Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 12: 7796 - 7804

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.708

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Enzyme Hydrolysate Gross Energy Level on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Serum Biochemical Indicators of Zhongxin Ducks during 15 to 34 Days of Age

  • LYU Zunzhou , 1, 2, 3 ,
  • GAO Jia 1, 2, 3, * ,
  • LAI Jinliang 1, 2, 3 ,
  • AN Sha 1, 2, 3 ,
  • LI Xin 1, 2, 3 ,
  • WANG Tianhu 1, 2, 3 ,
  • FENG Haomin 1, 2, 3 ,
  • XU Shaohua 1, 2, 3 ,
  • ZHANG Qianfang 1, 2, 3 ,
  • LI Yong 4 ,
  • ZHOU Guilian , 1, 2, ** ,
  • YAN Lei , 1, 2, 3, **
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  • 1 Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Products, Chengdu 610023, China
  • 2 New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610023, China
  • 3 Qingdao Key Laboratory of Animal Feed Safety, Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266061, China
  • 4 Weifang New Hope Liuhe Feed Technology Co., Ltd., Weifang 261000, China
** ZHOU Guilian, professor, E-mail: ;
YAN Lei, professor, E-mail:

* Contributed equally

Received date: 2023-06-30

  Online published: 2023-12-11

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Abstract

This study was to investigate the effects of dietary enzyme hydrolysate gross energy (EHGE) level on growth performance, slaughter performance and serum biochemical indicators of Zhongxin ducks during 15 to 34 days of age. A total of 1 550 fifteen-day-old healthy Zhongxin ducks were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 5 replicates per group and 62 ducks per replicate. The dietary EHGE levels in five groups were 14.00, 13.80, 13.60, 13.40 and 13.20 MJ/kg, respectively. The experimental lasted for 20 days. The results showed as follows: 1) there were no significant differences in body weight at 34 days of age, average daily gain (ADG) and survival rate of Zhongxin ducks among all groups (P>0.05). With dietary EHGE level decreased, the feed to gain ratio (F/G) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of Zhongxin ducks showed significant linear and quadratic increasing effects (P<0.05), while the fattening index showed linear and quadratic decreasing effects (P<0.05). 2) The correlation fitting equation between dietary EHGE level and F/G of Zhongxin ducks was y=-0.169x+4.165 (R2=0.969, P=0.002), and the correlation fitting equation between dietary EHGE level and unit weight gain of energy consumption of Zhongxin ducks was y=202.918-19.434x+0.034x3 (R2=0.932, P=0.068). When dietary EHGE level was 13.80 MJ/kg, the unit weight gain of energy consumption of Zhongxin ducks was the lowest. 3) There were no significant differences in dressing percentage, eviscerating percentage, percentage of breast muscle, percentage of leg muscle, percentage of wing, percentage of abdominal fat and percentage of skin fat of Zhongxin ducks among all groups (P>0.05). With dietary EHGE level decreased, the percentage of abdominal fat of Zhongxin ducks showed a significant linear decreasing effect (P<0.05). 4) There were no significant differences in the contents of albumin (ALB), total cholesterol (TCHO), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in serum of Zhongxin ducks among all groups (P>0.05). With dietary EHGE level decreased, the serum glucose (GLU) content of Zhongxin ducks showed linear and quadratic increasing tendencies (P<0.05), and the contents of TCHO and LDL-C in serum showed a significant linear decreasing effect (P<0.05). In conclusion, properly increasing the dietary EHGE level can maintain the normal energy metabolism in the body and improve the growth performance of Zhongxin ducks. There is a high correlation between dietary EHGE level and F/G of Zhongxin ducks, which can accurately reflect the nutritional value of feed.

Key words： Zhongxin ducks; EHGE; growth performance; slaughter performance; serum biochemical indicators

Cite this article

LYU Zunzhou , GAO Jia , LAI Jinliang , AN Sha , LI Xin , WANG Tianhu , FENG Haomin , XU Shaohua , ZHANG Qianfang , LI Yong , ZHOU Guilian , YAN Lei . Effects of Dietary Enzyme Hydrolysate Gross Energy Level on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Serum Biochemical Indicators of Zhongxin Ducks during 15 to 34 Days of Age[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(12) : 7796 -7804 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.708

肉鸭产业是我国畜牧业的重要组成部分。鸭肉在我国是继猪肉和鸡肉之后的第三大肉类产业。2020年,我国肉鸭出栏量达到46.8亿只,占全球总出栏量80%以上,鸭肉产量超过1 050万t,产值超过1 250亿元。但由于我国鸭饲料生物学效价数据库,特别是饲料能量生物学效价评定的缺失,已成为影响我国鸭养殖效益的重要原因[1]。目前,国际上肉鸭尚无公认的肉鸭能量生物学效价评定标准方案,基本上是套用鸡饲料代谢能值的生物学测定方法[2]。但是经典的套算法是以各种原料无交互作用为前提的,显然不符合实际情况[3]。此外,肉鸭存在生长条件各方面差异,国外的肉鸭品种数据不一定符合我国的肉鸭品种[3-4]。目前比较公认的能量体系为代谢能体系,常用代谢能测定方法有多种,包括传统的生物学法和离体法。传统的生物学法是采用常规的代谢试验,耗时耗力且试验的稳定性差[3⇓⇓-6]。离体法是在体外模拟消化过程,测出体外消化能或者可消化干物质能,可减少动物试验,且这些指标与表观代谢能(AME)和氮校正表观代谢能(AMEn)高度相关,因而可用来估计和预测家禽有效能能值[3⇓⇓⇓-7]。准确地测定鸭饲料的能量利用效率是建立鸭营养需要量标准、优化饲料配方、降低饲养成本的主要决策依据。各国营养学家试图应用仿生消化的方法建立一种快速定量测定饲料能量生物学效价的技术体系,以实现对饲料有效能值的实时监测[1,8]。基于此,本试验根据饲料原料酶水解物总能(enzyme hydrolysate gross energy,EHGE)实测值设计配方,研究饲粮EHGE水平对中新鸭生长性能、屠宰性能和血清生化指标的影响,以期为我国肉鸭EHGE体系的应用推广提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

选取15日龄中新鸭公雏1 550只,随机分为5个组,每组5个重复,每个重复62只。各组饲粮EHGE水平分别为14.00、13.80、13.60、13.40、13.20 MJ/kg。试验期20 d。试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。饲料常规营养成分测定按照国家标准进行,其中,粗蛋白质、粗纤维、钙、总磷含量测定分别按照GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6434—2022、GB/T 6436—2018、GB/T 6437—2018进行。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 EHGE水平EHGE level/(MJ/kg)
14.00 13.80 13.60 13.40 13.20
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 44.76 52.56 52.97 48.91 48.83
豆粕Soybean meal 5.20 10.59 11.26 8.17 10.05
面粉Flour 25.00 15.00 10.00 5.00
玉米干酒糟及其可溶物Corn DDGS 7.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 10.00
花生粕Peanut meal 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
米糠粕Rice bran meal 3.00 5.00 5.80
小麦次粉Wheat middling 8.00 12.00
豆油Soybean oil 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
石粉Limestone 1.60 1.57 1.61 1.68 1.69
玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal 4.45 2.44 1.41 1.50
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.01 0.99 0.90 0.79 0.74
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl 0.98 0.83 0.82 0.91 0.84
氯化钠NaCl 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25
预混料Premix1) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
酶水解物总能EHGE/(MJ/kg) 14.00 13.80 13.60 13.40 13.20
粗蛋白质CP 17.93 17.89 18.03 18.03 17.92
粗纤维CF 2.04 2.18 2.50 2.84 3.04
钙Ca 0.80 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.79
总磷TP 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.63
赖氨酸Lys 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:I 3 mg,Se 0.25 mg,VA 9 000 IU,VD3 2 000 IU,VE 11 IU,VK 1.0 mg,VB1 1.2 mg,VB2 5.8 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 66 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,VB6 2.6 mg,生物素 biotin 0.10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.7 mg,VB12 0.012 mg。

2)酶水解物总能、氨基酸为计算值,其余均为实测值。EHGE and amino acids were calculated values, while the others were measured values.

1.2 饲养管理

中新鸭自由采食和饮水,日常管理按育种公司推荐的肉鸭饲养管理程序进行,免疫程序按常规进行。

1.3 检测指标与方法

1.3.1 生长性能

试验期每天统计中新鸭死淘只数,分别于15、34日龄对中新鸭称重,统计采食量,并参照《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量计算方法》(NY/T 823—2020)[9]计算平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、料重比(F/G)等指标。育肥指数参照Butcher等[10]的方法进行计算,单位增重耗能参照雷秋霞等[11]的方法进行计算。

1.3.2 屠宰性能

在中新鸭出栏时,每组选8只公鸭(体重接近该重复平均值)进行分割屠宰试验。胴体分割后测定全净膛、胸肌、腿肌、皮脂以及腹脂重量并参照《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量计算方法》(NY/T 823—2020)[9]计算屠宰率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率、翅膀率、皮脂率以及腹脂率。

1.3.3 血清生化指标

在中新鸭出栏时,每组选8只公鸭(体重接近该重复平均值),空腹12 h,翅静脉采血5 mL,3 000 r/min离心10 min,制备血清,测定血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、葡萄糖(GLU)、总胆固醇(TCHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量,以上所有血清生化指标均采用试剂盒测定,试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所。

1.4 数据统计分析

利用Excel2010软件整理原始数据,生长性能、屠宰性能和血清生化指标试验数据采用SPSS 25.0统计软件中ANOVA程序进行单因素分析、一次线性回归分析和二次曲线回归分析,饲粮EHGE水平与中新鸭单位增重耗能进行三次曲线回归分析,所有指标以每个重复为试验单位。以0.05≤P<0.10表示差异趋于显著,P<0.05表示差异显著。结果用最小二乘法的均值±标准差表示。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲粮EHGE水平对中新鸭生长性能的影响

由表2可知,各组之间中新鸭34日龄体重、ADG、成活率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。随着饲粮EHGE水平降低,中新鸭F/G、ADFI呈现显著一次线性和二次曲线增加效应(P<0.05),育肥指数呈现显著一次线性和二次曲线降低效应(P<0.05)。
表2 饲粮EHGE水平对中新鸭生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary EHGE level on growth performance of Zhongxin ducks

项目
Items		 15日龄体重
BW at 15
days of age/g		 34日龄体重
BW at 34
days of age/g		 平均
日增重
ADG/g		 料重比
F/G		 平均日
采食量
ADFI/g		 成活率
Survival
rate/%		 育肥指数
Fattening
index
饲粮EHGE水平Dietary EHGE level/(MJ/kg)
14.00 1 926.0±24.9 3 047.2±50.2 115.1±2.5 1.810±0.008d 208.3±5.4b 99.0±0.9 629.8±12.6a
13.80 1 918.8±39.2 3 024.8±65.9 114.4±3.7 1.826±0.017d 208.9±7.8b 99.7±0.7 624.0±15.7a
13.60 1 912.2±24.6 3 024.6±9.2 113.9±1.2 1.855±0.014c 211.3±3.5b 99.7±0.7 612.2±7.5a
13.40 1 908.0±15.6 2 989.0±32.6 112.4±2.0 1.900±0.028b 213.5±3.2b 100.0±0.0 591.6±17.3b
13.20 1 935.0±33.1 3 032.8±48.3 114.3±2.8 1.942±0.017a 221.8±3.7a 99.2±1.0 583.8±18.8b
P值P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 0.632 0.381 0.584 <0.001 0.007 0.255 <0.001
一次线性Linear 0.866 0.418 0.319 0.002 0.029 0.659 0.003
二次曲线
Quadratic		 0.866 0.417 0.317 0.002 0.029 0.659 0.003

同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same column, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

饲粮EHGE水平与中新鸭F/G一次线性分析结果如图1所示,饲粮EHGE水平与中新鸭F/G相关性拟合方程为y=-0.169x+4.165(R2=0.969,P=0.002),表示饲粮EHGE水平与中新鸭F/G相关性很高,能精确反映饲料营养价值。
图1 饲粮EHGE水平与中新鸭F/G一次线性分析拟合图

Fig.1 Linear analysis fitting diagram between dietary EHGE level and F/G of Zhongxin ducks

饲粮EHGE水平与中新鸭单位增重耗能三次曲线分析结果如图2所示,随着中新鸭饲粮EHGE水平升高,中新鸭单位增重耗能先降低后升高,饲粮EHGE水平为13.80 MJ/kg时,中新鸭单位增重耗能最低。饲粮EHGE水平与中新鸭单位增重耗能相关性拟合方程为:y=202.918-19.434x+0.034x3(R2=0.932,P=0.068),表示饲粮EHGE水平与中新鸭单位增重耗能有三次曲线相关趋势(P=0.068),且相关性较高(R2=0.932)。
图2 饲粮EHGE水平与中新鸭单位增重耗能三次曲线分析曲线图

Fig.2 Cubic analysis fitting diagram between dietary EHGE level and unit weight gain of energy consumption of Zhongxin ducks

2.2 饲粮EHGE水平对中新鸭屠宰性能的影响

由表3可知,各组之间中新鸭屠宰率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率、翅膀率、腹脂率和皮脂率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。随着饲粮EHGE水平降低,中新鸭腹脂率呈现显著一次线性降低效应(P<0.05)。
表3 饲粮EHGE水平对中新鸭屠宰性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary EHGE level on slaughtering performance of Zhongxin ducks %

项目
Items		 屠宰率
Dressing
percentage		 全净膛率
Eviscerating
percentage		 胸肌率
Percentage of
breast muscle		 腿肌率
Percentage of
leg muscle		 翅膀率
Percentage
of wing		 腹脂率
Percentage of
abdominal fat		 皮脂率
Percentage
of skin fat
饲粮EHGE水平Dietary EHGE level/(MJ/kg)
14.00 85.74±1.63 73.37±2.41 15.68±2.08 14.06±1.56 11.26±0.60 1.43±0.32 21.76±1.18
13.80 87.50±4.09 72.46±3.87 15.03±1.52 14.74±1.66 12.09±1.21 1.38±0.22 21.96±1.70
13.60 86.42±2.95 72.46±2.32 15.03±1.52 14.92±1.46 11.64±0.48 1.22±0.20 21.82±2.31
13.40 87.85±1.38 74.46±4.95 13.79±1.49 13.67±0.93 11.10±0.87 1.21±0.36 22.74±1.88
13.20 87.98±1.52 75.99±1.18 15.39±1.27 14.23±0.75 11.81±0.55 1.21±0.30 21.54±2.22
P值P-value
方差分析ANOVA 0.554 0.242 0.212 0.333 0.126 0.416 0.759
一次线性Linear 0.118 0.133 0.506 0.714 0.945 0.034 0.850
二次曲线Quadratic 0.117 0.131 0.821 0.937 0.965 0.180 0.842

2.3 饲粮EHGE水平对中新鸭血清生化指标的影响

由表4可知,各组之间中新鸭血清ALB、TCHO、LDL-C、HDL-C含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。随着饲粮EHGE水平降低,中新鸭血清GLU含量呈现一次线性和二次曲线降低趋势(P=0.059),血清TCHO和LDL-C含量呈现显著一次线性降低效应(P<0.05)。
表4 饲粮EHGE水平对中新鸭血清生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary EHGE level on serum biochemical indicators of Zhongxin ducks

项目
Items		 总蛋白
TP/(g/L)		 白蛋白
ALB/(g/L)		 葡萄糖
GLU/
(mmol/L)		 总胆固醇
TCHO/
(mmol/L)		 低密度脂
蛋白胆固醇
LDL-C/
(mmol/L)		 高密度脂
蛋白胆固醇
HDL-C/
(mmol/L)		 甘油三酯
TG/
(mmol/L)
饲粮EHGE水平Dietary EHGE level/(MJ/kg)
14.00 39.20±7.37a 19.31±1.56 7.96±1.17a 6.38±1.08 1.83±0.33 2.85±0.63 3.28±0.97a
13.80 31.30±6.17b 21.45±3.22 7.97±1.91a 6.15±1.39 1.53±0.70 2.64±0.61 3.17±1.24a
13.60 28.14±1.83b 19.67±2.99 2.82±0.73b 5.43±1.30 1.44±0.38 2.39±0.72 3.96±0.95a
13.40 31.87±1.66b 19.29±2.07 2.83±1.31b 4.53±0.70 1.27±0.40 3.28±0.65 2.76±0.53ab
13.20 30.68±3.95b 20.63±1.54 2.85±0.86b 4.97±0.99 1.35±0.19 3.24±0.52 1.81±0.55b
P值P-value
方差分析ANOVA 0.029 0.505 <0.001 0.060 0.283 0.112 0.010
一次线性Linear 0.256 0.898 0.059 0.036 0.043 0.300 0.216
二次曲线Quadratic 0.477 0.556 0.059 0.117 0.189 0.154 0.350

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮EHGE水平对中新鸭生长性能的影响

能量是动物生长发育、物质代谢过程的基础,唯有饲粮能量水平适宜时动物才能充分发挥其生长性能[12-13]。与肉鸡相比,肉鸭更具有“为能而食”的本领,能量水平是决定肉鸭采食量的关键,在自由采食的条件下,肉鸭更趋向于根据能量需求量来调节采食量,因而能量水平成为调节动物采食量的首要因素[6,14]。当饲粮能量水平过高时,会降低采食量而影响到肉鸭的生长性能;而当饲粮能量水平过低时,家禽采食量增加可能造成其他养分如蛋白质、维生素等的浪费[15]。众多研究结果显示,随着饲粮能量水平的升高,ADFI和F/G有下降的趋势[16⇓⇓-19]。本研究与前人研究结果一致。因此,适宜的饲粮能量水平是提高饲料利用率的重要因素。
随着对畜禽消化生理的深入研究,体外消化技术已经进入到一个飞速发展时期。体外消化即通过在体外模拟动物体内一系列复杂的消化过程,以期达到和动物体内消化等同的效果,在解放生产力的前提下对生产实际也具有一定的科学指导意义[1⇓⇓⇓-5]。本研究结果显示,饲粮EHGE水平与中新鸭F/G相关性高(R2=0.969),表明饲粮EHGE水平与动物生长性能有很强的相关性,其能精确地反映饲料的营养价值。随着饲粮EHGE水平升高,中新鸭单位增重耗能先降低后升高,饲粮EHGE水平为13.80 MJ/kg时单位增重耗能最低,表明此时肉鸭能量利用效率最高。因此,在本试验条件下,考虑中新鸭单位增重耗能情况,饲粮EHGE水平为13.80 MJ/kg为宜。

3.2 饲粮EHGE水平对中新鸭屠宰性能的影响

已有报道,在饲粮蛋白质水平不变时,能量水平下降对北京鸭的胴体蛋白质含量无显著影响,而胴体脂肪含量显著下降[6]。叶慧等[16]研究结果显示,饲粮代谢能水平(10、11、12、13 MJ/kg)对60日龄麻鸭屠宰率、全净膛率、腿肌率没有显著影响,不同代谢能水平对肉鸭腹脂率有显著影响,饲粮代谢能水平越高,腹脂率越大。本研究与前人研究结果相同,随着饲粮EHGE水平降低,中新鸭腹脂率呈现一次线性降低效应,但方差分析结果未达到显著水平,可能原因是本试验设计的饲粮EHGE水平梯度较小,未使肉鸭腹脂率达到显著水平。

3.3 饲粮EHGE水平对中新鸭血清生化指标的影响

肉鸭摄入能量满足自身生长发育所需后,多余的能量被用于合成脂肪和蛋白质,从而加快蛋白质的合成代谢速度,使得血清TP和ALB含量增加。长期饲喂高能饲粮能够影响机体的肝脏合成功能和蛋白质的分解代谢[20]。TG和胆固醇是血液脂肪的组成部分,其含量的高低反映了脂类的吸收和代谢状况[21]。同时,TG是动物体内含量最多的脂类,是反映机体血脂水平的常用指标,也是机体贮存能量的形式[22]。高密度脂蛋白促进多余胆固醇从外周组织流出到肝脏,防止动脉粥样化,具有抗炎特性。低密度脂蛋白对机体脂质稳定有重要作用[23]。徐志昊[24]研究结果表明,饲粮代谢能水平显著影响京典北京鸭公鸭血清TP、ALB、LDL-C、HDL-C和TG含量,且高能组均显著低于低能组,而对血清胆固醇含量无显著影响。张建华[25]研究结果表明,饲粮代谢能对4~7周龄黑羽公番鸭血清TG、TP、ALB、TCHO含量均无显著影响。本试验研究结果显示,饲粮EHGE水平对中新鸭公鸭血清ALB、LDL-C、HDL-C含量无显著影响,但饲粮EHGE水平高的中新鸭血清TP、GLU、TG含量高于EHGE水平低的中新鸭。本试验结果与上述试验结果略有差异,可能是由于种属差异、日龄等引起的。血清GLU含量作为动物体内能量平衡的重要标指,与动物饲粮能量摄入量有关。饲粮能量水平通过影响动物机体新陈代谢活动影响血清GLU含量,机体新陈代谢加强会导致糖异生作用加强,表现出高能量水平组血清GLU含量升高[26-27]。Salami等[28]和多乐等[29]研究结果表明,饲粮能量水平可影响肉鸡血清GLU含量,且高能组血清GLU含量显著高于低能组,其研究结果与本试验结果一致。

4 结论

① 饲粮EHGE水平与中新鸭F/G相关性高,其能精确反映饲料营养价值。
② 随着饲粮EHGE水平降低,中新鸭F/G、ADFI升高,育肥指数降低;饲粮EHGE水平为13.80 MJ/kg时,中新鸭能量利用效率最高。
③ 饲粮EHGE水平对中新鸭屠宰性能无显著影响,但随着饲粮EHGE水平降低,中新鸭腹脂率呈现一次线性降低效应。
④ 随着饲粮EHGE水平降低,中新鸭血清GLU含量呈现一次线性和二次曲线降低趋势,血清TCHO和LDL-C含量呈现一次线性降低效应。

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