Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 1: 406 - 415

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.037

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Garlic Peel on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation Parameters, Serum Biochemical, Immune and Antioxidant Indices of Hu Sheep

  • WANG Haibo , 1, 2 ,
  • ZHAN Jinshun 1 ,
  • GU Zhiyong 1, 3 ,
  • CHEN Xinfeng 4 ,
  • LI Kairong 4 ,
  • JIA Haobin 1 ,
  • ZHONG Xiaojun 1 ,
  • PAN Yue 1, 3 ,
  • HUO Junhong , 1, * ,
  • ZHAO Shengguo , 2, *
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  • 1 Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchang 330200, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 3 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
  • 4 Ganzhou Lulinwan Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Ganzhou 341103, China
* HUO Junhong, professor, E-mail: ;
ZHAO Shengguo, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-08-08

  Online published: 2024-01-12

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary garlic peel on growth performance, rumen fermentation parameters, serum biochemical, immune and antioxidant indices of Hu sheep. Thirty-two healthy male lambs of Hu sheep about 3.5 months of age with similar body weight [(23.85±0.41) kg] were randomly divided into 2 groups with 16 lambs in each group. The control group (CON group) was fed a basal diet, and the garlic peel group (GAP group) was fed the basal diet used 3% garlic peel instead of all wheat straw. The experiment lasted for 28 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with CON group, dietary garlic peel significantly increased the average growth rates of body weight and chest circumference (P<0.01). 2) Compared with CON group, dietary garlic peel dietary garlic peel significantly increased the rumen butyric acid (BA) ratio (P<0.05), significantly decreased the rumen isobutyric acid (IBA) ratio (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the rumen isovaleric acid (IVA) ratio (P<0.01). 3) Compared with CON group, dietary garlic peel dietary garlic peel significantly decreased the serum total cholesterol (TC) content (P<0.01), significantly decreased the serum triglyceride (TG) content (P<0.05), and significantly increased the serum total protein (TP) content (P<0.01). 4) Compared with CON group, dietary garlic peel dietary garlic peel significantly increased the contents of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) in serum (P<0.05), and significantly increased the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) content (P<0.01). 5) Compared with CON group, dietary garlic peel dietary garlic peel significantly decreased the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content (P<0.01), and significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) in serum (P<0.01). In conclusion, dietary addition of 3% garlic peel can improve serum biochemical indexes, enhance immunity and antioxidant capacity, increase rumen butyric acid ratio, and then improve the growth performance of Hu sheep.

Key words： garlic peel; Hu sheep; growth performance; rumen fermentation; immune; antioxidant

Cite this article

WANG Haibo , ZHAN Jinshun , GU Zhiyong , CHEN Xinfeng , LI Kairong , JIA Haobin , ZHONG Xiaojun , PAN Yue , HUO Junhong , ZHAO Shengguo . Effects of Dietary Garlic Peel on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation Parameters, Serum Biochemical, Immune and Antioxidant Indices of Hu Sheep[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(1) : 406 -415 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.037

伴随着畜牧业的快速发展和人们对畜产品安全的重视,传统饲料工业中以抗生素改善动物生长性能而导致的耐药性和抗生素残留是当今我国畜牧业发展所面临的瓶颈[1]。近年来,研究人员在开发利用非常规粗饲料资源和寻找抗生素替代品过程中,发现植物衍生的生物活性化合物具有改善动物生长性能和作为抗生素替代品的潜力[2]。因此,合理开发具有“地里长出来的抗生素”美誉的大蒜及其副产物(大蒜秸、大蒜皮、大蒜渣等),不仅能缓解常规粗饲料资源短缺,而且其具有抗生素替代品的潜力,能为我国畜牧业的可持续发展提供保障。
大蒜为百合科、葱属药食同源性草本植物。我国作为全球最大的大蒜生产国、消费国和出口国,在大蒜深加工过程中产生大量与大蒜具有相似生物活性的副产物[3⇓-5]。同时,大蒜及其副产物中包含大量硫化合物(蒜氨酸、蒜素等)、皂苷类、大蒜黄酮、多糖类、氨基酸、微量元素、脂肪酸等多种生物活性物质,其最受关注的是天然广谱抗菌活性物大蒜素[1,6-7]。诸多研究表明,大蒜及其副产物具有抗菌消炎、调节血糖水平、抗氧化、增强免疫力[7⇓⇓-10]以及改善动物(肉鸡[11]、蛋鸡[12]、仔猪[13]、犊牛[14-15])生长性能等生物学功能。前期的研究发现,大蒜皮能够通过影响瘤胃微生物组和代谢组,进而调节瘤胃发酵,改善了羔羊的生长性能[16];同时,饲粮中添加大蒜粉后还可以增强断奶仔猪和蛋鸡的免疫力,并能改善周围环境质量[12-13,17]。无论是从绿色无公害方面,还是提高大蒜副产品的综合利用方面,大蒜副产物(大蒜皮)部分替代反刍动物常规粗饲料都有巨大潜力。因此,本试验通过研究饲粮中添加大蒜皮对湖羊生长性能、瘤胃发酵参数及血清生化、免疫和抗氧化指标的影响,以期为大蒜皮作为反刍动物粗饲料的利用提供一定的理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

选择3.5月龄左右、健康且体重[(23.85±0.41) kg]相近的湖羊公羔32只,随机分为2个组,每组16只。对照组(CON组)饲喂基础饲粮,大蒜皮组(GAP组)用3%的大蒜皮替代基础饲粮中全部小麦秸秆。试验期28 d。

1.2 基础饲粮

参考《肉羊饲养标准》(NY/T 816—2004)配制基础饲粮,饲粮的精粗比为60∶40(混合均匀饲喂),试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。经测定,大蒜皮中粗蛋白质含量为13.65%,粗脂肪含量为4.50%,粗纤维含量为15.22%,中性洗涤纤维含量为31.81%,酸性洗涤纤维含量为29.58%,粗灰分含量为7.95%。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis)%

项目
Items		 组别Groups
CON GAP
原料Ingredients
花生蔓Peanut vine 19.50 16.00
苇状羊茅
Festuca arundinacea Schreb.		 17.50 21.00
小麦秸秆Wheat straw 3.00
大蒜皮Garlic peel 3.00
玉米Corn 25.33 25.33
麦麸Wheat bran 12.77 12.77
豆粕Soybean meal 15.00 15.00
玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal 3.00 3.00
氯化钠NaCl 0.30 0.30
碳酸氢钙CaCO3 0.60
石灰石Limestone 0.60
预混料Premix1) 3.00 3.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
消化能DE/(MJ/kg) 10.82 10.82
粗蛋白质CP 16.95 17.11
中性洗涤纤维NDF 27.68 26.68
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 17.31 16.73
钙Ca 0.65 0.65
磷P 0.35 0.35

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Premix provided the following per kilogram of diets:VA 60 000 IU,VD3 9 000 IU,VE 75 IU,烟酸 niacin 150 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 45 mg,生物素 biotin 3.0 mg,Cu 10 mg,Zn 50 mg,Fe 70 mg 360 mg,I 5.25 mg,Mn 50 mg,Co 2.25 mg。

2)消化能为计算值,其余为测定值。DE was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

试验于2022年7—8月在江西省赣州市绿林湾农牧有限公司湖羊养殖场进行,饲养管理按照养殖场的规定执行,每天饲喂2次,分别在08:30和17:30定时饲喂,羊只自由采食和饮水,隔天早上保证有余料。

1.4 样品采集

在试验第28天,禁食12 h、禁水2 h称重,测量体尺指标(体高、胸围),记录体重;并颈静脉采血液5 mL,静置2 h后,3 500 r/min离心10 min收集血清,运送到实验室在-80 ℃下保存。同时采用胃管瘤胃取样器采集湖羊瘤胃液,每只湖羊取瘤胃液50 mL,分装到冻存管中,快速放入液氮罐中,运送到实验室在-80 ℃下保存。采集饲粮锥形堆5个部位样品,每个部位重量大于0.5 kg,真空袋密封,运送到实验室在-40 ℃保存。

1.5 指标测定

1.5.1 饲粮营养水平

按照GB/T 6432—1994的方法测定粗蛋白质(CP)含量,按照GB/T 6434—2006的方法测定粗纤维(CF)含量,按照GB/T 6438—2007的方法测定粗灰分(Ash)含量,按照GB/T 6436—2002的方法测定钙(Ca)含量,按照GB/T 6437—2002的方法测定磷(P)含量,按照Van Soest等[18]的方法测定中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量。消化能(DE)参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表》[19]中描述的方法进行计算。

1.5.2 体重和体尺指标

体重:禁食12 h、禁水2 h,羊只自然状态下称重。
体高:用测杖测量肩胛最高点到地面的垂直距离。
胸围:用软尺测量肩胛后端绕胸1周长度。
体重、体高和胸围平均生长速度计算公式如下:

体重、体高或胸围平均生长速度=(W1-W0)/(t1-t0)。

式中:W1为试验末期体重、体高或胸围;W0为初始体重、体高或胸围;t1为试验末期日龄,t0为试验初始日龄。

1.5.3 瘤胃发酵参数

使用气相色谱仪(安捷伦7890B,美国)测定,采用内标法测定乙酸(AA)、丙酸(PA)、异丁酸(IBA)、丁酸(BA)、异戊酸(IVA)、戊酸(VA)、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量,内标为2-乙基丁酸(2EB),并计算AA/PA和各挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)比例:

各VFA比例(%)=100×各VFA含量/TVFA含量。

瘤胃液pH用PHBJ-261L型便携式pH计(上海雷磁仪器厂)测定。瘤胃液氨态氮(NH3-N)含量利用721分光光度计测定。将瘤胃液4 000 r/min下离心10 min,取2 mL上清液于15 mL离心管,并加入0.2 mol/L盐酸8 mL摇匀。随后分别依次加入A液(0.08 g亚硝基铁氰化钠溶于100 mL 14%水杨酸钠溶液)和B液(2 mL次氯酸钠溶液,混于100 mL 0.3 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液)各2 mL,摇匀,静置10 min后,记录700 nm下的吸光值。

1.5.4 血清生化、免疫和抗氧化指标

参照试剂盒(上海酶联生物有限公司)中详细说明对血清生化[葡萄糖(GLU)、总蛋白(TP)、尿素氮(UN)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性]、免疫[免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量]及抗氧化指标[总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)]进行测定。

1.6 数据处理与分析

数据经Excel 2016初步整理后,采用SPSS 26.0进行独立样本t检验(independent sample t test),试验结果均以平均值±标准差表示,P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮中添加大蒜皮对湖羊体重和体尺指标的影响

由表2可知,与CON组相比,饲粮中添加大蒜皮能极显著提高湖羊试验结束时(第28天)的体重、胸围和第1~28天的体重、胸围平均生长速度(P<0.01),但对试验结束时的体高和体高平均生长速度无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表2 饲粮中添加大蒜皮对湖羊体重和体尺指标的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary garlic peel on body weight and body size indices of Hu sheep

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
CON GAP
第1天 体重Body weight/g 23.89±0.65 23.80±0.70 0.725
Day 1 体高Body height/cm 61.84±2.01 61.59±1.26 0.685
胸围Chest circumference/cm 60.96±1.76 60.88±1.59 0.900
第28天 体重Body weight/kg 29.62±0.77B 30.38±0.65A 0.005
Day 28 体高Body height/cm 66.11±2.51 65.67±1.80 0.576
胸围Chest circumference/cm 73.55±1.75B 75.74±1.70A 0.001
体重平均生长速度
Average growth rate of body weight/(kg/d)		 0.20±0.01B 0.24±0.01A <0.001
第1~28天
Days 1 to 28		 体高平均生长速度
Average growth rate of body height/(cm/d)		 0.18±0.09 0.17±0.09 0.875
胸围平均生长速度
Average growth rate of chest circumference/(cm/d)		 0.45±0.07B 0.53±0.06A 0.002

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01), while with no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮中添加大蒜皮对湖羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响

由表3可知,与CON组相比,饲粮中添加大蒜皮对瘤胃pH,NH3-N、VFA(AA、PA、BA、VA、IBA、IVA)、TVFA含量,AA/PA及AA、PA、VA比例均无显著影响(P>0.05),但能够显著提高瘤胃BA比例(P<0.05),显著降低瘤胃IBA比例(P<0.05),极显著降低瘤胃IVA比例(P<0.01)。
表3 饲粮中添加大蒜皮对湖羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary garlic peel on rumen fermentation parameters of Hu sheep

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
CON GAP
pH 6.74±0.22 6.79±0.11 0.372
氨态氮NH3-N/(mg/dL) 22.31±3.38 23.46±2.00 0.252
乙酸AA/(mmol/L) 16.50±4.93 18.89±4.24 0.152
丙酸PA/(mmol/L) 4.17±1.15 4.78±0.96 0.110
丁酸BA/(mmol/L) 3.00±1.02 3.75±1.15 0.600
戊酸VA/(mmol/L) 0.40±0.10 0.43±0.11 0.303
异丁酸IBA/(mmol/L) 0.74±0.14 0.79±0.15 0.383
异戊酸IVA/(mmol/L) 1.15±0.24 1.18±0.26 0.678
总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA/(mmol/L) 25.95±7.41 29.83±6.73 0.131
乙酸/丙酸AA/PA 3.94±0.39 3.94±0.29 0.992
乙酸比例AA ratio/% 63.40±2.28 63.36±1.22 0.958
丙酸比例PA ratio/% 16.16±0.96 16.13±0.95 0.931
丁酸比例BA ratio/% 11.43±1.08b 12.41±1.43a 0.037
戊酸比例VA ratio/% 1.55±0.22 1.45±0.11 0.114
异丁酸比例IBA ratio/% 2.94±0.35a 2.67±0.26b 0.018
异戊酸比例IVA ratio/% 4.52±0.64A 3.99±0.41B 0.009

2.3 饲粮中添加大蒜皮对湖羊血清生化、免疫和抗氧化指标的影响

2.3.1 饲粮中添加大蒜皮对湖羊血清生化指标的影响

由表4可知,与CON组相比,饲粮中添加大蒜皮对湖羊血清GLU、UN、LDL、HDL含量和LDH活性无显著影响(P>0.05),但能够极显著降低血清TC含量(P<0.01),显著降低血清TG含量(P<0.05),极显著提高血清TP含量(P<0.01)。
表4 饲粮中添加大蒜皮对湖羊血清生化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary garlic peel on serum biochemical indices of Hu sheep

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
CON GAP
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 2.98±0.61 3.02±0.79 0.877
总蛋白TP/(mg/mL) 1.31±0.09B 1.82±0.23A <0.001
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 2.34±0.94 2.17±1.01 0.628
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 3.35±1.43A 2.11±0.74B 0.004
甘油三脂TG/(mmol/L) 2.42±1.15a 1.72±0.55b 0.037
低密度脂蛋白LDL/(mmol/L) 270.20±35.92 254.97±41.58 0.277
高密度脂蛋白HDL/(mmol/L) 47.43±6.34 51.80±7.19 0.078
乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(IU/L) 29.95±3.40 32.04±3.86 0.114

2.3.2 饲粮中添加大蒜皮对湖羊血清免疫指标的影响

由表5可知,与CON组相比,饲粮中添加大蒜皮能够显著提高血清IgA、IgM含量(P<0.05),极显著提高血清IgG含量(P<0.01)。
表5 饲粮中添加大蒜皮对湖羊血清免疫指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary garlic peel on serum immune indices of Hu sheepμg/mL

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
CON GAP
免疫球蛋白A IgA 207.02±36.89b 238.29±34.21a 0.019
免疫球蛋白M IgM 1 765.52±326.08b 1 979.84±257.68a 0.048
免疫球蛋白G IgG 32.54±7.81B 42.67±5.87A <0.001

2.3.3 饲粮中添加大蒜皮对湖羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表6可知,与CON组相比,饲粮中添加大蒜皮能够极显著降低血清MDA含量(P<0.01),极显著提高血清T-AOC及CAT、GSH-Px、T-SOD活性(P<0.01)。
表6 饲粮中添加大蒜皮对湖羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary garlic peel on serum antioxidant indices of Hu sheep

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
CON GAP
丙二醛MDA/(mmol/mL) 14.81±1.68A 12.73±1.00B <0.001
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) 0.61±0.19B 0.82±0.18A 0.003
过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/L) 16.59±2.50B 23.47±1.98A <0.001
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) 12.15±2.47B 16.74±1.00A <0.001
总超氧化物歧化酶T-SOD/(U/mL) 8.28±1.84B 13.18±1.14A <0.001

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮中添加大蒜皮对湖羊体重和体尺指标的影响

大蒜粉、大蒜提取物和大蒜副产物中含有许多活性代谢物,如硫化合物(大蒜素)、酶、游离氨基酸、甾醇、类固醇、三萜、苷类、黄酮类、酚类、有机硒化合物及丰富的维生素(尤其是复合维生素B和维生素C)[20-21],可作为促进生长的饲料抗生素的替代品[21-22],具有改善动物(肉鸡[11]、蛋鸡[12]、仔猪[13]、犊牛[14-15])生长性能的潜力。研究发现,饲粮中添加大蒜提取物能够提高杂交犊牛的平均体重增重和采食量[23]。本试验研究发现,饲粮中添加3%的大蒜皮能显著提高试验期湖羊体重和胸围平均生长速度。造成这一积极的效果可能是由于大蒜及其副产物中富含硫化合物(蒜氨酸、蒜素等)、皂苷类、大蒜黄酮、多糖类、氨基酸、微量元素、脂肪酸等30多种活性物质[1,6-7],能作为治疗肠道疾病、缓解肠胃胀气的活性物质[24-25],调节肠道微生物种群结构,尤其增加了纤维降解菌属普氏菌属(Prevotella)的丰度[16,26],提高肠道和胰腺组织消化酶(如胰脂肪酶和淀粉酶)活性[23,27],促进微生物蛋白质合成底物浓度增加,提高养分的利用率和代谢(尤其是嘧啶代谢、嘌呤代谢和维生素B6代谢途径),进而改善生长性能和健康状况[16]。

3.2 饲粮中添加大蒜皮对湖羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响

NH3-N被认为是瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成最重要的氮源,其反映了饲粮中蛋白质的脱氨基过程与碳骨架通过氨化生成氨基酸,进而合成微生物蛋白质的效率[28]。本试验结果与前期研究发现的饲粮中通过添加大蒜粉不能改变瘤胃液中NH3-N含量的结果[29]一致。且NH3-N含量维持在19.64~19.70 mg/dL,符合瘤胃最佳发酵浓度(5~30 mg/dL)[28,30]。瘤胃pH是决定可吸收营养成分的关键因素[31],是反映瘤胃微生物生长、发酵和瘤胃健康状况情况的重要生理指标之一,当反刍动物发生亚急性瘤胃酸中毒时,瘤胃发酵快速产生较高浓度的VFA,易造成瘤胃pH长时间处于低值,造成瘤胃内环境中嗜酸性微生物繁殖,并触发动物机体炎症的发生[32⇓-34]。本试验研究发现,饲粮中添加大蒜皮对瘤胃pH无显著的影响,这一结果与其他研究一致,即添加大蒜油[35]、大蒜素[36]或大蒜叶青贮饲料[37]对瘤胃pH没有显著影响。同时,当瘤胃缓冲能力跟不上VFA在瘤胃内的积累时,瘤胃pH降低,且瘤胃pH长时间低于5.5会对采食量、微生物代谢和养分降解产生负面影响[38],本试验中各组的瘤胃平均pH均在6以上,均能保证瘤胃正常发酵[31]。胃肠道微生物群发酵产生的VFA 50%~80%以上被瘤胃上皮吸收,为反刍动物提供约75%的能量,其余部分被唾液中和或进入肠道参与机体生理调控[34]。本试验研究发现,饲粮中添大蒜皮不会引起瘤胃TVFA含量的变化,这一结果与前期研究发现饲粮中添加大蒜副产物或提取物对绵羊[39]、阉牛[29]等反刍动物瘤胃TVFA含量无显著影响的结果一致。同时,本试验也发现,饲粮中添加大蒜皮能够提高瘤胃BA比例,这一结果与前期的研究发现大蒜油增加丁酸盐比例的结果[40]一致。上述结果表明适量添加大蒜皮不会影响瘤胃pH、微生物对蛋白质的分解利用及瘤胃VFA含量,均保证瘤胃正常发酵,但能够提高BA比例,有利于促进绵羊GLU摄取和糖酵解途径及线粒体功能相关基因的表达[41],增强机体抗氧化能力,提高免疫力[42],提高动物平均日增重[43],促进动物生长发育。

3.3 饲粮中添加大蒜皮对湖羊血清相关、免疫和抗氧化指标的影响

血清生化指标能够反映反刍动物机体器官功能和营养代谢状况。血清GLU含量作为机体能量代谢的指标,其与瘤胃PA含量密切相关[44]。本试验研究发现,饲粮中添加大蒜皮对血清GLU含量无显著影响,该结果与Panthee等[21]、Chaves等[39]和Anassori等[45]研究发现大蒜及其提取物对血清GLU含量无显著影响的结果一致,与Kamruzzaman等[37]、Khoilf等[44]和Pirmohammadi等[46]研究发现大蒜及其提取物可提高血清GLU含量的结果不一致,这种差异与瘤胃中GLU的主要前体物(PA)含量升高有关,但本研究中没有发现瘤胃PA含量的差异,因此可能没有反映在血清GLU含量上[21,44]。血清白蛋白是衡量肝脏功能和机体营养状况的重要,其含量与动物蛋白质营养和机体生长性能相关,且当血清TP含量较高时,能够促进动物健康生长。本研究发现,饲粮中添加大蒜皮可极显著提高羔羊血清TP含量,说明大蒜皮可增强羔羊肝脏的合成功能,促进蛋白质的吸收和代谢,增加蛋白质在体内的沉积,但对血清HDL含量、LDH活性无显著影响。在临床观察中,大蒜提取物的分解产物二烯丙基二硫化物(DADS)能抑制高脂血症大鼠胆固醇的合成,降低血脂、胆固醇水平[47]。本试验发现,饲粮中添加大蒜皮能显著或极显著降低血清TC、TG含量,这一结果与Redoy等[22]研究发现大蒜叶显著降低血清TC和TG含量的结果一致。此外,2组血清UN含量相近可能是由于添加大蒜皮对瘤胃NH3-N含量没有显著影响的原因[48]。
正常生理状况下,机体能够通过提高T-SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性及T-AOC[49],降低MDA含量降低脂质过氧化对机体造成的损伤降低[50],且机体氧化应激产生过多的自由基导致细胞膜脂质过氧化,这是免疫的第一个限速问题。血清中免疫球蛋白的功能随免疫球蛋白含量升高而增强[51],先前的研究结果表明,大蒜及其副产物具有抗菌消炎、增强免疫力和抗氧化能力作用[7-8]。饲粮中添加大蒜粉可显著提高肉鸡血清免疫球蛋白含量,显著降低血清促炎因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量,增强机体免疫力,减轻炎症反应[52]。本试验发现,饲粮中添加大蒜皮能够显著改善机体的免疫能力,提高血清免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG、IgM)含量,增强机体抗氧化能力,降低血清MDA含量,提高血清T-AOC及CAT、GSH-Px、T-SOD活性,这一研究结果Redoy等[22]的研究结果一致。这一结果一方面可能与饲粮中添加大蒜皮能提高瘤胃BA比例有关,BA具有提高免疫球蛋白含量、抑制促炎因子表达、增强机体抗氧化能力的作用[53];另一方面,大蒜及其副产物中的黄酮类物质、硒元素、多酚及大蒜素等可通过硫醇交换机制清除羟基自由,增强细胞中T-SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性,进而提高机体抗氧化能力[7,54]。因此,在血清指标的基础上进一步说明大蒜皮可有效缓解机体炎症反应,降低血脂、胆固醇水平,加强羔羊体内蛋白质代谢,对提高机体免疫力、抗氧化能力产生积极影响。

4 结论

饲粮中添加3%的大蒜皮能够降低血清TC、TG含量,提高血清TP含量,增加瘤胃BA比例,增强机体免疫力和抗氧化能力,进而改善湖羊的生长性能。

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