Effects of Fructooligosaccharides on Growth Performance and Weaning Stress of Suckling Lambs

LI Jiong; TANG Ya’nan; WEI Ze; DUAN Chunhui; LIU Yueqin; ZHANG Yingjie; GUO Yunxia; JI Shoukun; YAN Hui

doi:10.12418/CJAN2024.036

Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 1: 397 - 405

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.036

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Fructooligosaccharides on Growth Performance and Weaning Stress of Suckling Lambs

LI Jiong ^,¹ ,
TANG Ya’nan ¹ ,
WEI Ze ¹ ,
DUAN Chunhui ^,¹^,^* ,
LIU Yueqin ¹ ,
ZHANG Yingjie ¹ ,
GUO Yunxia ² ,
JI Shoukun ¹ ,
YAN Hui ¹

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¹ College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding 071000, China
² College of Life Science, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding 071000, China

* lecturer, E-mail: duanchh211@126.com

Received date: 2023-07-26

Online published: 2024-01-12

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Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of fructooligosaccharides on the growth performance and weaning stress of suckling lambs. Forty-four male lambs at 15 days of age with similar body weight were randomly divided into 4 groups with 11 lambs per group. Lambs in the control group were fed the starter without fructooligosaccharides, and others in experimental groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were fed the starter supplemented with 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% fructooligosaccharides, respectively. The feed intake and body weight of lambs were recorded during the experimental period, and blood samples were collected on the day of weaning (day 0), day 3 and day 7 to determine the serum biochemical indexes. The lambs were weaned at 60 days of age and continued to be fed until 74 days of age, the experimental period was 59 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the final body weight and average daily gain (ADG) of group Ⅱ were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). 2) On day 0, day 3 and day 7, the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). On day 0 and day 7, the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). On day 0, day 3 and day 7, the serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of groups Ⅰ and Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). 3) On day 0, day 3 and day 7, the serum interleukin-4 (ⅠL-4) content of groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05); the serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05), the serum interferon-γ (IFN-γ) content of group Ⅱ was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). 4) On day 3 and day 7, the contents of diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactate (D-LA) and cortisol (COR) in serum of group Ⅱ were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of fructooligosaccharides in starter can improve the growth performance by enhancing immunity and alleviating weaning stress of suckling lambs. The optimum addition of fructooligosaccharides is 1.0% under the conditions of this experiment.

Key words： suckling lambs; fructooligosaccharides; weaning; stress; immune; growth

Cite this article

LI Jiong , TANG Ya’nan , WEI Ze , DUAN Chunhui , LIU Yueqin , ZHANG Yingjie , GUO Yunxia , JI Shoukun , YAN Hui . Effects of Fructooligosaccharides on Growth Performance and Weaning Stress of Suckling Lambs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(1) : 397 -405 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.036

哺乳羔羊各组织器官发育不健全,机能不完善,尤其饲料端全面禁抗,使羔羊腹泻率和死亡率增加,给养殖业带来巨大损失。羔羊断奶时消化和免疫系统发育不成熟,由于突然和母羊分开及饲喂方式的改变,易发生断奶应激,导致发病率增加,生长性能降低^[1-2]。果寡糖是双歧杆菌增殖因子之一,在低温环境下表现出安全无毒、稳定的特性,被用作饲料添加剂,具有替代抗生素的卓越性能,引起了越来越多的社会关注。目前国内外对果寡糖的研究主要集中在对畜禽胃肠道菌群和免疫功能等方面,在饲粮中加入一定量的果寡糖,可以改善动物体内的肠道环境,并且减少肠道通透性,促进幼畜的肠道发育,提高机体免疫力^[3-4]。研究表明,给犊牛饲喂果寡糖可以提高犊牛的生长性能,提高机体免疫力^[5]。然而至今未有报道果寡糖在哺乳羔羊上的应用效果。因此,本试验旨在研究在开食料中添加果寡糖对哺乳羔羊生长性能、肠道损伤指标以及血清应激指标的影响,为果寡糖在羔羊培育中的应用提供理论基础和技术支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验时间与地点

本试验于2022年7月11日至2022年9月9日,在河北省衡水志豪畜牧科技有限公司进行。

1.2 试验设计及饲养管理

选择体重[(7.41±0.22) kg]相近的15日龄湖羊公羔44只,按照体重随机分为4组,每组11只。每组11只羔羊分3个母羔小圈饲养,3个小圈中羔羊只数分别为4、4、3只。所有羔羊在15~60日龄随母哺乳并饲喂开食料,羔羊60日龄断奶并移走母羊,羔羊原圈饲养并继续饲喂开食料至74日龄,试验期共59 d。对照组开食料中不添加果寡糖,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组开食料中分别添加0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的果寡糖。果寡糖在饲喂前以拌料形式添加。

果寡糖购自广西南宁某生物科技有限公司,有效含量为92%。开食料购自郑州某牧业有限公司,开食料组成及营养水平见表1。

表1 开食料组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the starter (air-dry basis)%

项目Items	含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn	56.00
豆粕Soybean meal	20.00
棉籽粕Cottonseed meal	19.40
食盐NaCl	0.20
磷酸氢钙CaHPO₄	0.40
预混料Premix¹⁾	4.00
合计Total	100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels²⁾
干物质DM	87.39
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg)	11.47
粗蛋白质CP	41.27
粗脂肪EE	7.70
中性洗涤纤维NDF	37.84
酸性洗涤纤维ADF	24.02

1)预混料为每千克开食料提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the starter:VA 8 000 IU,VD₃ 800 IU,VE 27 IU,Cu 10 mg,Fe 350 mg,Zn 45mg,Mn 45 mg,Ca 0.8 g,P 0.08 g,I 0.4 mg,Se 0.4 mg,Co 0.2 mg。

2)代谢能为计算值,其余营养水平均为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the other nutrient levels were measured values.

试验开始前对羊舍打扫消毒。羔羊断奶前随母哺乳+开食料,羔羊在母子栏饲养,羔羊栏大小为2.7 m×2.0 m×0.8 m,母羊栏和羔羊栏之间由小门隔开,小门大小为0.28 m×0.34 m,仅羔羊可自由出入。羔羊断奶后移走母羊,羔羊原圈饲养。试验期间各组羔羊于每天07:00和17:00饲喂开食料,自由采食和饮水。

1.3 测定指标与方法

1.3.1 生长性能指标

试验期间记录每组羔羊每日开食料的投料量和剩料量,在试验开始和结束时对羔羊进行称重,计算平均日采食量(ADFI)和平均日增重(ADG)。

1.3.2 饲料营养成分测定

根据《饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术》^[6]测定开食料的粗脂肪(EE)、粗蛋白质(CP)、干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量。

1.3.3 血清生化指标

在断奶当天(第0天)、第3天和第7天,于羔羊晨饲前06:00在颈静脉采集5 mL血液,立即用离心机3 500×g离心10 min,分离上清液,置于-20 ℃冰箱保存备用。

采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法测定血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、皮质醇(COR)、D-乳酸(D-LA)和二胺氧化酶(DAO)含量,采用微板法测定血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,采用比色法测定血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。以上试剂盒均购自江苏酶免实业有限公司,按试剂盒内说明书进行测定。

1.4 数据处理与分析

采用SPSS 25.0统计软件对数据进行方差齐性分析后进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。采用一般线性模型(GLM)对处理和时间进行多因素方差分析。P<0.05表示差异显著,结果用“平均值±标准误”表示。

2 结果

2.1 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊生长性能的影响

由表2可知,试验Ⅱ组结束体重显著高于对照组(P<0.05),与试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验Ⅱ组ADG显著高于对照组(P<0.05),与试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组无显著差异(P>0.05)。各组之间初始体重和ADFI无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表2 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of fructooligosaccharides on growth performance of suckling lambs

项目 Items	组别Groups
项目 Items	对照Control	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ
初始体重IBW/kg	7.13±0.49	7.48±0.48	7.65±0.39	7.06±0.38
结束体重FBW/kg	17.25±1.55^b	19.48±0.89^ab	21.34±0.89^a	19.25±1.20^ab
平均日增重ADG/(g/d)	168.69±20.30^b	199.07±10.86^ab	228.08±14.89^a	203.06±15.60^ab
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d)	207.63±25.54	229.00±25.59	261.28±37.90	228.00±31.73

	同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。
	In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表3可知,处理显著影响了血清MDA含量、SOD活性和T-AOC(P<0.05),对血清GSH-Px活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。第0天和第3天,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清MDA含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);第7天,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清MDA含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。第0天,试验Ⅱ组血清SOD活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);第7天,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组血清SOD活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。第0天和第7天,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清T-AOC显著高于对照组(P<0.05);第3天,试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组血清T-AOC显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。

表3 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of fructooligosaccharides on serum antioxidant indexes of suckling lambs

项目 Items	时间 Time	组别Groups				P值P-value
项目 Items	时间 Time	对照Control	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	处理 Treatment	时间 Time	处理×时间 Treatment× time
丙二醛	第0天Day 0	15.18±0.57^a	11.76±0.76^b	12.31±0.81^b	11.75±0.43^b
MDA/	第3天Day 3	14.67±0.59^a	12.14±0.56^b	11.73±0.66^b	11.74±0.60^b	<0.01	0.90	0.55
(nmol/mL)	第7天Day 7	14.87±0.49^a	13.41±0.51^ab	11.45±0.97^bc	11.28±0.51^c
超氧化物歧化酶	第0天Day 0	165.83±10.48^b	198.15±10.58^ab	219.31±18.04^a	206.31±16.47^ab
SOD/(U/mL)	第3天Day 3	172.91±6.85	201.23±15.95	195.77±14.02	209.43±12.17	<0.01	0.82	0.29
	第7天Day 7	158.62±10.16^b	226.92±18.33^a	226.62±5.77^a	190.38±7.15^b
总抗氧化能力	第0天Day 0	6.08±0.22^c	9.00±0.24^a	8.38±0.17^a	7.46±0.40^b
T-AOC/	第3天Day 3	6.64±0.18^b	7.93±0.45^a	7.59±0.49^ab	8.42±0.31^a	<0.01	0.47	0.04
(U/mL)	第7天Day 7	5.99±0.22^b	7.90±0.45^a	7.77±0.40^a	8.08±0.42^a
谷胱甘肽过	第0天Day 0	64.88±1.81	65.73±5.33	66.18±2.17	66.06±5.54
氧化物酶	第3天Day 3	65.00±3.84	69.53±5.34	77.58±3.04	66.95±6.61	0.31	0.24	0.90
GSH-Px/(U/mL)	第7天Day 7	68.89±4.50	69.57±5.57	74.35±3.18	69.73±1.60

时间对血清MDA含量、SOD和GSH-Px活性及T-AOC无显著影响(P>0.05)。处理×时间显著影响了血清T-AOC(P<0.05),对血清MDA含量及SOD和GSH-Px活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。

2.3 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊血清炎症因子含量的影响

由表4可知,处理显著影响了血清IL-4、IL-6、TNF-α和IFN-γ含量(P<0.05)。第0天、第3天和第7天,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清IL-4含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。第0天、第3天和第7天,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清IL-6含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。第0天和第7天,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清TNF-α含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);第3天,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清TNF-α含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。第0天,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清IFN-γ含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);第3天,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清IFN-γ含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);第7天,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组血清IFN-γ含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。

表4 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊血清炎症因子含量的影响

Table 4 Effects of fructooligosaccharides on serum inflammatory factor contents of suckling lambs

项目 Items	时间 Time	组别Groups				P值P-value
项目 Items	时间 Time	对照Control	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	处理 Treatment	时间 Time	处理×时间 Treatment× time
白细胞介素-4	第0天Day 0	113.03±4.90^b	146.22±3.87^a	149.76±5.45^a	151.10±7.29^a
IL-4/(pg/mL)	第3天Day 3	110.50±5.61^b	148.87±4.05^a	157.94±4.07^a	147.02±9.60^a	<0.01	0.61	0.64
	第7天Day 7	116.87±5.86^b	147.07±6.23^a	146.96±6.87^a	137.20±5.92^a
白细胞介素-6	第0天Day 0	150.05±4.73^a	132.12±2.58^b	127.74±3.20^b	125.78±4.00^b
IL-6/(ng/L)	第3天Day 3	145.33±6.36^a	130.61±2.19^b	124.12±5.28^b	123.52±3.82^b	<0.01	0.25	0.49
	第7天Day 7	137.35±3.65^a	125.25±2.82^b	125.18±1.38^b	129.19±4.98^b
肿瘤坏死因子-α	第0天Day 0	791.46±15.58^a	706.78±19.05^b	689.62±16.72^b	690.83±23.31^b
TNF-α/(ng/L)	第3天Day 3	763.40±30.12^a	699.91±19.74^ab	653.70±22.76^b	669.71±11.25^b	<0.01	0.63	0.98
	第7天Day 7	744.15±41.91^a	668.60±5.90^b	653.57±10.56^b	669.38±8.40^b
干扰素-γ	第0天Day 0	47.29±2.12^a	40.48±1.03^b	40.94±1.62^b	41.31±2.02^b
IFN-γ/(ng/L)	第3天Day 3	47.15±1.90^a	43.84±1.82^ab	42.12±1.13^b	41.14±1.31^b	<0.01	0.65	0.71
	第7天Day 7	49.03±1.41^a	43.62±1.56^b	42.37±1.38^b	45.84±1.60^ab

时间、处理×时间对血清IL-4、IL-6、TNF-α和IFN-γ含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。

2.4 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊应激及肠道通透性指标的影响

由表5可知,处理显著影响了血清DAO、D-LA和COR含量(P<0.05)。第0天,试验Ⅰ组血清DAO含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);第3天,试验Ⅱ组血清DAO含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);第7天,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清DAO含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。第0天,试验Ⅰ组血清D-LA含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);第3天,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清D-LA含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);第7天,试验Ⅱ组血清D-LA含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。第0天和第3天,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清COR含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);第7天,试验Ⅱ组血清COR含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。

表5 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊应激及肠道通透性指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of fructooligosaccharides on stress and intestinal permeability indexes of suckling lambs

项目 Items	时间 Time	组别Groups				P值P-value
项目 Items	时间 Time	对照Control	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	处理 Treatment	时间 Time	处理×时间 Treatment× time
二胺氧化酶	第0天Day 0	221.94±11.70^a	176.43±12.65^b	200.36±3.70^ab	189.55±14.18^ab
DAO/(pg/mL)	第3天Day 3	222.46±6.75^a	203.89±3.26^ab	185.86±15.41^b	194.95±11.34^ab	<0.01	0.57	0.70
	第7天Day 7	223.88±4.63^a	202.91±5.84^ab	163.25±20.67^b	181.29±15.53^b
D-乳酸	第0天Day 0	271.75±8.03^a	226.88±10.88^b	238.03±20.86^ab	265.59±6.67^ab
D-LA/(μg/L)	第3天Day 3	279.79±8.65^a	255.93±17.76^b	216.70±10.40^b	223.05±14.21^b	<0.01	0.28	0.43
	第7天Day 7	265.62±9.67^a	238.40±9.29^ab	227.11±13.11^b	247.00±10.96^ab
皮质醇	第0天Day 0	253.53±14.05^a	218.80±2.45^b	217.91±4.78^b	225.45±2.86^b
COR/(ng/mL)	第3天Day 3	268.21±10.67^a	222.25±1.20^b	220.08±6.01^b	228.38±2.92^b	<0.01	0.04	0.98
	第7天Day 7	244.00±23.01^a	213.67±3.90^ab	204.49±1.94^b	211.41±5.94^ab

时间显著影响了血清COR含量(P<0.05),对血清DAO和D-LA含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。处理×时间对血清DAO、D-LA和COR含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。

3 讨论

3.1 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊生长性能的影响

果寡糖可作为肠道有益菌生长的碳源,可增加机体肠道有益菌群数量,抑制有害菌群生长^[7]。研究发现,在犊牛常乳中添加果寡糖可以显著提高犊牛的生长性能^[8]。断奶仔猪饲粮中添加0.2%和0.5%的果寡糖可提高仔猪ADG,但对ADFI无显著影响^[9-10]。本试验也取得一致的研究结果,饲粮中添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%果寡糖较对照组ADG分别提高了7.70%、29.94%、11.34%。张军华等^[11]研究发现,饲粮中添加0.02%低聚木糖对60日龄羔羊增重无显著影响,可能是因为添加量较少。研究发现,果寡糖属于非消化性寡糖,添加过多不利于有益菌的增殖,容易引起动物消化不良^[12]。因此果寡糖添加量过少或过多均不利于羔羊增重,本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加1.0%果寡糖显著提高了羔羊结束体重和ADG,各组ADFI的大小为:试验Ⅱ组>试验Ⅰ组>试验Ⅲ组>对照组,与增重结果一致。本试验条件下,果寡糖在哺乳羔羊上的适宜添加量为1.0%。这说明适量的果寡糖可能通过改善肠道菌群和提高营养物质消化率^[7],以提高动物生长性能。

3.2 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

研究表明,寡糖可通过清除自由基、催化自由基歧化提高抗氧化能力^[13]。MDA是自由基作用于脂质过氧化的终产物之一^[14]。在巨噬细胞的吞噬作用下,SOD能将有害的超氧粒子分化为普通氧和过氧化氢,从而诱发多种免疫反应^[15]。T-AOC是反映机体抗氧化活性的综合指标^[16]。GSH-Px可将脂质过氧化物转化为无毒产物,其活性对于清除体内多余的自由基,维持正常的细胞新陈代谢至关重要^[17]。研究发现,给8月龄奶山羊饲喂0.8%、1.2%及1.6%的果寡糖,试验第14天血清MDA含量随着果寡糖添加量的增加而下降^[3],说明高添加量的果寡糖可更有效降低血清MDA含量,提高动物抗氧化能力。研究表明,在绵羊饲粮中添加果寡糖可显著提高血清GSH-Px、SOD活性和T-AOC,但会显著降低血清MDA含量^[18],说明果寡糖可通过提高机体抗氧化酶活性清除多余的自由基,防止活性氧对机体造成的损伤,保障机体健康。本研究表明,饲粮中添加果寡糖能降低羔羊血清MDA含量,提高血清SOD活性和T-AOC,说明果寡糖可提高哺乳羔羊的抗氧化能力,降低氧化应激。这可能是因为果寡糖能促进肠道有益菌群的生长,改善了羔羊肠道的环境;也可能是因为在动物的抗氧化系统中,果寡糖可促进锌、硒、铜和其他矿物质的吸收,并在激活SOD、T-AOC等方面发挥重要作用^[19]。本研究中,试验Ⅲ组血清MDA含量最低,且显著低于对照组;随着断奶时间的延长,试验Ⅲ组血清SOD活性先升高后下降;而试验Ⅱ组血清SOD活性先下降后升高,说明在羔羊应激较强时添加高水平果寡糖效果较好;各试验组血清GSH-Px活性均高于对照组,其中试验Ⅱ组血清GSH-Px活性最高,说明果寡糖可通过提高GSH-Px活性使羔羊恢复正常细胞代谢,且1.0%的添加量效果最佳。

3.3 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊血清炎症因子含量的影响

IL-4是一种具有免疫调节作用的细胞因子,主要由机体内肥大细胞、嗜酸性细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞分泌^[20],其含量升高表示机体免疫应答水平提高。IL-6能促进B细胞和T细胞的增殖和分化,刺激机体的免疫反应^[21]。TNF-α是动物机体内免疫活性的炎性细胞因子,在机体免疫中起重要作用^[22]。IFN-γ具有广泛的生物活性,包括广谱抗病毒活性、影响细胞增殖和分化以及调节免疫功能^[23]。研究发现,6月龄奶山羊饲喂果寡糖后血清IL-4含量显著提高,说明果寡糖能刺激抗炎因子产生,抑制炎性反应^[24]。研究发现,断奶应激一般会导致羔羊血清白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和TNF-α含量显著升高^[25]。本试验中,对照组血清IL-4含量显著低于各试验组,说明添加果寡糖可提高哺乳羔羊的免疫应答水平;试验Ⅱ组血清IL-6和TNF-α含量显著低于对照组,说明果寡糖可以降低断奶后机体产生的炎症反应;断奶后第7天试验Ⅲ组血清IL-6和TNF-α含量最高,随着断奶时间的延长,饲粮中添加1.5%果寡糖未取得更好的效果,可能是由于高水平果寡糖更倾向于刺激吞噬细胞,促进Th1反应,从而分泌大量IL-6和TNF-α,导致机体免疫力降低^[26]。本试验中,对照组血清INF-γ含量高于各试验组,说明添加果寡糖可以缓解羔羊断奶应激。第7天,试验Ⅱ组血清INF-γ含量较对照组显著降低,与试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组无显著差异,说明添加果寡糖可以降低羔羊血清INF-γ含量,提高动物机体免疫能力。高水平组未取得更好的效果可能是由于过多果寡糖刺激了T淋巴细胞,从而导致血清INF-γ含量升高^[27]。低水平组未取得更好的效果可能是由于缓解羔羊断奶应激效果不佳,体内自然杀伤细胞产生的INF-γ含量过多^[28]。

3.4 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊肠道通透性指标的影响

DAO在小肠黏膜绒毛细胞中,是一种高度活跃的细胞结构酶,血清DAO含量与肠黏膜的成熟和完整性正相关^[29]。D-LA主要是胃肠细菌代谢主要的产物,动物可以通过甲基乙二醛产生微量D-LA,所以血清D-LA含量被认为是肠损伤的标志物之一^[30]。有报道指出,动物应激时通过下丘脑-肾上腺轴和神经内分泌反馈通路,导致血清COR含量升高,因此COR常作为动物应激程度的指标之一^[31]。犊牛饲粮中添加葛根寡糖可降低血清DAO含量,保护肠道通透性和肠屏障功能^[32]。以上研究说明,给动物补充寡糖可显著降低动物体内血清DAO和D-LA含量,提高肠道免疫能力。本研究中,第7天,试验Ⅱ组血清DAO和D-LA含量较对照组显著降低,说明添加适量果寡糖可降低断奶应激对小肠黏膜的损伤。随着断奶时间的延长,试验Ⅱ组血清DAO含量不断下降,对照组血清DAO含量不断升高,试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组血清DAO含量先升高后下降,说明对照组由于断奶应激使肠道屏障受损,血清DAO含量升高;添加1.0%果寡糖可减少应激对肠道的损伤,添加0.5%和1.5%果寡糖由于添加量不足或过量未能到达更好的效果。可能是由于试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组血清TNF-α含量过高,TNF-α可以通过降低肠道上皮电阻,并且通过增加细胞旁路通透性来增加肠道通透性^[33-34],导致血清中DAO和D-LA含量高于试验Ⅱ组。本研究中,随着断奶时间的延长,各组哺乳羔羊血清COR含量先升高后降低,第3天血清COR含量最高,说明羔羊断奶后3 d内应激反应最大;第7天血清COR含量有下降趋势,说明随着断奶时间的延长,断奶应激逐渐缓解;试验Ⅱ组血清COR含量较对照组显著降低,与试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组无显著差异,说明添加1.0%果寡糖缓解断奶应激的效果最好,与免疫和抗氧化指标的研究结果一致。

4 结论

开食料中添加果寡糖可通过提高哺乳羔羊的免疫力和抗氧化能力缓解断奶应激,提高生长性能。本试验条件下,果寡糖的适宜添加量为1.0%。

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