Effects of Enteromorpha prolifera Polysaccharide on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indexes, Meat Quality and Muscle Amino Acid Contents of Fattening Tan Sheep

LI Yancui; HUANG Lijun; GAO Yancheng; LIU Shuaishuai; SONG Lili; CHE Yuyan; KONG Mengjie; WU Wancheng; WANG Peng; WANG Dong; MA Chao; LI Wenzhong; GENG Yiwen; CHEN Guoshun

doi:10.12418/CJAN2023.718

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 12: 7920 - 7930

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2023.718

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Enteromorpha prolifera Polysaccharide on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indexes, Meat Quality and Muscle Amino Acid Contents of Fattening Tan Sheep

LI Yancui ^,¹ ,
HUANG Lijun ² ,
GAO Yancheng ¹ ,
LIU Shuaishuai ¹ ,
SONG Lili ¹ ,
CHE Yuyan ¹ ,
KONG Mengjie ¹ ,
WU Wancheng ² ,
WANG Peng ³ ,
WANG Dong ¹ ,
MA Chao ¹ ,
LI Wenzhong ¹ ,
GENG Yiwen ¹ ,
CHEN Guoshun ^,¹^,^*

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¹ College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
² Yanchi Zhongquan Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Yanchi 751500, China
³ Qingdao Seawin Biotechnology Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China

^* professor, E-mail: chengs@gsau.edu.cn

Received date: 2023-06-26

Online published: 2023-12-11

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Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide on growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, meat quality and muscle amino acid contents of fattening Tan sheep. Forty health 45-day-old male Tan lambs with similar body weight [(22.17±0.36) kg] were randomly divided into 4 groups with 10 replicates per group and 1 lamb per replicate. The supplemental levels of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide in the diets of the four groups were 0 (control group), 500 (test group Ⅰ), 1 000 (test group Ⅱ) and 1 500 mg/kg (test group Ⅲ), respectively. The pre-experimental period lasted for 10 days, and the experimental period lasted for 60 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the final body weight (FBW) and average daily gain (ADG) of test groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the feed to gain ration (F/G) was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). 2) The contents of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), total protein (TP) and globulin (GLB) in serum of test group III were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of test group Ⅲ was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). 3) The carcass weight of test group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of control group and test group Ⅰ (P<0.05), and the back fat thickness and cooking loss were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). 4) The contents of glycine (Gly), aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), leucine (Leu), threonine (Thr) and tyrosine (Tyr) in longissimus dorsi of test group Ⅲ were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the contents of total amino acids (TAA), essential amino acids (EAA), delicious amino acids (DAA) and sweet amino acids (SAA) in longissimus dorsi of test groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). In summary, the addition of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide in the basal diet of fattening Tan sheep can improve the growth performance, serum biochemical indexes and meat quality to varying degrees, among them which adding 1 500 mg/kg Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide has the best effect.

Key words： Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide; Tan sheep; growth performance; serum biochemical indexes; meat quality; amino acid

Cite this article

LI Yancui , HUANG Lijun , GAO Yancheng , LIU Shuaishuai , SONG Lili , CHE Yuyan , KONG Mengjie , WU Wancheng , WANG Peng , WANG Dong , MA Chao , LI Wenzhong , GENG Yiwen , CHEN Guoshun . Effects of Enteromorpha prolifera Polysaccharide on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indexes, Meat Quality and Muscle Amino Acid Contents of Fattening Tan Sheep[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 35(12) : 7920 -7930 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.718

盐池滩羊是我国特有的优良品种,2003年5月1日起,宁夏回族自治区在全区实行了全面禁牧,滩羊养殖全部由放牧转为舍饲^[1]。大量研究表明,舍饲环境下羊只由于运动量少,生长性能及羊肉品质有所下降^[2-3]。随着人们对健康、低脂、绿色滩羊肉的需求日益增加,生产无污染、无残留、无公害的滩羊肉已经成为目前舍饲滩羊养殖的研究重点。因此,鉴于对高品质羊肉产品的需求,开发既能提高生长性能又能保持滩羊健康的有效且可持续的植物添加剂势在必行^[4]。浒苔是一种药食兼用的藻类植物,属绿藻门、石莼目、石莼科、浒苔属植物,广泛分布于我国东部沿海地区。浒苔多糖是浒苔的关键活性成分,其从天然绿藻浒苔粉中经酶解提取、纯化、浓缩、喷雾干燥而成,主要由鼠李糖、木糖和葡萄糖等组成,具有降血糖、抗炎、抗氧化等作用^[5],还具有免疫调节和胃肠道保护等作用^[6-7],是理想的植物添加剂来源之一。Liu等^[8]研究表明,饲粮中添加浒苔多糖可提高肉鸡生长性能,增强肠道免疫应答和完整性,并调节肉鸡的盲肠微生物群。Kong等^[9]研究发现,饲粮中添加浒苔多糖可显著提高蛋鸡血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等抗氧化酶的活性。此外,研究发现饲粮中添加浒苔多糖可调节小鼠中的肠道微生物群^[10],也有研究发现饲粮中添加浒苔多糖可调节人类的粪便微生物群^[9]。然而,在饲粮中添加浒苔多糖能否改善反刍动物的生长性能和健康状态尚不清楚,且浒苔多糖在反刍动物上的研究及应用较少,特别是浒苔多糖对滩羊的肉品质和免疫功能的影响尚未阐明。因此,本试验旨在研究基础饲粮中添加不同水平浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊生长性能、肉品质、血清生化指标及肌肉中氨基酸含量的影响,并探讨其发挥作用的生物活性功能,为浒苔多糖在反刍动物生产中的应用提供一定的理论基础。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

浒苔多糖由青岛某生物集团股份有限公司提供,单糖组成为40.6%鼠李糖、9.3%葡萄糖醛酸、38.2%葡萄糖、5.6%半乳糖和6.3%木糖。

1.2 试验设计

本试验于2022年6—8月在宁夏盐池县中泉农牧科技有限公司进行。采用单因素试验设计,选择40只体重[(22.63±0.24) kg]相近、健康的45日龄滩羊公羔,随机分为4个组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只羊。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在基础饲粮中分别添加500、1 000、1 500 mg/kg的浒苔多糖。预试期为10 d,正试期为60 d。

1.3 基础饲粮

参考我国《肉羊饲养标准》(NY/T 816—2004)配制基础饲粮,由中泉农牧科技有限公司提供,基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。

表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) %

项目Items	含量Content
原料Ingredients
杂草颗粒Weed particle	9.87
苜蓿颗粒Alfalfa hay	9.87
玉米Corn	29.62
花生粕Peanut meal	9.87
苦豆子粉Bitter bean powder	0.20
麸皮Bran	9.87
稻壳粉Powdered rice hulls	9.87
喷浆玉米皮Spouting corn husks	9.87
糖蜜Molasses	1.97
柠条粉Caragana powder	4.94
膨化尿素Expanded urea	1.48
石粉Limestone	1.38
食盐NaCl	0.39
预混料Premix¹⁾	0.80
合计Total	100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels²⁾
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg)	11.64
粗蛋白质CP	14.92
粗脂肪EE	2.40
中性洗涤纤维NDF	42.70
酸性洗涤纤维ADF	7.83
钙Ca	0.89
总磷TP	0.37

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet:VA 15 000 IU,VD 2 200 IU,VE 50 IU,Fe 54 mg,Cu 12.1 mg,Mn 45 mg,Zn 23 mg,Se 0.5 mg,I 0.5 mg,Co 0.1 mg。

2)代谢能为计算值,其余为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.4 饲养管理

试验前对羊舍进行消毒处理,对所有试验羊统一进行免疫驱虫,注射疫苗,并进行编号。羊只以每个重复为单位单栏饲养,每天06:00和18:00各饲喂1次,并根据预试期测定的采食量进行投喂,保证自由采食及饮水。

1.5 样品采集与制备

正试期结束后,每组选取接近各组平均体重的6只羊进行屠宰。宰前24 h停止喂料,宰前2 h停止喂水。屠宰后30 min,取右边胴体倒数第1与第2肋骨之间脊椎上眼肌(背最长肌)样品3份,装于5 mL无酶冻存管中,并做好标记,保存于液氮中,用于氨基酸含量的检测。所有滩羊通过颈静脉采取血液10 mL,静置30 min后,3 500 r/min离心10 min,取血清,分2份装于1.5 mL冷冻管,于-20 ℃保存待测。

1.6 测定指标及方法

1.6.1 饲粮营养水平

饲粮干物质(DM)含量测定参照《饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术》^[11],粗蛋白质(CP)含量测定采用全自动凯氏定氮仪,粗脂肪(EE)含量测定采用全自动脂肪测定仪,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量测定参照Van Soest^[12]的方法,钙含量测定参照GB/T 6436—2018,总磷含量测定参照GB/T 6437—2018。代谢能是基于NRC(2007)^[13]饲养标准中绵羊营养需要量的基础之上,根据饲粮各成分的代谢能值^[14]和配方比例计算得出。

1.6.2 生长性能

分别在正试期第1天和第60天早晨,对所有羊进行空腹个体称重,记录初始体重(IBW)和终末体重(FBW),并计算平均日增重(ADG);每次饲喂前清理料槽并对剩料进行称重记录,计算平均日采食量(ADFI);根据ADFI和ADG计算料重比(F/G)。

1.6.3 血清生化指标

免疫指标:免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)和球蛋白(GLB);抗氧化指标:GSH-Px、SOD和丙二醛(MDA);其他指标:谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、肌酐(CREA)、尿素氮(UN)、总胆固醇(TC)、尿素(UREA)和葡萄糖(GLU)。采用全自动生化分析仪(迈瑞BS-420)对上述血清生化指标进行测定,检测方法及步骤参考试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)说明书。

1.6.4 屠宰性能及肉品质

屠宰性能及肉品质参照《羊生产学》^[15]和T/CAAA 080—2022进行测定。背最长肌肉色参照NY/T 630—2002进行测定。使用手持pH计分别测定宰后背最长肌45 min和24 h的pH,使用手持精密色差仪检测背最长肌亮度(L^*)、红度(a^*)和黄度(b^*)值。

1.6.5 背最长肌氨基酸含量

参照GB/T 5009.124—2003测定背最长肌氨基酸含量。

1.7 统计分析

试验数据采用Excel 2010软件进行整理,采用SPSS 22.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),使用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,结果以“平均值±标准差”表示。P<0.05为差异显著性判定标准。

2 结果与分析

2.1 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊生长性能的影响

由表2可知,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的FBW显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别比对照组提高了4.22%和8.56%;且试验Ⅲ组的FBW显著高于试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅱ组的ADFI显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的ADG显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别比对照组提高了30.03%、24.24%和43.75%。试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的F/G显著低于对照组(P<0.05),分别比对照组降低了6.95%和10.35%。以上结果表明,饲粮中添加浒苔多糖可以提高ADG,降低F/G,促进滩羊生长,其中试验Ⅲ组的效果最好。

表2 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide on growth performance of fattening Tan sheep

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	试验Ⅰ组 Test group Ⅰ	试验Ⅱ组 Test group Ⅱ	试验Ⅲ组 Test group Ⅲ
初始体重IBW/kg	22.61±0.95	22.65±0.63	22.61±0.62	22.63±0.37
终末体重FBW/kg	37.40±1.30^c	38.62±0.44^bc	38.98±0.24^b	40.60±0.59^a
平均日采食量ADFI/kg	1.61±0.02^ab	1.63±0.02^a	1.59±0.03^b	1.59±0.02^ab
平均日增重ADG/g	210.90±42.18^b	274.23±22.42^a	262.03±24.79^a	303.17±21.08^a
料重比F/G	7.05±1.97^a	6.96±0.33^a	6.56±0.49^b	6.32±0.32^b

	同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。
	In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊血清生化指标的影响

2.2.1 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊血清免疫指标的影响

由表3可知,试验Ⅰ组的血清IgA含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅲ组的血清IgA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅲ组的血清IgG含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅰ组的血清IgM含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅲ组的血清IgM含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的血清TP含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅲ组的血清TP含量显著高于试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅲ组的血清ALB含量显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组的血清GLB含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅰ组的血清白蛋白/球蛋白(A/G)显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,血清TP、GLB含量随浒苔多糖添加水平的提高均有所上升,试验Ⅲ组的滩羊免疫功能最佳。

表3 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊血清免疫指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide on serum immune indexes of fattening Tan sheep

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	试验Ⅰ组 Test group Ⅰ	试验Ⅱ组 Test group Ⅱ	试验Ⅲ组 Test group Ⅲ
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(g/L)	1.82±0.09^b	1.64±0.10^c	1.76±0.01^ab	1.97±0.04^a
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(g/L)	18.65±0.46^b	16.98±1.05^b	18.36±1.61^b	20.98±0.59^a
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(g/L)	1.28±0.05^b	1.10±0.08^c	1.25±0.12^b	1.45±0.02^a
总蛋白TP/(g/L)	66.18±0.07^c	68.30±0.07^b	68.31±0.21^b	70.48±0.26^a
白蛋白ALB/(g/L)	39.15±0.05^a	36.23±2.93^b	38.48±0.02^ab	39.79±0.15^a
球蛋白GLB/(g/L)	27.02±0.11^b	32.07±2.95^a	29.83±0.22^ab	30.69±0.37^a
白蛋白/球蛋白A/G	1.45±0.01^a	1.14±0.18^b	1.29±0.01^ab	1.30±0.02^ab

2.2.2 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表4可知,各组之间血清SOD、GSH-Px活性及MDA含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的血清SOD活性分别提高了20.26%、26.04%、28.10%,血清GSH-Px活性分别提高了18.31%、23.58%、24.51%,血清MDA含量分别降低了11.19%、12.44%、23.13%。

表4 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide on serum antioxidant indexes of fattening Tan sheep

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	试验Ⅰ组 Test group Ⅰ	试验Ⅱ组 Test group Ⅱ	试验Ⅲ组 Test group Ⅲ
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL)	54.99±4.19	66.13±1.30	69.31±0.98	70.44±1.79
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL)	300.24±76.07	355.20±18.02	371.05±10.84	373.83±57.99
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL)	4.02±0.04	3.57±0.28	3.52±0.21	3.09±0.12

2.2.3 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊其他血清生化指标的影响

由表5可知,试验Ⅲ组的血清ALP活性显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。各组之间血清ALT、AST活性及CREA、UN、TC、UREA、GLU含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的血清AST活性及UN、TC含量均呈现下降的趋势,GLU含量呈现上升的趋势。以上结果表明,饲粮中添加浒苔多糖对滩羊的肝脏功能和肾脏功能有保护作用,试验Ⅲ组的效果最佳。

表5 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊其他血清生化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide on other serum biochemical indexes of fattening Tan sheep

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	试验Ⅰ组 Test group Ⅰ	试验Ⅱ组 Test group Ⅱ	试验Ⅲ组 Test group Ⅲ
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L)	12.66±0.26	12.76±2.21	11.98±0.68	11.97±2.65
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L)	126.76±0.98	122.92±3.60	120.35±15.13	116.16±14.62
肌酐CREA/(μmol/L)	72.16±3.78	59.56±12.95	78.94±9.02	59.81±13.44
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L)	7.52±0.72	7.23±0.87	7.16±0.31	7.10±0.81
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L)	1.67±0.11	1.49±0.55	1.32±0.40	1.06±0.55
碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L)	375.47±2.06^b	354.99±1.09^b	354.29±6.15^b	346.16±14.90^a
尿素UREA/(mmol/L)	7.69±0.62	7.41±1.41	7.85±0.38	6.95±0.21
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L)	2.52±0.17	2.67±0.17	2.72±0.32	2.93±0.43

2.3 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

由表6可知,试验Ⅲ组的胴体重显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅱ组的屠宰率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的背膘厚均显著低于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅲ组的蒸煮损失显著低于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的pH_{24 h}显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。各组之间熟肉率、滴水损失、剪切力、失水率、pH_{45 min}及L^*、a^*、b^*值均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表6 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

Table 6 Effects of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide on slaughter performance and meat quality of fattening Tan sheep

项目 Items		对照组 Control group	试验Ⅰ组 Test group Ⅰ	试验Ⅱ组 Test group Ⅱ	试验Ⅲ组 Test group Ⅲ
胴体重Carcass weight/kg		18.07±0.23^c	19.09±0.31^bc	20.16±0.85^ab	20.83±0.82^a
屠宰率Slaughter rate/%		48.34±0.25^b	49.43±0.01^ab	51.70±0.02^a	51.28±0.01^ab
背膘厚Back fat thickness/mm		13.27±0.10^a	13.26±0.08^a	12.22±0.04^b	12.09±0.07^b
熟肉率Cooked meat rate/%		53.33±0.07	51.67±0.06	59.33±0.08	63.00±0.04
蒸煮损失Cooking loss/%		64.00±0.02^a	64.33±0.08^a	56.00±0.02^ab	52.00±0.04^b
滴水损失Drip loss/%		3.39±0.01	3.71±0.01	3.72±0.01	3.19±0.01
剪切力Shear force/N		73.83±21.89	70.23±16.62	69.21±12.22	56.09±21.77
失水率Water loss rate/%		32.33±0.04	33.33±0.03	35.00±0.03	34.00±0.01
pH_{45 min}		6.48±0.08	6.37±0.07	6.52±0.07	6.52±0.09
pH_{24 h}		5.94±0.12^a	5.74±0.05^ab	5.62±0.17^b	5.57±0.23^b
肉色	亮度L^*	31.73±0.14	31.20±0.41	31.09±0.46	31.39±0.29
Meat color	红度a^*	21.82±0.66	22.08±1.34	22.82±2.32	21.88±0.26
	黄度b^*	9.82±0.14	9.74±0.19	9.61±0.11	9.53±0.18

2.4 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊背最长肌氨基酸含量的影响

由表7可知,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的背最长肌甘氨酸(Gly)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别比对照组提高了6.56%、16.94%、13.66%。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的背最长肌天冬氨酸(Asp)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别比对照组提高了5.24%、10.49%、11.24%(P<0.05)。试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的背最长肌谷氨酸(Glu)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别比对照组提高了4.81%、7.10%。试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的背最长肌亮氨酸(Leu)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别比对照组提高了48.44%、49.48%。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的背最长肌苏氨酸(Thr)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别比对照组提高了4.02%、8.05%、9.77%(P<0.05)。试验Ⅰ组的背最长肌半胱氨酸(Cys)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),比对照组提高了5.08%。试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的背最长肌酪氨酸(Tyr)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别比对照组提高了5.26%、5.85%(P<0.05)。试验Ⅰ组的背最长肌非必需氨基酸(NEAA)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的背最长肌必需氨基酸(EAA)和甜味氨基酸(SAA)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的背最长肌鲜味氨基酸(DAA)和总氨基酸(TAA)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,饲粮中添加浒苔多糖能够提高部分呈味氨基酸(Asp、Glu、Gly)含量,有助于改善羊肉风味和营养价值。

表7 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊背最长肌氨基酸含量的影响

Table 7 Effects of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide on longissimus dorsi amino acid contents of fattening Tan sheep

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	试验Ⅰ组 Test group Ⅰ	试验Ⅱ组 Test group Ⅱ	试验Ⅲ组 Test group Ⅲ
甘氨酸Gly/%^*	1.83±0.03^c	1.95±0.01^b	2.08±0.05^a	2.14±0.06^a
天冬氨酸Asp/%^*	2.67±0.06^c	2.81±0.05^b	2.95±0.04^a	2.97±0.02^a
谷氨酸Glu/%^*	3.95±0.03^b	4.09±0.10^ab	4.14±0.03^a	4.23±0.17^a
脯氨酸Pro/%^*	1.67±0.13	1.75±0.02	1.76±0.05	1.72±0.02
丙氨酸Ala/%^*	1.79±0.63	2.14±0.04	2.17±0.10	2.23±0.02
缬氨酸Val/%^#	2.17±0.16	2.29±0.06	2.31±0.02	2.31±0.12
蛋氨酸Met/%^#	1.35±0.08	1.34±0.14	1.26±0.03	1.27±0.05
异亮氨酸Ile/%^#	1.70±0.10	1.79±0.04	1.84±0.23	1.85±0.06
亮氨酸Leu/%^#	1.92±0.10^b	2.03±0.12^b	2.85±0.10^a	2.87±0.12^a
赖氨酸Lys/%^#	2.64±0.55	2.89±0.11	2.83±0.11	2.86±0.26
苯丙氨酸Phe/%^#	1.82±0.13	1.85±0.14	1.81±0.06	1.87±0.07
组氨酸His/%^#	1.68±0.15	1.71±0.05	1.76±0.06	1.77±0.03
苏氨酸Thr/%^#	1.74±0.02^c	1.81±0.04^b	1.88±0.04^a	1.91±0.04^a
丝氨酸Ser/%	1.66±0.12	1.74±0.05	1.76±0.02	1.77±0.01
精氨酸Arg/%	2.22±0.28	2.36±0.13	2.32±0.12	2.40±0.04
半胱氨酸Cys/%	1.18±0.05^b	1.24±0.01^a	1.23±0.03^ab	1.23±0.02^ab
酪氨酸Tyr/%	1.71±0.06^b	1.77±0.06^ab	1.80±0.02^a	1.81±0.02^a
非必需氨基酸NEAA/%	19.73±0.43^b	20.55±0.21^a	20.00±0.30^ab	20.13±0.18^ab
必需氨基酸EAA/%	13.33±0.84^c	14.00±0.21^bc	14.71±0.41^ab	15.13±0.19^a
鲜味氨基酸DAA/%	11.93±0.73^b	12.78±0.07^a	13.10±0.15^a	13.29±0.14^a
甜味氨基酸SAA/%	10.60±0.93^b	11.41±0.14^b	12.47±0.03^a	12.67±0.16^a
总氨基酸TAA/%	33.78±1.42^c	35.56±0.23^b	36.67±0.75^ab	37.31±0.22^a
必需氨基酸/总氨基酸EAA/TAA	0.40±0.04	0.40±0.01	0.40±0.01	0.41±0.01
鲜味氨基酸/总氨基酸DAA/TAA	0.41±0.01	0.41±0.01	0.42±0.01	0.42±0.01

*:鲜味氨基酸 delicious amino acid;#:必需氨基酸 essential amino acid。

3 讨论

3.1 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊生长性能的影响

滩羊的增重是营养物质消化、吸收、利用与沉积的结果。Wassie等^[16]研究表明,饲粮中添加浒苔多糖对动物的生长具有明显促进作用。Liu等^[17]研究发现,饲粮中添加浒苔多糖可提高肉鸡ADFI、ADG。王述柏等^[18]研究发现,饲粮中添加2%~4%的浒苔干粉可促进肉鸡生长,添加3%~4%的浒苔干粉可显著提高肉鸡ADG。林英庭等^[19]试验表明,饲粮中添加10%的新鲜浒苔显著降低了生长猪的F/G,提高了ADG。本试验中,饲粮中添加1 500 mg/kg的浒苔多糖显著提高了滩羊的ADG,显著降低了F/G,与上述研究报道一致。这说明浒苔多糖的添加对滩羊的生长有一定的促进作用。

3.2 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊血清生化指标的影响

3.2.1 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊血清免疫指标的影响

血清免疫指标是反映动物机体健康状况的重要指标。免疫球蛋白具有抗菌、抗病毒等作用^[20],主要包括IgG、IgA和IgM。血清TP包括ALB和GLB,它们在维持血液渗透压、组织修复和生长等方面发挥重要作用,TP、ALB含量反映了机体蛋白质的吸收和代谢状况^[21]。血清中的GLB主要由免疫球蛋白组成,GLB含量随浒苔添加水平的提高有所上升,说明浒苔能够适当改善机体的体液免疫功能^[22]。Liu等^[23]研究发现,补充植物提取的天然多糖可以改善宿主的免疫功能。Zou等^[24]研究发现,饲粮中添加400 mg/kg的浒苔多糖能显著提高断奶仔猪的生长性能和降低腹泻率,并促进分泌型免疫球蛋A(sIgA)的产生,增强抗氧化能力和免疫力。本试验中,试验Ⅲ组的滩羊血清IgG和IgM的含量显著高于其他各组。孙建凤等^[21]研究发现,饲粮中添加3%的浒苔能够显著提高肉鸡血清TP、ALB含量,这与本试验的结果一致,说明浒苔对肉鸡的蛋白质沉积和合成具有一定的促进作用。本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加1 500 mg/kg浒苔多糖能显著提高滩羊血清IgA、IgG、TP含量,维持机体内环境平衡和新陈代谢,改善了滩羊的机体免疫力。

3.2.2 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

SOD、GSH-Px、MDA是反映机体的抗氧化能力的综合性指标。孙建凤等^[21]研究发现,饲粮中添加浒苔能够增强肉鸡血清GSH-Px活性,而血清MDA含量则随浒苔添加水平的增加显著降低,表现出良好的抗氧化能力。Guo等^[25]研究表明,在肉鸡饲粮中添加浒苔多糖增强了法氏囊GSH-Px活性,并降低了血清MDA含量。同时,浒苔多糖参与调节细胞内抗氧化应激信号通路,改善机体的抗氧化状态。Liu等^[17]研究表明,饲粮中添加浒苔多糖能提高肉鸡肝脏SOD活性,降低血清和肝脏MDA含量。Tang等^[26]研究发现,在小鼠高脂饲粮中添加浒苔提取物能够显著提高内源性抗氧化酶(SOD、GSH-Px)活性,降低MDA含量,从而防止小鼠的脂质过氧化损伤。此外,浒苔多糖可通过提高机体抗氧化酶活性有效预防或减少机体氧化损伤,增强抗氧化能力。Mosayyeb等^[27]在蛋鸡饲粮中添加海藻粉后,发现血清SOD、GSH-Px活性极显著升高,并且随海藻粉添加水平的提高而升高。上述研究与本试验结果一致,表明饲粮中添加浒苔多糖提高了育肥滩羊的抗氧化能力,其中试验Ⅲ组的效果最好。

3.2.3 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊其他血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标能够反映动物机体营养代谢与健康情况^[28]。GLU含量的变化可以反映机体对糖吸收、转运和代谢的动态平衡^[29],与生长速度呈正相关。本研究发现,对照组及试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组血清GLU含量低于正常值(2.8~3.9 mmol/L),出现这种变化的原因可能是试验地点夏季天气闷热,饲粮摄入减少,白昼时间变长,睡眠不足,滩羊体内的新陈代谢旺盛,因而大量消耗体内的GLU。同时,随着温度升高,胰岛素的敏感性增高,促使胰岛素的分泌量比其他季节多,造成血清GLU含量偏低^[30]。心脏、肝脏、肾脏等器官的代谢情况可通过血清ALP活性的高低来衡量^[31],血清ALP活性升高表明肝脏和心脏可能受损^[32]。本试验中,饲粮中添加1 500 mg/kg显著降低了血清ALP活性,表明浒苔多糖可能具有保护或提高滩羊生理机能的功效。反映肝脏功能的重要指标是ALT和AST^[33]。本试验中,各组血清ALT、AST活性无显著差异,表明浒苔多糖对肝脏无不良影响。UN和CREA是反映肾脏功能的重要指标,高含量的UN和CREA可能会引起肾脏功能损害^[34]。本试验中,添加浒苔多糖后滩羊血清CREA含量稳定,而UN含量有所降低,表明浒苔多糖对滩羊的肾脏功能有保护作用。本试验中所有血清生化指标都在正常的范围内,说明浒苔多糖对滩羊健康有积极作用。

3.3 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

胴体重、屠宰率、背膘厚等是衡量肉羊屠宰性能的重要指标。蒸煮损失、剪切力、失水率、pH、肉色等是反映肉品质的重要指标^[35]。郭晓华等^[36]研究发现,在育肥猪饲粮中添加海藻提取物可显著提高猪肉pH_{24 h},表明海藻提取物可以有效缓解屠宰后乳酸积累对肉品质的负面影响。黄俊^[37]研究发现,饲粮中添加海藻糖降低了肉鸡胸肌失水率,即提高了胸肌系水力,能更好地保证肉质鲜嫩多汁,说明饲粮中添加海藻糖可以改善肉鸡胸肌肉品质。本试验结果与Buyse等^[38]研究结果一致。本试验中,试验Ⅲ组背最长肌剪切力最低,说明其肉质较嫩。这可能是由于滩羊体内随着浒苔多糖的蓄积,系水力也逐渐上升,肌肉中水分含量增加,导致嫩度也增加。

3.4 浒苔多糖对育肥滩羊背最长肌氨基酸含量的影响

氨基酸的含量与羊肉的风味有直接关系^[39-40]。氨基酸作为风味物质之一,起主要呈味作用的氨基酸有Asp、Glu、Gly和Ala,这些氨基酸的含量一定程度上能够影响肉制品的风味^[41]。其中DAA的含量则可直接影响肌肉滋味^[42]。Glu和谷氨酸钠有着独特的呈味效应,对特征性的鲜香味有增强作用^[43-44]。本试验在滩羊饲粮中添加浒苔多糖后,背最长肌TAA、NEAA、EAA、DAA和SAA含量均呈现上升趋势。因此,可以通过添加浒苔多糖来增强肉的滋味和香味,改善肉质性状及风味。

4 结论

饲粮中添加浒苔多糖可以提高滩羊的生长性能;降低背膘厚和蒸煮损失,改善肉品质;提高血清SOD活性并且降低了血清MDA含量,提高血清IgG、IgA、IgM含量,增强抗氧化能力和抗病力;提高背最长肌TAA、NEAA、EAA、DAA和SAA含量。综合本试验结果,在育肥滩羊饲粮中添加1 500 mg/kg浒苔多糖的效果最好。

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