏T-SOD和GSH-Px活性均显著升高(P<0.05),肾脏MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05),肾脏GSH-Px活性显著升高(P<0.05)。
表6 红曲菌对黄羽肉鸡肝脏和肾脏抗氧化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of Monascus on liver and kidney antioxidant indexes of yellow-feathered chickens

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 红曲菌组
Monascus group		 SEM P值
P-value
肝脏Liver
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mg) 0.29 0.28 0.02 0.802
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mg) 0.59 0.64 0.04 0.204
总超氧化物歧化酶T-SOD/(U/mg) 27.79b 32.02a 2.23 0.047
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mg) 14.64b 17.28a 1.43 0.032
肾脏Kidney
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mg) 0.72a 0.39b 0.06 0.037
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mg) 1.02 1.05 0.00 0.530
总超氧化物歧化酶T-SOD/(U/mg) 42.05 44.88 1.46 0.245
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mg) 14.41b 17.96a 1.18 0.046

2.6 红曲菌对黄羽肉鸡血浆和肝脏脂质代谢指标的影响

由表7可知,与对照组相比,红曲菌组肉鸡21和51日龄血浆以及21日龄肝脏HDL-C含量均显著降低(P<0.05),21日龄血浆LDL-C含量显著降低(P<0.05)。
表7 红曲菌对黄羽肉鸡血浆和肝脏脂质代谢指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of Monascus on plasma and liver lipid metabolism indexes of yellow-feathered chickens

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 红曲菌组
Monascus group		 SEM P值
P-value
血浆Plasma
21日龄21 days of age
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 0.77 0.65 0.05 0.260
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 3.34 3.29 0.11 0.606
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) 1.73a 1.29b 0.07 0.035
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) 2.64a 2.49b 0.08 0.039
51日龄51 days of age
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 0.44 0.40 0.02 0.084
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 2.91 2.79 0.10 0.349
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) 3.37a 2.73b 0.12 0.029
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) 2.23 2.10 0.09 0.159
肝脏Liver
21日龄21 days of age
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/g) 1.26 1.06 0.01 0.277
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/g) 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.082
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/g) 0.02a 0.01b 0.00 0.031
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/g) 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.563
51日龄51 days of age
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/g) 0.10 0.08 0.00 0.533
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/g) 0.05 0.04 0.00 0.170
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/g) 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.480
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/g) 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.387

3 讨论

3.1 红曲菌对黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响

红曲菌在生长过程中可产生γ-氨基丁酸以及淀粉酶和蛋白酶等多种消化酶[23],且γ-氨基丁酸、蛋白酶和淀粉酶均已被证明可改善肉鸡生长性能。饲粮中添加γ-氨基丁酸可显著提高正常和高温应激条件下1~21日龄商品肉鸡平均日增重[24];饲粮中添加淀粉酶可提高1~22日龄罗斯肉鸡末重和平均日增重,降低22~42日龄肉鸡料重比[25];饲粮中添加外源淀粉酶可提高罗斯肉鸡18~35日龄平均日增重,降低料重比[26]。本研究结果表明,饲粮中添加500 mg/kg红曲菌显著提高了黄羽肉鸡22~42日龄和43~51日龄平均日增重,同时显著降低了22~42平均日采食量和料重比以及43~51日龄和1~51日龄料重比,此结果与付兴周等[11]应用1.0%和1.5%红曲复合添加剂提高1~42日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡平均日增重、降低料重比的结果相似,同时也与Pengnoi等[27]应用红曲降低鹌鹑平均日采食量和料重比的结果相似。这说明饲粮中添加500 mg/kg红曲菌对黄羽肉鸡生长性能的改善有促进作用,同时降低了饲养成本。

3.2 红曲菌对黄羽肉鸡血浆生化指标的影响

血浆生化指标可在一定程度反映机体健康情况和对营养物质的代谢状况。TP含量升高、UA含量降低,说明体内蛋白质合成和氮利用能力提高[19]。本研究结果表明,饲粮中添加500 mg/kg红曲菌显著提高了21日龄肉鸡血浆TP含量,同时显著降低了21和51日龄肉鸡血浆UA含量。此结果与许可等[28]应用10%红曲米酒糟提高山羊粗蛋白质消化率和高凯等[9]应用0.5%红曲合生元提高断奶仔猪粗蛋白质表观消化率的结果相似,说明红曲菌的添加可提高黄羽肉鸡蛋白质合成和氮利用能力。TBILI和CRE含量以及ALT、AST和LDH活性升高,说明机体有可能肝脏、肾脏功能存在异常,如肝细胞膜通透性增加、肾脏过滤功能减弱等[20,29]。本研究结果表明,饲粮中添加500 mg/kg红曲菌显著提高了21和51日龄血浆TBILI含量,显著提高了51日龄血浆CRE含量和LDH活性,同时显著降低了21日龄血浆AST活性和51日龄血浆ALT活性,这与崔培等[30]应用0.5~3.0 g/kg红曲降低红白锦鲤血清AST活性的报道相似,同时也与孙建晨[31]应用红曲霉合生元提高蛋鸡血清中TP含量、降低ALT和AST活性的结果一致,具体肝脏、肾脏功能是否存在损伤以及损伤情况有待后续进一步研究。

3.3 红曲菌对黄羽肉鸡免疫功能的影响

免疫器官指数提高、免疫球蛋白和抑炎细胞因子含量的增加以及促炎细胞因子含量的减少在很大程度上反映了禽类免疫功能的提高[20,32]。研究报道,0.2%~0.6%红曲霉活菌制剂可提高蛋鸡35和90日龄脾脏指数、胸腺指数和法氏囊指数[33];0.5%红曲合生元可显著提高断奶仔猪脾脏指数[34];0.5%红曲霉单独添加或者与中药合生素混合添加可提高黄牛血清IgA和IgG含量[10];25~200 mg/mL纳豆粉与红曲粉组合添加可显著提高小鼠脾脏指数、胸腺指数以及血清IL-10含量[35];红曲可显著降低去卵巢大鼠骨组织TNF-α免疫组化表达水平[36];红曲菌和红曲色素可显著降低脂肪肝性小鼠肝脏TNF-α和IL-1β含量以及mRNA表达水平[37]。本研究结果表明,饲粮中添加500 mg/kg红曲菌显著提高了黄羽肉鸡21和51日龄脾脏指数,同时显著提高了21日龄空肠黏膜IL-10含量,显著降低了21日龄空肠黏膜IL-1β含量以及51日龄空肠黏膜TNF-α含量,此结果与前人研究报道相似,说明饲粮中添加500 mg/kg红曲菌可通过提高免疫器官指数和抑炎细胞因子含量,降低促炎细胞因子含量,提高肉鸡免疫功能。

3.4 红曲菌对黄羽肉鸡抗氧化能力和脂质代谢的影响

红曲菌的次生代谢产物莫纳克林K因与肝细胞胆固醇合成过程中的限速酶3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A(HMG-CoA)结构相似,因此可竞争性抑制底物与HMG-CoA还原酶结合,从而抑制胆固醇的合成[38],同时Lai等[37]研究报道,红曲菌和红曲色素可通过提高小鼠肝脏T-SOD和GSH-Px等抗氧化酶活性,降低肝脏脂质过氧化产物MDA含量以及TG和TC含量预防酒精性肝损伤和脂肪肝。本研究结果表明,饲粮中添加500 mg/kg红曲菌可显著降低黄羽肉鸡肾脏MDA含量,显著提高肝脏T-SOD活性以及肝脏和肾脏GSH-Px活性,此结果与前人研究报道相似,说明红曲菌可提高肉鸡抗氧化能力。本研究结果中,虽然红曲菌的添加对肉鸡血浆和肝脏TG和TC含量无显著影响,但显著降低21日龄血浆HDL-C、LDL-C含量和51日龄血浆HDL-C含量以及21日龄肝脏LDL-C含量,此结果与Lee等[3,39]应用红曲菌粉以及红曲色素降低高脂血症小鼠血浆和肝脏LDL-C含量的结果相似,同时也与齐明明等[40]应用红曲和纳豆复合物降低高脂血症大鼠血清中HDL-C和LDL-C含量的结果相似,说明红曲菌的添加可通过降低HDL-C和LDL-C含量调节黄羽肉鸡脂质代谢。

4 结论

饲粮中添加500 mg/kg红曲菌可通过提高平均日增重、降低料重比提高黄羽肉鸡生长性能;可通过提高免疫器官指数和抑炎细胞因子含量、降低促炎细胞因子含量提高黄羽肉鸡免疫功能;可通过降低脂质过氧化物含量、提高抗氧化酶活性提高黄羽肉鸡抗氧化能力;可通过降低HDL-C和LDL-C含量调节肉鸡脂质代谢。

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