Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 1: 151 - 161

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.015

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Liquid-Feeding Mixed Meal Diets on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Contents of Serum Inflammatory Factors and Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids of Growing Pigs

  • LIU Zhiyun , 1, 2 ,
  • ZHONG Xiaoxia 1, 2 ,
  • GUAN Xiaofeng 1, 2 ,
  • MU Xinyang 2 ,
  • ZHOU Xiaorong 1, 2 ,
  • HUANG Jinxiu , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
  • 2 National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing 402460, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-07-14

  Online published: 2024-01-12

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Abstract

This experiment aimed to explore the effects of liquid-feeding mixed meal diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and contents of serum inflammatory factors and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of growing pigs. A total of 126 “Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire” crossbred pigs with an average body weight of (30.00±4.26) kg were randomly divided into three groups with seven replicates per group and six pigs per replicate. Pigs in experimental group Ⅰ were fed a soybean meal-based pellet diet; those in experimental group Ⅱ were fed a mixed meal-based pellet diet which consisted of double-low rapeseed meal, corn germ meal, sprayed corn skin and rice bran instead of soybean meal and corn; and those in experimental group Ⅲ were fed a mixed meal-based liquid diet, which was prepared by adding 2.7 times water to the mixed meal-based diet and mixing well. The nutrient levels of the diets were similar among groups. The experiment lasted for 56 days. The results showed as follows: 1) during the whole experiment, compared with experimental group Ⅰ, the average daily feed intake and average daily gain in experimental group Ⅱ were decreased by 2.29% and 5.33% (P>0.05), respectively; the feed to gain ratio (F/G) was increased by 3.40% (P>0.05). Compared with experimental group Ⅱ, the average daily feed intake and average daily gain in experimental group Ⅲ were increased by 7.04% (P<0.05) and 6.32% (P>0.05), respectively. 2) The digestibilities of dry matter, gross energy and crude protein in experimental groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were extremely significantly lower than those in experimental group Ⅰ (P<0.01), and the digestibilities of ether extract, phosphorus and ash were significantly lower than those in experimental group Ⅰ (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in digestibilities of various nutrients between experimental group Ⅱ and experimental group Ⅲ (P>0.05). 3) The butyric acid content in feces in experimental group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in experimental group Ⅱ (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference compared with experimental group Ⅰ (P>0.05). 4) Compared with experimental group Ⅰ, the serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) content in experimental groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), and the serum contents of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in experimental group Ⅱ were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with experimental group Ⅱ, the serum IL-1β content in experimental group Ⅲ was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the serum contents of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and TNF-α were decreased to some extent but did not reach significant levels (P>0.05). In conclusion, compared with soybean meal-based pellet diet, feeding mixed meal-based pellet diet reduces feed intake and nutrient digestibility, and increases serum contents of inflammatory factors of growing pigs. While feeding mixed meal-based liquid diet can improve the diet palatability, increase the feed intake, and reduce the serum proinflammatory factor IL-1β content, but has no effects on nutrient digestibility.

Key words： mixed meal diet; liquid feeding; growing pigs; growth performance; nutrient digestibility; inflammatory factors; fecal SCFAs

Cite this article

LIU Zhiyun , ZHONG Xiaoxia , GUAN Xiaofeng , MU Xinyang , ZHOU Xiaorong , HUANG Jinxiu . Effects of Liquid-Feeding Mixed Meal Diets on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Contents of Serum Inflammatory Factors and Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids of Growing Pigs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(1) : 151 -161 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.015

我国是世界第一畜牧大国,近年来畜牧业快速发展、养殖体量持续扩大,但与此同时我国畜牧业也面临着饲料资源短缺,玉米、大豆等常规原料高价运行,饲料和养殖成本不断攀升的问题,这限制着我国畜牧业的可持续发展。据统计,2022年我国累计进口粮食14 687.2万t,其中大豆进口量9 108.1万t,玉米进口量2 189万t。菜籽粕、玉米胚芽粕、喷浆玉米皮及米糠等非常规饲料资源价格低廉,来源广泛,添加适宜水平的非常规饲料原料配制多元化饲粮可减少玉米、豆粕用量,降低饲料成本。然而,这些非常规原料普遍存在适口性差、粗纤维含量高以及养分消化率低等问题,导致动物采食量降低,生产性能下降。如我国栽培的菜籽品种多为高芥酸、高葡萄糖硫苷品种,所得菜籽粕具有明显的辛辣味、苦味,氨基酸消化率远低于豆粕[1]。玉米胚芽粕中含有萜烯、醛酮等挥发性物质,具有异味,在饲粮中添加玉米胚芽粕会显著降低干物质和有机物的消化代谢率[2-3]。研究表明,采用液态饲喂方式可以提高动物采食量,改善饲粮养分消化率,提升养殖效益[4-5]。Canibe等[6]研究表明,与干饲粮相比,饲喂液态饲粮可以极显著提升猪的平均日采食量(average daily feed intake,ADFI),提高平均日增重(average daily gain,ADG),改善生长性能。刘春雪等[7]比较了固态颗粒饲粮、液态饲粮以及含过期酸奶的液态饲粮(酸奶用于替代部分玉米和豆粕)在育肥猪上的饲喂效果,结果表明,液态饲喂可增加猪的采食量,提高猪的生长速率,且使用酸奶液态饲粮的猪ADG与干料组相近,饲料成本明显降低。不过,目前关于液态饲喂杂粕型饲粮在生长猪上的应用研究尚不多见,其在哪些方面可产生有益效果尚不明晰。因此,本试验采用国产双低菜籽粕、玉米胚芽粕、喷浆玉米皮及米糠配制成杂粕型饲粮,研究液态饲喂杂粕型饲粮对生长猪生长性能、养分消化率、血清炎性因子及粪便短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs)含量的影响,为液态饲喂优势的发挥以及非常规饲料资源在生长猪上的高效应用提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计及饲养管理

试验于2022年10月至2022年12月在重庆市畜牧科学院动物营养研究所试验猪场进行。选用体重为(30.00±4.26) kg的“杜长大”三元杂交猪126头,随机分为3组,每组7个重复(圈),每个重复6头猪。试验Ⅰ组饲喂豆粕型颗粒饲粮;试验Ⅱ组饲喂杂粕型颗粒饲粮(由双低菜籽粕、玉米胚芽粕、喷浆玉米皮及米糠替代部分豆粕和玉米组成);试验Ⅲ组饲喂杂粕型液态饲粮,即在杂粕型颗粒饲粮的基础上加入2.7倍的水,混合均匀后饲喂。饲粮的配制参照《生猪低蛋白低豆粕多元化饲粮生产技术规范》(T/CFIAS 8001—2022)和NRC(2012),各组饲粮营养水平基本一致,饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。试验期56 d。
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis)%

项目
Items		 豆粕型饲粮Soybean meal type diet 杂粕型饲粮Miscellaneous meal type diet
30~60 kg
30 to 60 kg		 61~90 kg
61 to 90 kg		 30~60 kg
30 to 60 kg		 61~90 kg
61 to 90 kg
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 71.90 74.60 66.30 68.20
豆粕Soybean meal 16.70 14.40 12.00 7.30
小麦麸Wheat bran 6.84 7.28 2.28
国产双低菜籽粕
Domestic double-low rapeseed meal		 4.50 8.30
玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal 4.40 3.00
米糠Rice bran 3.70 6.33
喷浆玉米皮Sprayed corn skin 2.00 3.00
大豆油Soybean oil 1.40 1.00 1.80 1.30
石粉Limestone 1.10 1.00 1.00 0.90
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.70 0.56 0.56 0.40
氯化钠NaCl 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
氯化胆碱Choline chloride (75%) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
预混料Premix1) 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13
植酸酶Phytase 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
纤维素酶Cellulase 0.01 0.01
防霉剂Antiseptic 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
抗氧化剂Antioxidant 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl (98%) 0.47 0.37 0.53 0.45
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.11 0.06 0.12 0.06
色氨酸Trp 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.04
苏氨酸Thr 0.15 0.11 0.16 0.11
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
净能NE/(MJ/kg) 10.35 10.35 10.35 10.35
总能GE/(MJ/kg) 16.39 16.58 16.63 16.90
干物质DM 87.65 86.85 88.71 86.74
粗蛋白质CP 15.32 14.91 15.40 15.05
粗灰分Ash 3.99 3.72 4.20 3.86
钙Ca 0.68 0.61 0.73 0.62
总磷TP 0.53 0.42 0.59 0.49
中性洗涤纤维NDF 8.90 9.28 10.82 10.41
粗纤维CF 2.64 2.66 3.12 3.40
标准回肠可消化赖氨酸SID Lys 0.98 0.85 0.98 0.85

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:Fe 80 mg,Cu 10 mg,Zn 80 mg,Mn 30 mg,I 0.30 mg,Se 0.30 mg,VA 10 500 IU,VD3 2 400 IU,VE 15 mg,VK3 1.35 mg,VB1 1.2 mg,VB2 4.5 mg,VB6 1.8 mg,VB12 0.015 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 21 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 10.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.03 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.6 mg。

2)总能、干物质、粗蛋白质、钙、总磷、中性洗涤纤维和粗灰分为实测值,其余营养水平为计算值。GE, DM, CP, Ca, TP, NDF and Ash were measured values, while the others were calculated values.

试验期间猪只自由饮水,饲喂颗粒饲粮的猪只自由采食;饲喂液态饲粮的猪只每天饲喂3次,每次餐前拌料,前2次的饲喂量以下一次饲喂前无剩料为宜,第3次饲喂量以保证食槽中的饲粮在1 h内吃完为宜,避免过夜腐败。猪只免疫及生产程序按照猪场常规程序执行,期间记录猪只生病及治疗用药情况。

1.2 样品采集及指标测定

1.2.1 生长性能测定

试验期间每天记录采食量。分别于试验开始、试验第28天和试验第56天,对试验猪只进行个体空腹称重,计算ADG、ADFI和料重比(feed/gain,F/G)。

1.2.2 饲粮养分消化率测定

采用内源指示剂法,于试验结束前3 d,每天09:00从每个圈采集新鲜猪粪样品500 g,混合均匀,分成2份,一份进行固氮(200 g左右,按粪便重量的2%加入10%硫酸用于固氮),用于粪氮含量的测定;另一份不固氮(300 g左右),用于其他养分含量的测定。样品采集结束后,分别将3 d采集的同一个圈的粪样混合均匀,置于烘箱中65 ℃烘干,回潮24 h后,粉碎制样,于-20 ℃保存待测。采集饲粮样品,测定饲粮及粪便样品中的4 mol/L盐酸不溶灰分(AIA)、水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙和总磷含量及总能,计算干物质、总能、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙和磷消化率。
饲粮及粪便养分含量测定方法如下:干物质含量参照GB/T 6435—2014方法,采用DHG-9246A型鼓风干燥箱测定;粗蛋白质含量参照GB/T 6432—2018方法,采用FOSS2300型自动凯氏定氮仪测定;总能参照ISO 9831-1998方法,采用Parr 6400型氧弹量热仪测定;粗脂肪含量参照GB/T 6433—2006方法,采用ANKOMXT10i型全自动脂肪仪测定;粗灰分含量参照GB/T 6438—2007方法测定;钙含量参照GB/T 6436—2002方法测定;总磷含量参照GB/T 6437—2002方法,采用TU-1901型紫外分光光度计测定;中性洗涤纤维含量参照GB/T 20806—2006方法,采用ANKOM A2000型全自动纤维测定仪测定。
养分消化率计算公式如下:

饲粮某养分消化率(%)=100-100×(A1/A2×F2/F1)。

式中:F1为饲粮中该养分含量(%);F2为粪中该养分含量(%);A1为饲粮中AIA含量(%);A2为粪中AIA含量(%)。

1.2.3 血清炎性因子含量测定

于试验第55天,采集试验猪前腔静脉血液,3 000 r/min离心10 min后取血清,分装至200 μL离心管中,于-80 ℃冻存。后续采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)试剂盒检测血清中的炎性因子白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白细胞介素-10(interleukin-10,IL-10)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量,测定方法按照试剂盒说明书进行。

1.2.4 粪便SCFAs含量测定

于试验结束前第3天09:00,从每个圈采集无污染新鲜猪粪样品50 g,于-20 ℃冻存,用于粪便SCFAs含量检测。测定方法为:取1 g新鲜粪便样品于5 mL离心管中,加入2 mL超纯水,混匀,在10 000 r/m下离心10 min;取上清液1.5 mL在15 000 r/min下离心10 min,再取上清液1 mL加入0.4 mL 5%的甲酸,装入1.5 mL离心管中并置于-20 ℃冰箱冷冻过夜,常温解冻3 h后在15 000 r/min下离心10 min,上清液过滤膜上机。采用气相色谱仪(Trace1310,Thermo Fisher Scentific,美国)测定上清液中的SCFAs含量。色谱柱为KB-FFAR,进样口温度为250 ℃,柱温为205 ℃,15 min,检测器为290。

1.3 数据统计与分析

试验数据采用SPSS 19.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并进行LSD多重比较,结果以“平均值±标准差”表示,P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 猪只采食量曲线

由于试验初期称猪、混圈等对猪有较大应激,为避免猪群腹泻,试验前3 d各组猪只的饲喂量低于正常采食量,每天逐渐上调,过渡5 d后达到猪只正常采食量。试验期间,饲养人员根据猪只的每日采食情况对液态饲粮的饲喂量进行调整。图1中采食量出现了2次较大的波动,是由于打疫苗及称猪前1天18:00截料导致的采食量下降。从图1可以看出,在试验期前45 d左右,采用液态饲粮饲喂的猪每日采食量整体上明显高于2种颗粒饲粮的采食量,饲喂杂粕型饲粮的猪采食量明显低于饲喂豆粕型饲粮的猪;45 d以后饲喂杂粕型饲粮的猪采食量开始略微高于饲喂豆粕型饲粮的猪,饲喂液态饲粮的猪采食量与饲喂2种颗粒饲粮的猪采食量没有明显差异。
图1 猪只采食量曲线

Fig.1 Feed intake curve of pigs

2.2 液态饲喂杂粕型饲粮对生长猪生长性能的影响

由表2可知,在整个试验期间(第1~56天),与试验Ⅰ组相比,试验Ⅱ组末重、ADG和ADFI分别降低了3.09%、5.33%和2.29%,F/G提高了3.40%;试验Ⅲ组ADFI和F/G分别提高了4.59%和3.83%,但均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。与试验Ⅱ组相比,试验Ⅲ组末重、ADG和ADFI分别提高了4.02%(P>0.05)、6.32%(P>0.05)和7.04%(P<0.05)。结果表明,杂粕型饲粮采用液态饲喂方式可以改善饲粮的适口性,提高生长猪的ADFI和ADG,达到豆粕型颗粒饲粮的饲喂水平,但对F/G无改善作用。
表2 不同类型饲粮对生长猪生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of different types of diets on growth performance of growing pigs

项目
Items		 试验Ⅰ组
Expremental group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Expremental group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Expremental group Ⅲ
第1~28天Days 1 to 28
初重Initial BW/kg 30.00±4.29 30.27±4.33 30.13±4.14
末重Final BW/kg 55.21±8.05 53.59±7.56 55.38±8.30
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 901.02±84.49 833.25±64.72 902.04±78.04
平均日采食量ADFI/(kg/d) 1.92±0.14ABb 1.77±0.11Bc 2.05±0.07Aa
料重比F/G 2.14±0.11 2.13±0.13 2.29±0.18
第29~56天Days 29 to 56
末重Final BW/kg 81.85±10.85 79.32±10.57 82.51±10.29
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 952.47±45.01 921.51±77.49 936.86±99.27
平均日采食量ADFI/(kg/d) 2.60±0.07 2.61±0.19 2.66±0.15
料重比F/G 2.74±0.13 2.84±0.17 2.83±0.28
第1~56天Days 1 to 56
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 926.74±51.29 877.38±53.14 932.80±48.62
平均日采食量ADFI/(kg/d) 2.18±0.11ab 2.13±0.10b 2.28±0.08a
料重比F/G 2.35±0.11 2.43±0.15 2.44±0.14

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different lowercase letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01), while with no letter or the same lowercase letter superscripts mean significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.3 液态饲喂杂粕型饲粮对生长猪养分消化率的影响

由表3可知,试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组干物质、总能和粗蛋白质消化率极显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.01),粗脂肪、磷和粗灰分消化率显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),而试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组间各养分消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,杂粕型饲粮的养分消化率显著低于豆粕型饲粮,液态饲喂方式不能改善生长猪对杂粕型饲粮的养分消化率。
表3 不同类型饲粮对生长猪养分消化率的影响(风干基础)

Table 3 Effects of different types of diets on nutrient digestibility of growing pigs (air-dry basis)%

项目
Items		 试验Ⅰ组
Expremental group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Expremental group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Expremental group Ⅲ
干物质DM 90.57±0.61Aa 87.41±2.22Bb 87.61±1.69Bb
总能GE 90.93±0.63Aa 88.08±2.15Bb 88.23±1.60Bb
粗蛋白质CP 89.34±1.11Aa 85.00±2.66Bb 84.85±2.39Bb
粗脂肪EE 84.82±1.44a 81.95±3.44b 81.72±2.25b
钙Ca 59.04±2.79 57.15±7.66 56.89±6.98
磷P 65.68±2.37a 60.74±3.92b 60.78±4.69b
粗灰分Ash 63.57±2.23a 57.20±6.75b 56.97±5.29b

2.4 液态饲喂杂粕型饲粮对生长猪粪便SCFAs含量的影响

由表4可知,除丁酸外,3组粪便SCFAs含量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。试验Ⅲ组粪便丁酸含量显著高于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05),与试验Ⅰ组差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表4 不同类型饲粮对生长猪粪便SCFAs含量的影响

Table 4 Effects of different types of diets on SCFAs content in feces of growing pigsmg/g

项目
Items		 试验Ⅰ组
Expremental group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Expremental group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Expremental group Ⅲ
乙酸Acetic acid 1230.63±355.10 1218.47±212.20 1298.16±271.06
丙酸Propionic acid 764.73±242.87 771.48±194.23 857.64±181.90
丁酸Butyric acid 375.70±113.06ab 346.81±95.70b 401.38±97.52a
戊酸Valeric acid 242.93±82.85 233.15±63.53 267.45±85.29
异戊酸Isovaleric acid 188.30±24.74 183.13±18.41 191.43±17.91

2.5 液态饲喂杂粕型饲粮对生长猪血清炎性因子含量的影响

由表5可知,与试验Ⅰ组相比,试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组血清IL-10含量极显著提高(P<0.01),试验Ⅱ组血清IL-1β和TNF-α含量显著提高(P<0.05)。与试验Ⅱ组相比,试验Ⅲ组血清IL-1β含量显著降低(P<0.05),血清IL-6、IL-2和TNF-α含量有一定程度降低但未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。结果表明,采用液态饲喂方式可以降低饲喂杂粕型饲粮猪血清促炎因子IL-1β含量。
表5 不同类型饲粮对生长猪血清炎性因子含量的影响

Table 5 Effects of different types of diets on serum inflammatory factor contents of growing pigsng/L

项目
Items		 试验Ⅰ组
Expremental group Ⅰ		 试验Ⅱ组
Expremental group Ⅱ		 试验Ⅲ组
Expremental group Ⅲ
白细胞介素-6 IL-6 181.73±44.11 220.05±49.36 185.39±48.93
白细胞介素-2 IL-2 613.52±112.04 709.64±101.72 574.44±150.20
白细胞介素-1β IL-1β 17.18±2.96b 22.66±4.47a 13.79±4.28b
白细胞介素-10 IL-10 131.17±24.75Bb 199.70±11.61Aa 182.45±24.27Aa
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α 69.71±14.17b 94.12±11.19a 81.38±27.74ab

3 讨论

3.1 液态饲喂杂粕型饲粮对生长猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响

本试验通过监测生长猪每日采食量并绘制采食量曲线,发现猪只的采食量不是每日持续稳步提高的,而是一个持续波动不断提升的过程。由于试验Ⅱ组饲粮中含有多种适口性差、纤维含量高的原料,在试验开始的前45 d左右,该组猪只采食量基本都是低于采食豆粕型饲粮的猪,但在45 d以后试验Ⅱ组的采食量(完全自由采食)开始出现小幅反超,可能是由于猪只已经适应了该饲粮,为了获得补偿性生长,采食量开始增加,从笔者后期观测到的出栏重情况也证实了这一点。本试验中,饲喂液态饲粮的猪采食曲线(半自由采食)整体上高于2种固态颗粒饲粮,这与以往报道的液态饲粮能够提高采食量的研究结果[6,8]一致。液态饲粮采食量增加的原因之一是液态饲粮可以提高猪的采食速度,相同时间内干物质采食量增加[8]。此外,在无应激状态下,饥饿和口渴都会成为驱使猪只采食液态饲粮的因素,而只有在饥饿的状态下猪只才会采食干饲粮[9]。因此,液态饲喂是改善非常规饲粮适口性[10],提高猪只采食量的有效方法。在液态饲粮提高生长猪ADG方面,本研究与以往报道结果[8,11⇓⇓-14]一致。这一方面是因为采食量的增加促进了生长速率的提高;另一方面是因为采食速率与增重有密切正相关关系,液态饲粮更快的采食速度可以降低咀嚼、吞咽及转运等生理活动所需能量,使其更多用于增重上[8]。
在饲料转化率方面,试验Ⅱ组F/G高于试验Ⅰ组,这是由于试验Ⅱ组饲粮中含有菜籽粕、玉米胚芽粕以及喷浆玉米皮等多种非常规饲料原料,这些原料的养分消化率普遍低于玉米和豆粕的养分消化率[1,15-16],进而影响到猪的F/G。这从养分消化率的研究结果也得到证实,试验Ⅱ组干物质、总能和粗蛋白质消化率极显著低于试验Ⅰ组,粗脂肪、磷和粗灰分消化率显著低于试验Ⅰ组。液态饲喂方式是否会提高饲料转化率和养分消化率前人报道不一。Jensen等[5]和Braude等[17]研究报道,与干饲粮相比,液态饲粮可以提高生长猪的饲料转化率。但是大多研究认为,在自由采食情况下,液态饲粮会降低猪的饲料转化率,而适当限饲既可以提高猪的生长速率,同时还可以提高饲料转化率[7-8]。Hurst等[8]研究表明,与干饲粮相比,在限饲的情况下,饲喂液态饲粮的生长育肥猪饲料转化率可以提高7%~10%。本试验中,液态饲喂没有提高杂粕型饲粮的饲料转化率,可能是由于液态饲粮浪费情况较颗粒饲粮严重,如通过改善下料速度、料槽设计或限饲,或许可减少饲粮浪费,从而降低F/G。
在饲粮养分消化率方面,Han等[18]发现短期内(10 d)液态饲喂对断奶仔猪干物质、崔蛋白质和能量消化率无显著影响;Choct等[19]报道液态饲喂显著提高了仔猪消化能消化率;但大部分研究表明,液态饲喂对生长育肥猪养分消化率无显著影响[20-21]。本研究结果与大部分前人结果一致,生长猪对颗粒和液态杂粕型饲粮的养分消化率无显著差异。

3.2 液态饲喂杂粕型饲粮对生长猪粪便SCFAs含量和血清炎性因子含量的影响

杂粕、粮食加工副产物等非常规饲料原料中普遍存在大量的膳食纤维,这类物质不能被单胃动物内源消化酶消化,主要由后肠微生物发酵代谢产生SCFAs[23]。SCFAs作为肠道菌群产生的非直接养分,在调节能量代谢、免疫和肠道发育方面有着重要作用;此外,SCFAs能提供微生物菌群生长所需的能量,降低后肠pH,维持肠道微生态平衡[24]。不同饲粮类型的纤维组分不同,不同纤维组分间亲水性、分子结构和功能单元的差别导致原料在动物肠道中的降解位点及发酵产生的SCFAs类型和比例分布不同,因此对宿主肠道健康的调控也存在很大差别[25]。本试验中,所用豆粕型饲粮和杂粕型饲粮的纤维含量及纤维组成不同,但观察到饲喂2种颗粒饲粮的猪粪便中5种SCFAs含量均无显著差异,可能是由于试验测定的是新鲜粪便中的SCFAs含量仅能代表末端结肠中膳食纤维的消化率,而小肠后段、盲肠和结肠前段的膳食纤维的发酵代谢情况有待进一步研究。与杂粕型颗粒饲粮相比,杂粕型液态饲粮可以显著提高猪粪便中丁酸含量,这与蒋俊劼[25]的研究结果类似。液态饲粮提高粪便中丁酸含量可能与肠道中菌群结构的变化有关,有待进一步研究。
白细胞介素是由多种细胞产生并作用于多种细胞的一类细胞因子,在传递信息以及介导免疫细胞增殖、分化和炎症反应中发挥着重要作用[26]。TNF-α是一种由多种细胞分泌的多向性促炎性细胞因子,参与全身的炎症,在免疫应答中具有多种调节功能。炎性细胞因子的过量分泌,会使动物产生免疫应激问题,引起动物一系列行为和代谢上的改变,造成生长速度下降、饲料转化率降低以及骨骼肌分解加速合成减慢,最终导致动物生长迟缓和胴体品质下降[27]。长期饲喂菜籽粕、玉米胚芽粕等杂粕可能会引起动物机体产生炎症反应。梁海超[28]研究发现,在育成期蛋鸡饲粮中添加菜籽粕、棉籽粕和花生粕,饲喂4周后,十二指肠、空肠和回肠组织中促炎细胞因子白细胞介素-1(interleukin-1,IL-1)、IL-2、IL-6和白细胞介素-8(interleukin-8,IL-8)的表达水平显著升高,抑炎细胞因子白细胞介素-4(interleukin-4,IL-4)、IL-10的表达水平也有一定程度升高。本研究中也得出了类似结果,与豆粕型饲粮相比,饲喂杂粕型饲粮的生长猪血清促炎细胞因子IL-1β和TNF-α含量显著提高,同时抑炎细胞因子IL-10含量也极显著提高。这可能一方面是由于杂粕中的抗营养因子引起机体产生慢性炎症[29⇓-31],如菜籽粕中的异硫氰酸盐对黏膜有刺激作用,长期或大量饲喂菜籽粕时易引起胃肠炎、肾炎等炎症反应[29];另一方面是由于饲粮中的膳食纤维可以通过调节细胞因子的表达来改变机体的炎症反应,而不同饲粮纤维类型对猪机体炎性因子表达的影响是不同的[32],由于杂粕型饲粮和豆粕型饲粮中的纤维含量和纤维类型均不相同,因此造成血清中炎性因子含量的不同。本研究中还发现,杂粕型饲粮通过液态饲喂方式可以降低猪血清中促炎因子IL-1β含量,可能是由于液态饲喂方式在减少猪肠道损伤、缓解应激方面发挥了一定作用。目前尚未见到关于液态饲喂方式对生长猪血清炎性因子含量的影响研究,其作用机制有待进一步验证。

4 结论

与豆粕型颗粒饲粮相比,饲喂杂粕型颗粒饲粮会降低生长猪采食量及养分消化率,提高血清炎性因子含量,而采用液态方式饲喂杂粕型饲粮可改善饲粮适口性,提高生长猪采食量,降低血清促炎因子IL-1β含量,但对饲粮养分消化率无改善作用。

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