1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the diet (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 玉米青贮Corn silage | 24.53 |
| 进口苜蓿Imported alfalfa | 14.31 |
| 羊草Leymus chinensis | 10.20 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 12.32 |
| 玉米Corn | 15.73 |
| 压片玉米Flaked corn | 8.17 |
| 棉籽粕Cottonseed meal | 3.31 |
| 甜菜粕Sugar beet pellet | 4.81 |
| 干酒糟及其可溶物DDGS | 3.11 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 3.51 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |
| 产奶净能NEL/(MJ/kg) | 7.13 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 17.36 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 4.56 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 18.50 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 31.34 |
| 钙Ca | 0.68 |
| 磷P | 0.41 |
1)每千克预混料含有One kg of premix contained the following: Cu 1 250 mg,Zn 4 900 mg,Mn 1 760 mg,I 50 mg,Se 61 mg,VA 240 000 IU,VD 338 000 IU,VE 1 000 IU。 2)产奶净能为计算值,其他营养水平为实测值。NEL was a calculated value,while the other nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.3 样品采集与测定
1.3.1 奶样采集与测定
1.3.2 瘤胃液采集与指标测定
1.3.3 瘤胃微生物多样性测定
1.4 数据分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 酵母β-葡聚糖对泌乳中期奶牛生产性能的影响
表2 酵母β-葡聚糖对泌乳中期奶牛生产性能的影响Table 2 Effects of yeast β-glucan on performance of dairy cows in middle lactation period |
| 项目 Items | C组 C group | L组 L group | H组 H group | SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 产奶量Milk yield/(kg/d) | 39.65Bb | 41.25Aa | 41.31Aa | 0.12 | <0.01 |
| 4%乳脂校正奶产量4% FCM yield/(kg/d) | 37.28b | 40.26a | 39.20ab | 0.28 | 0.03 |
| 乳脂率Milk fat percentage/% | 3.60b | 3.84a | 3.66ab | 0.04 | 0.04 |
| 乳蛋白率Milk protein percentage/% | 3.19 | 3.17 | 3.15 | 0.02 | 0.79 |
| 乳糖率Lactose percentage/% | 4.99b | 5.05a | 5.01ab | 0.01 | 0.05 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P≤0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference(P≤0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
2.2 酵母β-葡聚糖对泌乳中期奶牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响
表3 酵母β-葡聚糖对泌乳中期奶牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响Table 3 Effects of yeast β-glucan on rumen fermentation parameters of dairy cows in middle lactation period |
| 项目 Items | C组 C group | L组 L group | H组 H group | SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pH | 6.51 | 6.41 | 6.47 | 0.02 | 0.09 |
| 氨态氮Ammoniacal nitrogen/(mg/dL) | 15.67 | 16.54 | 14.56 | 0.58 | 0.16 |
| 乙酸Acetate/(mmol/L) | 58.19b | 61.65a | 59.62b | 0.56 | 0.04 |
| 丙酸Propionate/(mmol/L) | 22.57 | 23.36 | 23.74 | 0.29 | 0.20 |
| 乙酸/丙酸Acetate/propionate | 2.60 | 2.66 | 2.54 | 0.23 | 0.15 |
| 丁酸Butyrate/(mmol/L) | 11.44b | 12.57a | 12.14a | 0.17 | 0.03 |
| 异戊酸Isovalerate/(mmol/L) | 1.87 | 2.11 | 1.97 | 0.04 | 0.08 |
| 戊酸Valerate/(mmol/L) | 1.66 | 1.89 | 1.85 | 0.04 | 0.09 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA/(mmol/L) | 95.73 | 101.50 | 99.32 | 0.97 | 0.08 |
2.3 酵母β-葡聚糖对泌乳中期奶牛瘤胃微生物区系结构的影响
2.3.1 ɑ多样性分析
表4 酵母β-葡聚糖对泌乳中期奶牛瘤胃微生物多样性指数的影响Table 4 Effects of yeast β-glucan on rumen microbial diversity indexes of dairy cows in middle lactation period |
| 项目Items | C组C group | L组L group | SEM | P值P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 2 118.60 | 2 086.20 | 1.11 | 0.49 |
| 香浓指数Shannon index | 6.13 | 6.02 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
| 辛普森指数Simpson index | 0.009 9 | 0.012 0 | 0.001 3 | 0.40 |
| 覆盖度指数Coverage index | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.02 | 0.68 |
2.3.2 瘤胃细菌菌群组成分析
图3 微生物群落柱状图(门水平)Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Desulfobacterota:脱硫杆菌门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Others:其他。 Fig.3 Microbial community histogram (phylum level) |
表5 优势菌门及其相对丰度变化Table 5 Dominant bacteria phyla and their relative abundance change % |
| 项目Items | C组C group | L组L group | SEM | P值P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidota | 40.17 | 44.75 | 1.81 | 0.21 |
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 52.26 | 47.63 | 1.80 | 0.21 |
| Patescibacteria | 1.41 | 1.29 | 0.06 | 0.31 |
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 2.82 | 3.31 | 0.23 | 0.31 |
图4 微生物群落柱状图(属水平)Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Succiniclasticum:解琥珀酸菌属;NK4A214 group:NK4A214群;Christensenellaceae R-7 group:克里斯藤森菌科R-7群;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属:Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut group:理研菌科_RC9_肠道群;F082_norank:F082未分类;Butyrivibrio:丁酸弧菌属:Clostridia UCG-014_norank:未分类梭菌纲 UCG-014;Lachnospiraceae NK3A20 group:毛螺菌科NK3A20群;Prevotellaceae UCG-001:普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001;Saccharofermentans:产乙酸糖发酵菌属;Prevotellaceae UCG-003:普雷沃氏菌科UCG-003;Lachnospiraceae XPB1014 group:毛螺菌科XPB1014群;Candidatus Saccharimonas:候选单胞生糖菌属;Bacteroidales RF16 group_norank:拟杆菌目RF16未分类群;Succinivibrionaceae UCG-002:琥珀酸弧菌科UCG-002;Treponema:密螺旋体属;[Eubacterium] coprostanoligenes group_norank:产粪甾醇真杆菌属未分类群;Pseudobutyrivibrio:假丁酸弧菌属;Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group:毛螺菌科AC2044群;p-251-o5_norank:p-251-o5未分组; UCG-010_norank:UCG-010未分组;[Eubacterium] ruminantium group:啮齿真杆菌属群;Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group:毛螺菌科NK4A136群;Phyllobacterium:叶杆菌属;Veillonellaceae UCG-001:韦荣球菌科UCG-001;Prevotella_7:普雷沃氏菌属_7;Schwartzia:施瓦茨氏菌属;Others:其他。 Fig.4 Microbial community histogram (genus level) |
表6 优势菌属及其相对丰度的变化Table 6 Dominant bacteria genera and their relative abundance change % |
| 项目 Items | C组 C group | L组 L group | SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 普雷沃氏菌属Prevotella | 22.03 | 27.62 | 2.01 | 0.08 |
| 解琥珀酸菌属Succiniclasticum | 9.54 | 9.93 | 0.69 | 0.60 |
| Muribaculaceae_norank | 6.10a | 4.20b | 0.48 | 0.05 |
| NK4A214群NK4A214 group | 5.62 | 6.61 | 0.46 | 0.16 |
| 克里斯藤森菌科R-7群Christensenellaceae R-7 group | 4.71 | 5.10 | 0.42 | 0.41 |
| 瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus | 4.93 | 3.81 | 0.33 | 0.06 |
| F082未分类F082_norank | 3.59 | 3.11 | 0.24 | 0.32 |
| 理研菌科_RC9_肠道群Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut group | 3.25 | 4.17 | 0.27 | 0.07 |
| 丁酸弧菌属Butyrivibrio | 2.90 | 2.16 | 0.30 | 0.23 |
| 未分类梭菌纲UCG-014 Clostridia UCG-014_norank | 2.47a | 1.59b | 0.13 | 0.03 |
| 毛螺菌科NK3A20群Lachnospiraceae NK3A20 group | 2.01 | 1.81 | 0.14 | 0.48 |
| 普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001 Prevotellaceae UCG-001 | 1.41 | 1.33 | 0.08 | 0.63 |
| 产乙酸糖发酵菌属Saccharofermentans | 1.39 | 1.10 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
| UCG-005 | 1.31 | 1.07 | 0.15 | 0.45 |
| 普雷沃氏菌科UCG-003 Prevotellaceae UCG-003 | 1.16 | 1.21 | 0.10 | 0.80 |
| 毛螺菌科XPB1014群Lachnospiraceae XPB1014 group | 1.11 | 0.78 | 0.10 | 0.14 |
| 琥珀酸弧菌科UCG-002 Succinivibrionaceae UCG-002 | 1.28a | 0.52b | 0.20 | 0.01 |
| 拟杆菌目RF16未分类菌群Bacteroidales RF16 group_norank | 0.75 | 1.11 | 0.10 | 0.06 |
表7 2组中起重要作用的差异物种Table 7 Differential species that play an important role in the two groups |
| 物种 Species | 符号 Letter1) | 相对丰度 Relative abundance2) | 组别 Groups | LDA值 LDA value | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 维氏菌目Vicinamibacterales | a | 2.18 | C | 2.00 | 0.03 | |||||
| 维氏菌纲Vicinamibacteria | b | 2.38 | C | 2.11 | 0.04 | |||||
| 微杆菌科Microbacteriaceae | c | 2.61 | L | 2.10 | 0.05 | |||||
| 微球菌目Micrococcales | d | 2.63 | L | 2.11 | 0.04 | |||||
| 噬几丁质菌科Chitinophagaceae | e | 2.19 | L | 2.01 | <0.01 | |||||
| 噬几丁质菌属Chitinophagales | f | 2.96 | L | 2.48 | 0.01 | |||||
| 黄杆菌目Flavobacteriales | g | 2.41 | L | 2.17 | 0.04 | |||||
| NS11_12_marine_group | h | 2.34 | L | 2.10 | <0.01 | |||||
| 鞘氨醇杆菌目Sphingobacteriales | i | 2.35 | L | 2.10 | 0.01 | |||||
| Bradymonadales | j | 3.64 | C | 2.97 | <0.01 | |||||
| 脱硫单胞菌纲Desulfuromonadia | k | 3.64 | C | 2.97 | <0.01 | |||||
| 纤维杆菌科Fibrobacteraceae | l | 2.80 | C | 2.08 | 0.03 | |||||
| 纤维菌杆目Fibrobacterales | m | 2.80 | C | 2.08 | 0.03 | |||||
| 纤维菌杆门Fibrobacteria | n | 2.80 | C | 2.08 | 0.03 | |||||
| RF39 | o | 3.41 | C | 2.56 | <0.01 | |||||
| 未分类梭菌纲UCG-014 Clostridia UCG-014_norank | p | 4.35 | C | 3.40 | 0.05 | |||||
| 柄杆菌科Caulobacteraceae | q | 2.61 | L | 2.17 | 0.03 | |||||
| 生丝单胞菌科Hyphomonadaceae | r | 2.63 | C | 2.33 | 0.02 | |||||
| Micropepsaceae | s | 2.91 | L | 2.59 | 0.00 | |||||
| Micropepsales | t | 2.91 | L | 2.59 | 0.00 | |||||
| 鞘脂单胞菌科Sphingomonadaceae | u | 2.93 | L | 2.29 | 0.01 | |||||
| 鞘脂单胞菌目Sphingomonadales | v | 2.93 | L | 2.29 | 0.01 | |||||
| 伯克氏菌科Burkholderiaceae | w | 3.89 | L | 3.38 | 0.01 | |||||
| 伯克氏菌目Burkholderiales | x | 3.95 | L | 3.40 | 0.00 | |||||
| Steroidobacteraceae | y | 2.49 | C | 2.23 | 0.01 | |||||
| Steroidobacterales | z | 2.49 | C | 2.22 | 0.01 | |||||
| 罗河杆菌科Rhodanobacteraceae | a0 | 3.39 | L | 2.91 | 0.01 | |||||
| 黄色单胞菌科Xanthomonadaceae | a1 | 2.60 | L | 2.31 | 0.01 | |||||
| 黄色单胞菌目Xanthomonadales | a2 | 3.46 | L | 3.00 | 0.01 | |||||
| 疣微菌科Verrucomicrobiaceae | a3 | 2.61 | L | 2.27 | 0.03 | |||||
| 疣微菌目Verrucomicrobiales | a4 | 2.64 | L | 2.20 | 0.04 | |||||
| 疣微菌纲Verrucomicrobiae | a5 | 2.66 | L | 2.23 | 0.03 | |||||
1)表示与进化分枝图中的字母对应;2)表示差异物种在差异组的相对丰度。 | |
1) corresponds to a letter in the evolutionary branching diagram; 2) represents the relative abundance of different species in different groups. |
2.3.3 beta多样性比较分析
2.3.3.1 基于UniFrac的聚类树分析
2.3.3.2 基于beta多样性距离的非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)
2.3.3.3 LEfSe分析
图7 LDA分析柱图Burkholderiales:伯克氏菌目;Burkholderiaceae:伯克氏菌科;Rhodanobacter:罗河杆菌属;Xanthomonadales:黄色单胞菌目;Rhodanobacteraceae:罗河杆菌科; Polynucleobacter:多核杆菌属;Chitinophagales:噬几丁质菌属;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Chitinophagaceae:噬几丁质菌科;Prosthecobacter:突柄杆菌属;Xanthomonadaceae:黄色单胞菌科;Sphingomonadales:鞘脂单胞菌目;Sphingomonadaceae:鞘脂单胞菌科;Verrucomicrobiaceae:疣微菌科;Thermomonas:热单胞菌属;Verrucomicrobiae:疣微菌纲;Verrucomicrobiales:疣微菌目;Sphingomonas:鞘氨醇菌属;Mizugakiibacter:水恒杆菌属;Caulobacteraceae:柄杆菌科;Flavobacteriales:黄杆菌目;Flavihumibacter:黄湿杆菌属;Micrococcales:微球菌目; Microbacteriaceae:微球菌科;Sphingobacteriales:鞘氨醇杆菌目;Alloprevotella:肠道拉瓦异普雷沃氏菌属; Edaphobacter:酸杆菌属;Vicinamibacterales:维氏菌目;Ruminobacter:瘤胃杆菌属; Fibrobacteraceae:纤维杆菌科;Fibrobacterota:纤维杆菌门;Fibrobacteraies:纤维杆菌纲;Vicinamibacteria:维氏菌纲;Hirschia:海氏菌属; Lachnobacterium:毛螺旋菌属;Hyphomonadaceae:生丝单胞菌科;Lachnospiraceae FCS020 group:毛螺菌科FCS020群;Papillibacter:帕匹杆菌属; Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group:毛螺菌科NK4A136群; Desulfuromonadia:脱硫单胞菌纲;[Eubacterium] ruminantium_group:啮齿真杆菌属群;Desulfobacterota:脱硫杆菌门;Clostridia UCG-014_norank:未分类梭菌纲 UCG-014。 Fig.7 LDA analysis column diagram |
图8 进化分枝图Vicinamibacterales:维氏菌目;Vicinamibacteria:维氏菌纲;Microbacteriaceae:微球菌科;Micrococcales:微球菌目;Chitinophagaceae:噬几丁质菌科;Chitinophagales:噬几丁质菌属;Flavobacteriales:黄杆菌目; Sphingobacteriales:鞘氨醇杆菌目;Desulfuromonadia:脱硫单胞菌纲;Fibrobacteraceae:纤维杆菌科;Fibrobacterales:纤维杆菌目;Fibrobacteria:纤维杆菌纲;Clostridia UCG-014_norank:未分类梭菌纲 UCG-014;Caulobacteraceae:柄杆菌科;Hyphomonadaceae:生丝单胞菌科; Sphingomonadaceae:鞘脂单胞菌科;Sphingomonadales:鞘脂单胞菌目;Burkholderiaceae:伯克氏菌科;Burkholderiales:伯克氏菌目; Rhodanobacteraceae:罗河杆菌科;Xanthomonadaceae:黄色单胞菌科;Xanthomonadales:黄色单胞菌目;Verrucomicrobiaceae:疣微菌科;Verrucomicrobiales:疣微菌目;Verrucomicrobiae:疣微菌纲。 Fig.8 Evolutionary branching diagram |
