1 材料与方法
1.1 样品来源
表1 样品采集情况Table 1 Sample collection status |
| 省份 Provinces | 500头以下 Less than 500 cows | 500~999头 500 to 999 cows | 1 000~2 999头 1 000 to 2 999 cows | 3 000~5 000头 3 000 to 5 000 cows | 5 000头以上 More than 5 000 cows |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 安徽Anhui | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| 甘肃Gansu | 2 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 2 |
| 广西Guangxi | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 贵州Guizhou | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 河北Hebei | 10 | 36 | 32 | 5 | 9 |
| 河南Henan | 21 | 20 | 13 | 5 | 5 |
| 黑龙江Heilongjiang | 8 | 8 | 15 | 6 | 8 |
| 吉林Jilin | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 辽宁Liaoning | 3 | 7 | 6 | 0 | 1 |
| 内蒙古Inner Mongolia | 5 | 3 | 14 | 2 | 1 |
| 宁夏Ningxia | 1 | 1 | 33 | 9 | 7 |
| 青海Qinghai | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| 山东Shandong | 21 | 13 | 14 | 1 | 13 |
| 山西Shanxi | 7 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| 陕西Shaanxi | 5 | 12 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
| 新疆Xinjiang | 12 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 1 |
| 云南Yunnan | 9 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| 合计Total | 110 | 117 | 156 | 37 | 54 |
1.2 样品采集方法
1.3 检测指标与方法
1.3.1 营养指标测定
1.3.2 发酵指标测定
1.4 综合评价
1.4.1 主成分分析
1.4.2 隶属函数分析
1.4.3 CSQS分析
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同规模奶牛场全株玉米青贮质量比较
表2 不同规模奶牛场全株玉米青贮质量比较Table 2 Comparison of whole-plant corn silage quality in different scale dairy farms |
| 项目 Items | 500头以下 Less than 500 cows | 500~ 999头 500 to 999 cows | 1 000~ 2 999头 1 000 to 2 999 cows | 3 000~ 5 000头 3 000 to 5 000 cows | 5 000头以上 More than 5 000 cows | SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 营养指标Nutrient indexes | |||||||
| 干物质DM/% | 28.85b | 31.08a | 31.05a | 30.70a | 31.05a | 0.170 | <0.01 |
| 粗蛋白质CP/%DM | 8.93a | 8.81ab | 8.71ab | 8.86a | 8.63b | 0.030 | 0.02 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF/%DM | 39.16a | 37.70b | 37.94ab | 38.19ab | 37.35b | 0.190 | 0.04 |
| 30 h中性洗涤纤维降解率 NDFD30/% | 60.10 | 60.74 | 60.54 | 60.55 | 60.97 | 0.101 | 0.14 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF/%DM | 24.13 | 23.12 | 23.39 | 23.35 | 23.06 | 0.131 | 0.07 |
| 淀粉Starch/%DM | 27.72b | 29.78a | 29.71a | 29.94a | 30.73a | 0.250 | <0.01 |
| 粗脂肪EE/%DM | 4.12c | 4.18bc | 4.26ab | 4.34a | 4.22bc | 0.015 | <0.01 |
| 粗灰分Ash/%DM | 6.53 | 6.31 | 6.34 | 6.28b | 6.29 | 0.032 | 0.09 |
| 发酵指标Fermentation indexes | |||||||
| pH | 3.87 | 3.84 | 3.82 | 3.80 | 3.80 | 0.008 | 0.07 |
| 氨态氮NH3-N/%DM | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.006 | 0.50 |
| 乳酸LA/%DM | 4.46b | 4.52b | 4.67b | 4.53b | 5.04a | 0.040 | <0.01 |
| 乙酸AA/%DM | 2.71 | 2.62 | 2.61 | 2.81 | 2.56 | 0.029 | 0.23 |
同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。 | |
In the same row, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). |
2.2 基于主成分对不同规模奶牛场全株玉米青贮质量的综合分析
2.2.1 主成分的载荷值和贡献率
表3 不同规模奶牛场全株玉米青贮主成分分析Table 3 Principal component analysis of whole-plant corn silage in different scale dairy farms |
| 项目 Items | 主成分Principal components | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
| 干物质DM | -0.69 | -0.16 | -0.11 | 0.23 | -0.01 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 0.51 | 0.48 | 0.05 | 0.02 | -0.51 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 0.92 | -0.19 | 0.09 | -0.21 | 0.09 |
| 30 h中性洗涤纤维降解率NDFD30 | -0.47 | 0.01 | 0.29 | -0.61 | 0.35 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 0.93 | -0.14 | 0.16 | -0.08 | 0.16 |
| 淀粉Starch | -0.94 | 0.10 | -0.19 | 0.04 | -0.05 |
| 粗脂肪EE | -0.43 | 0.62 | 0.38 | 0.09 | 0.41 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 0.85 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.27 | 0.33 |
| pH | 0.26 | 0.18 | -0.80 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 氨态氮NH3-N | 0.05 | 0.88 | 0.19 | 0.22 | -0.01 |
| 乳酸LA | -0.03 | -0.16 | 0.89 | 0.31 | -0.08 |
| 乙酸AA | 0.26 | 0.73 | -0.14 | -0.40 | -0.05 |
| 特征值Eigen value | 4.76 | 2.09 | 1.80 | 0.80 | 0.76 |
| 贡献率Contribution rate/% | 39.63 | 17.42 | 15.01 | 6.62 | 6.34 |
| 累计贡献率Cumulative contribution rate/% | 39.63 | 57.05 | 72.06 | 78.68 | 85.01 |
2.2.2 全株玉米青贮综合评价模型的建立及综合分析
表4 主成分方程式Table 4 Principal component equation |
| 名称Names | 方程式Equation |
|---|---|
| F1 | F1=-0.144X1+0.108X2+0.193X3-0.128X4+0.196X5-0.199X6- 0.091X7+0.178X8+0.055X9+0.011X10-0.005X11+0.056X12 |
| F2 | F2=-0.075X1+0.242X2-0.088X3+0.003X4-0.069X5+0.049X6+ 0.297X7+0.01X8+0.085X9+0.421X10-0.078X11+0.348X12 |
| F3 | F3=-0.059X1+0.029X2+0.05X3+0.159X4+0.087X5-0.105X6+ 0.213X7+0.059X8-0.443X9+0.103X10+0.493X11-0.078X12 |
| F4 | F4=0.286X1+0.022X2-0.267X3-0.586X4-0.096X5+0.048X6+ 0.118X7+0.341X8+0.378X9+0.281X10+0.387X11-0.498X12 |
| F5 | F5=-0.016X1-0.63X2+0.124X3+0.46X4+0.21X5-0.062X6+ 0.534X7+0.43X8+0.398X9-0.016X10-0.107X11-0.059X12 |
| 主成分综合得分 Principal component comprehensive score | F=(39.629F1+17.42F2+15.006F3+6.624F4+ 6.335F5)/85.013 |
表5 不同规模奶牛场全株玉米青贮主成分得分、综合得分及排序Table 5 Principal component score, comprehensive score and ranking of whole-plant corn silage in different scale dairy farms |
| 养殖规模 Breeding scales | 主成分得分 Principal component score | 综合得分 Comprehensive score | 排序 Ranking | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | |||
| 500头以下Less than 500 cows | 0.35 | -0.03 | -0.17 | -0.14 | -0.08 | 0.11 | 5 |
| 500~999头500 to 999 cows | 0.01 | -0.05 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 4 |
| 1 000~2 999头 1 000 to 2 999 cows | -0.11 | -0.01 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.11 | -0.02 | 3 |
| 3 000~5 000头 3 000 to 5 000 cows | -0.24 | 0.23 | 0.16 | -0.24 | 0.11 | -0.05 | 2 |
| 5 000头以上 More than 5 000 cows | -0.21 | -0.12 | 0.28 | 0.23 | -0.06 | -0.06 | 1 |
2.3 基于隶属函数对不同规模奶牛场全株玉米青贮质量的综合分析
表6 不同规模奶牛场全株玉米青贮隶属函数值及排序Table 6 Subordinate function value and ranking of whole-plant corn silage in different scale dairy farms |
| 项目 Items | 500头以下 Less than 500 cows | 500~ 999头 500 to 999 cows | 1 000~ 2 999头 1 000 to 2 999 cows | 3 000~ 5 000头 3 000 to 5 000 cows | 5 000头以上 More than 5 000 cows |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 干物质DM | 0.333 | 0.404 | 0.403 | 0.393 | 0.404 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 0.510 | 0.483 | 0.457 | 0.495 | 0.439 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 0.601 | 0.646 | 0.639 | 0.631 | 0.657 |
| 30 h中性洗涤纤维降解率NDFD30 | 0.509 | 0.559 | 0.543 | 0.574 | 0.549 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 0.613 | 0.657 | 0.645 | 0.647 | 0.659 |
| 淀粉Starch | 0.601 | 0.657 | 0.655 | 0.662 | 0.683 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 0.466 | 0.499 | 0.537 | 0.578 | 0.516 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 0.658 | 0.695 | 0.690 | 0.701 | 0.699 |
| pH | 0.488 | 0.511 | 0.529 | 0.552 | 0.554 |
| 氨态氮NH3-N | 0.456 | 0.451 | 0.425 | 0.420 | 0.437 |
| 乳酸LA | 0.521 | 0.532 | 0.559 | 0.534 | 0.624 |
| 乙酸AA | 0.473 | 0.494 | 0.498 | 0.448 | 0.510 |
| 平均值Mean | 0.519 | 0.549 | 0.549 | 0.553 | 0.561 |
| 排序Ranking | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
2.4 基于CSQS对不同规模奶牛场全株玉米青贮质量的综合分析
表7 不同规模奶牛场全株玉米青贮CSQS及排序CSQS and ranking of whole-plant corn silage in different scale dairy farms |
| 养殖规模 Breeding scales | 全株玉米青贮质量评分指数 CSQS/分 | 排序 Ranking |
|---|---|---|
| 500头以下Less than 500 cows | 66.61 | 5 |
| 500~999头500 to 999 cows | 69.91 | 4 |
| 1 000~2 999头1 000 to 2 999 cows | 69.92 | 3 |
| 3 000~5 000头3 000 to 5 000 cows | 71.06 | 2 |
| 5 000头以上More than 5 000 cows | 71.60 | 1 |
