Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 1: 438 - 450

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.040

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Carrot Tassel Silage Replacing Whole Corn Silage on Performance, Milk Quality, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility, Antioxidant Capacity and Immune Function of Wendeng Dairy Goats during Lactation Period

  • LI Dalu , 1 ,
  • LIN Yingting 1 ,
  • DING Kuiying 2 ,
  • CHEN Jia 3 ,
  • CHENG Ming 4 ,
  • WANG Jinhu 1 ,
  • QIN Feiyu 1 ,
  • GUO Yixuan , 1, * ,
  • ZHU Fenghua , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
  • 2 Weifang Customs, Weifang 261041, China
  • 3 Lidao Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Weihai Rongcheng City, Weihai 264317, China
  • 4 Qingdao Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao 266100, China
* GUO Yixuan, lecturer, E-mail: ;
ZHU Fenghua, senior experimentalist, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-07-18

  Online published: 2024-01-12

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of carrot tassel silage replacing whole corn silage on performance, milk quality, nutrient apparent digestibility, antioxidant capacity and immune function of Wendeng dairy goats during lactation period. Sixty-four healthy Wendeng dairy goats with body weight of (48.34±1.86) kg and milk yield of (1.29±0.46) kg/d, 3 parities and in lactation 150 d were selected and divided into 4 groups, with 4 replicates per group and 4 goats per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, and in experimental groups 1, 2 and 3, 20%, 30% and 40% of whole corn silage in the basal diet were replaced by carrot tassel silage, respectively. The experiment period was 67 days, including 7 days of pre-test and 60 days of formal test. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the average daily milk yield in the experimental groups 1 and 3 was significantly increased (P<0.05); the feed/milk ratio in the experimental group 1 was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) yield was significantly increased (P<0.05); the average daily feed intake in the experimental group 3 was significantly increased (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the content of β-carotene in the milk in the experimental group 3 was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), and it in the experimental group 2 was extremely significantly increased (P<0.05); the contents of vitamin A and sodium copper chlorophyll in the milk in the experimental groups 2 and 3 were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01). No pesticide residue was detected in the milk of each group. 3) Compared with the control group, the apparent digestibility of crude protein in the three experimental groups was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), and the apparent digestibility of dry matter in the experimental groups 1 and 3, the apparent digestibility of crude fat in the experimental group 1, and the apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber in the experimental group 3 were significantly increased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the content of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the experimental group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01); the contents of serum total protein (TP) and globulin (GLB) in the experimental group 1 were significantly increased (P<0.05), the contents of urea nitrogen (UN) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01). In conclusion, using carrot tassel silage equivalently to replace 20% whole corn silage in the diet can improve the milk performance, milk quality, nutrient apparent digestibility, antioxidant capacity and immune function of Wendeng dairy goats during lactation period.

Key words： carrot tassel silage; Wendeng dairy goats; milk performance; milk quality; apparent nutrient digestibility; antioxidant capacity; immune function

Cite this article

LI Dalu , LIN Yingting , DING Kuiying , CHEN Jia , CHENG Ming , WANG Jinhu , QIN Feiyu , GUO Yixuan , ZHU Fenghua . Effects of Carrot Tassel Silage Replacing Whole Corn Silage on Performance, Milk Quality, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility, Antioxidant Capacity and Immune Function of Wendeng Dairy Goats during Lactation Period[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(1) : 438 -450 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.040

近年来,随着消费者对肉、蛋、奶的需求量与品质要求不断提高,我国畜牧业也逐渐向规模化、集约化演变,然而优质饲料资源的短缺一直是制约我国养殖业与饲料工业发展的瓶颈。合理利用各种常规饲料资源,开发利用非常规饲料资源,才能从源头上解决我国饲料资源短缺的问题,推动畜牧业向良性方向循环发展[1]。中国作为世界上最大的胡萝卜生产国之一,其种植总面积达48万hm2,主要分布于华北、西北和东北等地区[2],我国胡萝卜缨年产量能达到480万t[3]。胡萝卜缨中含有大量β-胡萝卜素、叶绿素、纤维素[4]以及维生素A、维生素C[5],且含有丰富的锰(Mn)、钾(K)、镁(Mg)、锌(Zn)、铁(Fe)、钙(Ca)、铜(Cu)、磷(P)和锗(Ge)等微量元素[6]。研究表明,饲喂胡萝卜缨可提高奶牛的产奶性能,促进肉牛生长发育、提高肉品质,对产后母牛还有催乳的功效[7],并能促进仔猪生长发育[8]。养殖生产中,饲喂鲜或干胡萝卜缨叶可提高畜禽繁殖性能和生产力[3]。目前,我国对胡萝卜缨的利用率极低,多堆置在田间地头、路边任其自然腐烂,造成环境污染及资源浪费[9]。因此,如何对胡萝卜缨饲料化处理是提高胡萝卜缨利用价值的关键。青贮饲料拥有适口性好、营养丰富、消化率高、可长期保存等优点,且随着畜牧业养殖规模的持续扩增,养殖户对青贮饲料关注也在增加[10]。胡萝卜缨若进行青贮处理,能很大程度上缓解饲料资源短缺问题,并有利于生态环境的治理及减少饲料生产的成本投入。因此,本试验在制备胡萝卜缨青贮的基础上,通过研究在饲粮中以胡萝卜缨青贮替代全株玉米青贮对泌乳期文登奶山羊产奶性能、乳品质、养分表观消化率、抗氧化能力及免疫功能的影响,旨在为胡萝卜缨青贮在泌乳期奶山羊饲粮中的合理应用提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 胡萝卜缨青贮的制备

2022年5月中旬收集刚收获的新鲜胡萝卜缨,晾晒3 d后,用裹包机进行整株胡萝卜缨裹包青贮,未添加菌种,发酵45 d,备用。胡萝卜缨青贮中β-胡萝卜素、维生素A、维生素C和叶绿素铜钠含量分别为0.1、1.11、157和22.39 mg/g。对胡萝卜缨青贮与全株玉米青贮营养成分含量的测定结果见表1。
表1 胡萝卜缨青贮与全株玉米青贮营养成分含量比较

Table 1 Comparison on nutrient contents of carrot tassel silage and whole corn silage%

项目
Items		 胡萝卜缨青贮
Carrot tassel
silage		 全株玉米青贮
Whole corn
silage
干物质DM 18.67 30.16
粗蛋白质CP 13.11 9.01
中性洗涤纤维NDF 25.92 38.39
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 20.89 20.02
钙Ca 0.47 0.16
磷P 0.27 0.28
粗脂肪EE 2.87 4.85
粗纤维CF 13.55 16.44
木质素ADL 5.84 5.51
粗灰分Ash 20.40 4.39
无氮浸出物NFE 50.06 65.04

干物质含量为鲜样基础,其他营养成分含量均为干物质基础。

The DM content was based on fresh sample, and the contents of other nutrients were based on DM.

1.2 试验设计

饲养试验于2022年7月27日至2022年10月1日,在山东省威海市鼎牛牧业有限公司进行。采用单因素试验设计,选择体重(48.34±1.86) kg、产奶量(1.29±0.46) kg/d的产羔150 d左右的3胎文登奶山羊64只,随机分成4组,每组4个重复,每个重复4只羊。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验1、2、3组分别以胡萝卜缨青贮替代基础饲粮中20%、30%、40%的全株玉米青贮(干物质基础)。试验周期为67 d,其中预试期7 d,正试期60 d。

1.3 饲粮配制

首先参照NRC(2007)奶山羊饲养标准配制基础饲粮,然后以胡萝卜缨青贮替代基础饲粮中20%、30%、40%的全株玉米青贮(干物质基础)配制试验饲粮。各组饲粮组成及营养水平见表2。
表2 各组饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets for each group (DM basis)%

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 试验1组
Experimental
group 1		 试验2组
Experimental
group 2		 试验3组
Experimental
group 3
原料Ingredients
浓缩料Concentrated feed1) 19.50 18.00 17.30 16.50
玉米Corn 25.50 27.00 27.70 28.50
燕麦草Oat grass 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
全株玉米青贮Whole corn silage 45.00 36.00 31.50 27.00
胡萝卜缨青贮Carrot tassel silage 9.00 13.50 18.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
消化能DE/(MJ/kg) 12.81 13.13 13.29 13.45
中性洗涤纤维NDF 32.63 31.41 30.80 30.18
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 15.96 15.86 15.82 15.77
粗蛋白质CP 13.92 13.91 13.92 13.91
钙Ca 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28
磷P 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.40

1)浓缩料购自德州环山生物饲料有限公司德城分公司,由67.26%的豆粕(CP 46%)、13.20%的高粱、5.24%的预混料、4.44%的磷酸氢钙、4.40%的大豆油、3.00%的石粉、2.38%的氯化钠、0.08%的氯化胆碱(50%)组成,其干物质含量为91.5%,营养水平如下:粗蛋白质34.4%、粗灰分13.74%、粗纤维14.8%、钙0.6%、总磷0.6%、氯化钠1.85%、维生素A乙酸酯500 000 IU/kg、维生素D3 140 000 IU/kg、DL-α生育酚乙酸酯4 200 mg/kg、烟酰胺6 700 mg/kg、锰6 200 mg/kg、铁1 800 mg/kg、锌8 900 mg/kg、铜1 700 mg/kg、硒41.7 mg/kg、碘120 mg/kg、钴90 mg/kg。The concentrate is purchased from Decheng Branch of Dezhou Huanshan Biological Feed Co., Ltd. It consists of 67.26% soybean meal (CP 46%), 13.20% sorghum, 5.24% premix, 4.44% CaHPO4, 4.40% soybean oil, 3.00% limestone, 2.38% NaCl, 0.08% choline chloride (50%), the content of dry matter is 91.5%, and nutrient levels are as follows: crude protein 34.4%, ash 13.74%, crude fiber 14.8%, calcium 0.6%, total phosphorus 0.6%, NaCl 1.85%, vitamin A acetate 500 000 IU/kg, vitamin D3 140 000 IU/kg, DL-α tocopherol acetate 4 200 mg/kg, niacinamide 6 700 mg/kg, Mn 6 200 mg/kg, Fe 1 800 mg/kg, Zn 8 900 mg/kg, Cu 1 700 mg/kg, Se 41.7 mg/kg, I 120 mg/kg, Co 90 mg/kg.

2)消化能为计算值,其余为实测值。DE is a calculated value, while the others are measured values.

1.4 饲养管理

各组试验羊饲养管理条件保证一致,消毒、免疫等按羊场常规程序进行,记录试验羊体况与羊舍温度。每日采用全混合日粮形式定时(07:00、10:00、16:00和19:00)饲喂,试验羊自由采食、饮水,保证每栏有5%剩料;每日06:30和18:30进行机器挤奶。

1.5 测定指标及方法

1.5.1 平均日采食量

以重复为单位每天记录试验羊的平均喂料量和剩料量,用于计算平均日采食量。

1.5.2 产奶量与料奶比

通过挤奶器的自动记录仪,每天准确记录每只试验羊的产奶量并按照公式计算出4%标准乳产量:

4%标准乳产量(kg/d)=0.4M+15MF。

式中:M为试验期内平均每只羊每天的产奶量(kg/d);F为试验期内平均每只羊的乳脂率(%)。
料奶比以重复为单位计算,其计算公式如下:

料奶比=平均日采食量/平均日产奶量。

1.5.3 乳品质

在正试期第58~60天,每天早、晚采集乳样,每只试验羊每次采集50 mL,将每天早、晚乳样按照1∶1混合均匀,置于4 ℃冰箱保存。

1.5.3.1 常规乳成分

使用LactiCheckRapiRead超声波乳品质分析仪(LC-01,北京天翔飞域科技有限公司)测定常规乳成分(乳脂率、乳糖率、乳蛋白率、非脂乳固体率)。

1.5.3.2 乳活性成分

用高效液相色谱仪(Agilent 1100,安捷伦科技有限公司)测定乳中β-胡萝卜素[11]、维生素A[12]、维生素C含量[13]。乳中叶绿素铜钠含量参照GB 5019.260—2016[14]测定。

1.5.3.3 乳农药残留

乳中氟氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、六六六、滴滴涕、六氯苯含量用气相色谱仪(Agilent 7890A GC-ECD,安捷伦科技有限公司)检测,检测方法参考GB/T 5009.146—2008[15]。乳中多菌灵、啶酰菌胺、霜霉威、噻虫胺、毒死蜱、虫螨蜻、噻虫嗪、烯酰吗啉、嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑含量用液相色谱仪(Agilent LCMS-6470,安捷伦科技有限公司)检测,检测方法参考GB 23200.121—2021[16]。

1.5.4 养分表观消化率

1.5.4.1 饲粮样品的采集

在正试期第56~60天每天晨饲前,每个重复采用五点取样法采集饲粮样品300 g左右,采样结束后,将每个重复采集的饲粮样品混合,65 ℃烘至恒重测定初水分后,用粉碎机粉碎至完全通过1 mm筛孔,充分混合后用四分法缩至200 g左右,置密封袋中保存备用。

1.5.4.2 粪样的采集

正试期第56~60天每天晨饲1 h后,每个重复的每只羊采集未被污染的粪便50 g左右,按鲜粪重的1/4加入10%硫酸溶液进行固氮处理,置于4 ℃冰箱保存。收粪结束后将每个重复5 d收集的粪样混合,65 ℃烘至恒重,制备成风干粪样放入密封袋保存备用。

1.5.4.3 指标测定

饲粮与粪中酸不溶灰分(AIA)、干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、粗脂肪(EE)含量分别根据GB/T 23742—2009[17]、GB/T 6435—2014[18]、GB/T 6432—2018[19]、GB/T 20806—2022[20]、NY/T 1459—2022[21]、GB/T 6433—2006[22]测定,以此计算养分表观消化率。养分表观消化率的计算公式如下:

某养分表观消化率(%)=100-100×(A/C)×(B/D)。

式中:A、C分别为饲粮与粪中AIA含量(%);B、D分别为粪与饲粮中该养分含量(%)。

1.5.5 血清指标

在正试期第60天晨饲前,每只羊空腹采集颈静脉血液10 mL于真空采血管,3 500 r/min离心10 min,转移上清液于2 mL离心管中,置于-80 ℃冰箱中待用。

1.5.5.1 血清生化指标的测定

使用FUJIFILM全自动血清生化分析仪(NX500iVC,富士胶片投资有限公司)测定血清中总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、尿素氮(UN)、肌酐(CRE)、总胆固醇(TCHO)、葡萄糖(GLU)、总胆红素(TBIL)含量与碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)和丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)活性,并计算白球比(ALB/GLB)。

1.5.5.2 血清抗氧化指标的测定

使用南京建成生物工程研究所生产的试剂盒检测如下血清抗氧化指标:丙二醛(MDA)含量(批号:A003-1-2)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(批号:A015-1-2)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(批号:A005-1-2)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(批号:A001-1-1)。

1.5.5.3 血清免疫球蛋白含量的测定

使用南京建成生物工程研究所生产的酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒测定血清中免疫球蛋白G(IgG)(批号:H106-1-2)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)(批号:H108-1-2)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量(批号:H109-1-2)。

1.5.5.4 血清细胞因子含量的测定

使用南京建成生物工程研究所生产的ELISA试剂盒测定血清中白细胞介素-2(IL-2)(批号:H003-1-2)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)(批号:H007-1-2)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)(批号:H009-1-2)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)含量(批号:H025-1-2)。

1.6 数据处理与统计分析

使用Excel 2010进行数据整理后使用SPSS 23.0软件进行单因素方差分析,并采用Duncan氏法进行组间多重比较,以P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著,试验结果以平均值±标准差表示。

2 结果与分析

2.1 胡萝卜缨青贮对奶山羊生产性能的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,试验3组的平均日采食量显著升高(P<0.05);试验1、3组的平均日产奶量与4%标准乳产量显著升高(P<0.05);试验1组的料奶比显著降低(P<0.05)。
表3 胡萝卜缨青贮对文登奶山羊生产性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of carrot tassel silage on performance of Wendeng dairy goats

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 试验1组
Experimental
group 1		 试验2组
Experimental
group 2		 试验3组
Experimental
group 3		 P值
P-value
平均日采食量ADFI/(kg/d) 3.86±0.24b 3.86±0.05b 4.07±0.06ab 4.13±0.10a 0.026
平均日产奶量
Average daily milk yield/(kg/d)		 1.26±0.04b 1.36±0.05a 1.31±0.01ab 1.34±0.07a 0.049
4%标准乳产量4%FCM yield/(kg/d) 1.34±0.06b 1.50±0.28a 1.42±0.02ab 1.46±0.07a 0.018
料奶比Feed to milk ratio 3.06±0.10a 2.85±0.07b 3.11±0.04a 3.09±0.22a 0.043

同行数据肩标相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。

In the same row, values with the same letter or no letter on the shoulder indicate no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different lowercase letters on the shoulder indicate significant difference (P<0.05), and with different uppercase letters on the shoulder indicate extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The following table is the same.

2.2 胡萝卜缨青贮对奶山羊乳品质的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,试验3组乳中β-胡萝卜素含量极显著升高(P<0.01),试验2组乳中β-胡萝卜素含量显著升高(P<0.05);试验2、3组乳中维生素A和叶绿素铜钠含量极显著升高(P<0.01)。各组之间乳中维生素C含量与常规乳成分无显著差异(P>0.05)。此外,各组乳中农药氟氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、六六六、滴滴涕、六氯苯、多菌灵、啶酰菌胺、霜霉威、噻虫胺、毒死蜱、虫螨蜻、噻虫嗪、烯酰吗啉、嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑均未检出。
表4 胡萝卜缨青贮对文登奶山羊乳品质的影响

Table 4 Effects of carrot tassel silage on milk quality of Wendeng dairy goat

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 试验1组
Experimental
group 1		 试验2组
Experimental
group 2		 试验3组
Experimental
group 3		 P值
P-value
乳脂率Milk fat percentage/% 4.45±0.86 4.70±0.54 4.65±0.77 4.65±0.68 0.783
乳蛋白率Milk protein percentage/% 3.49±0.11 3.51±0.24 3.48±0.15 3.49±0.11 0.983
乳糖率Lactose percentage/% 5.11±0.16 5.09±0.20 5.18±0.30 5.11±0.16 0.670
非脂乳固体率
Non-fat solid percentage/%		 9.54±0.44 9.27±0.38 9.42±0.54 9.30±0.29 0.258
β-胡萝卜素β-carotene/(μg/L) 30.50±2.08Bc 32.75±3.50Bbc 37.25±2.99ABab 40.50±3.70Aa <0.001
维生素A Vitamin A/(μg/L) 481.86±3.38Bc 495.47±9.42ABbc 505.39±7.97Aab 512.76±13.82Aa <0.001
叶绿素铜钠
Sodium copper chlorophyll/(mg/L)		 1.79±0.05Cb 1.89±0.10BCb 2.06±0.10ABa 2.17±0.09Aa <0.001
维生素C Vitamin C/(g/L) 3.53±0.03 3.55±0.05 3.54±0.07 3.54±0.05 0.907

2.3 胡萝卜缨青贮对奶山羊养分表观消化率的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,3个试验组CP表观消化率均极显著升高(P<0.01);试验1、3组DM表观消化率显著升高(P<0.05);试验1组EE表观消化率显著升高(P<0.05);试验3组NDF表观消化率显著升高(P<0.05)。各组之间ADF表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5 胡萝卜缨青贮对文登奶山羊养分表观消化率的影响

Table 5 Effects of carrot tassel silage on nutrient apparent digestibility of Wendeng dairy goats%

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 试验1组
Experimental
group 1		 试验2组
Experimental
group 2		 试验3组
Experimental
group 3		 P值
P-value
干物质DM 72.56±0.59b 74.25±0.54a 73.74±0.58ab 73.89±1.21a 0.049
粗脂肪EE 65.84±1.75b 69.89±2.68a 68.99±1.14ab 66.13±2.59b 0.032
粗蛋白质CP 60.63±0.48Bb 64.67±0.93Aa 64.82±1.94Aa 66.47±1.43Aa <0.001
中性洗涤纤维NDF 72.56±1.48b 72.68±1.26b 72.96±2.38b 76.48±1.07a 0.014
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 64.22±1.74 64.54±2.16 64.84±2.40 67.30±1.25 0.151

2.4 胡萝卜缨青贮对奶山羊血清生化指标的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,试验1组的血清TP和GLB含量显著升高(P<0.05),UN含量显著降低(P<0.05)。各组之间血清其他生化指标没有显著差异(P>0.05)。
表6 胡萝卜缨青贮对文登奶山羊血清生化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of carrot tassel silage on serum biochemical indexes of Wendeng dairy goats

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 试验1组
Experimental
group 1		 试验2组
Experimental
group 2		 试验3组
Experimental
group 3		 P值
P-value
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 73.06±2.57b 77.50±3.87a 75.44±3.74ab 74.81±5.62ab 0.030
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 33.13±1.36 33.44±1.93 33.19±1.80 33.19±1.72 0.957
球蛋白GLB/(g/L) 39.94±2.17b 43.88±2.50a 41.00±4.34ab 40.88±5.14ab 0.026
白球比ALB/GLB 0.83±0.07 0.78±0.10 0.82±0.10 0.81±0.10 0.554
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 7.92±0.87a 6.96±0.50b 7.48±1.17ab 7.31±1.08ab 0.044
肌酐CRE/(μmol/L) 45.88±5.83 50.44±8.04 47.13±8.73 45.94±8.00 0.307
总胆固醇TCHO/(mmol/L) 2.86±0.50 2.77±0.52 2.51±0.37 2.67±0.51 0.206
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 2.74±0.35 2.61±0.37 2.43±0.34 2.62±0.39 0.132
总胆红素TBIL/(μmol/L) 5.31±0.87 5.38±0.89 5.13±1.09 4.75±1.00 0.264
碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) 74.56±15.14 77.63±19.74 85.63±21.96 83.13±24.04 0.463
γ-谷氨酰转肽酶GGT/(U/L) 46.94±9.07 46.63±6.23 45.00±8.41 43.69±6.91 0.590
丙氨酸氨基转移酶ALT/(U/L) 22.25±3.74 24.69±5.20 25.56±3.97 25.19±2.20 0.077

2.5 胡萝卜缨青贮对奶山羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表7可知,与对照组相比,3个试验组的血清SOD、GSH-Px活性均极显著升高(P<0.01);试验1组的血清T-AOC极显著升高(P<0.01),MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05)。
表7 胡萝卜缨青贮对文登奶山羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of carrot tassel silage on serum antioxidant indexes of Wendeng dairy goats

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 试验1组
Experimental
group 1		 试验2组
Experimental
group 2		 试验3组
Experimental
group 3		 P值
P-value
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) 156.69±3.35Bb 168.95±6.45Aa 168.36±5.08Aa 173.54±6.49Aa <0.001
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/mL)		 163.56±5.84Cc 240.53±15.35Aa 185.48±14.35Bb 193.72±18.64Bb <0.001
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) 62.52±7.42Bb 70.89±4.92Aa 65.83±6.88ABab 65.40±7.12ABab 0.008
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 2.65±0.39a 2.23±0.37b 2.42±0.35ab 2.41±0.36ab 0.020

2.6 胡萝卜缨青贮对奶山羊血清免疫指标的影响

由表8可知,与对照组相比,3个试验组的血清IgG含量均显著升高(P<0.05)。各组之间血清IgM、IgA、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10、IFN-γ含量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。
表8 胡萝卜缨青贮对文登奶山羊血清免疫指标的影响

Table 8 Effects of carrot tassel silage on serum immune indexes of Wendeng dairy goats

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 试验1组
Experimental
group 1		 试验2组
Experimental
group 2		 试验3组
Experimental
group 3		 P值
P-value
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(mg/mL) 13.30±1.67 13.84±1.50 14.17±1.51 13.70±2.27 0.579
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(mg/mL) 6.15±0.60 6.72±0.79 6.30±0.56 6.41±0.58 0.090
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/mL) 8.76±0.54b 9.88±0.93a 9.60±1.20a 9.49±0.68a 0.046
白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(ng/L) 74.12±7.51 72.77±11.34 77.06±5.97 77.16±7.89 0.364
白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(ng/L) 112.13±9.82 113.91±10.84 111.56±12.33 112.52±11.06 0.941
白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(ng/L) 220.63±12.85 221.47±13.45 226.82±17.28 220.35±12.76 0.536
干扰素-γ IFN-γ/(ng/L) 100.09±9.42 104.95±7.06 102.95±8.62 105.77±9.10 0.256

3 讨论

3.1 胡萝卜缨青贮对奶山羊产奶性能与乳品质的影响

羊奶及其副产品是奶山羊养殖的重要收入来源,是衡量奶山羊养殖业经济状况的重要指标,产奶性能是奶山羊重要的经济性状之一[23]。刘金平等[7]研究发现,饲粮中添加胡萝卜缨青贮能提高奶牛的产奶量;张潇等[24]研究发现,将胡萝卜缨作为药食兼饲料添加剂能稳定冬季奶牛的产奶量,并改善乳品质;赵晓川[25]的研究显示,对奶牛饲喂定量胡萝卜能够提高产奶量,且随着饲喂量增加,产奶量呈上升趋势。本研究中,与对照组相比,饲粮中以胡萝卜缨青贮替代20%全株玉米青贮使文登奶山羊的产奶量显著提高了7.93%,料奶比显著降低了6.8%;饲粮中以胡萝卜缨青贮替代40%全株玉米青贮使文登奶山羊的平均日采食量显著提高了14.7%。其原因可能是胡萝卜缨青贮中含有多种维生素、丰富的膳食纤维和β-胡萝卜素,而β-胡萝卜素能够刺激乳腺细胞的增殖,提高乳腺细胞的泌乳能力[26],进而增加产奶量;由于青贮后胡萝卜缨有独特的香味,可刺激奶山羊食欲,改善适口性,故可提高采食量[27]。上述结果表明,饲粮中添加胡萝卜缨青贮替代20%全株玉米青贮可提高泌乳期文登奶山羊的产奶量,降低料奶比。
乳品质是衡量奶山羊经济效益和奶山羊饲养水平的另一重要因素,与奶山羊品种与饲粮组成有关[28]。β-胡萝卜素、维生素A作为活性物质在牛乳品质方面的研究较多[29⇓-31],而在羊乳中鲜有报道。胡萝卜缨中含有的叶绿素铜钠属于叶绿素衍生物[32],具有抗氧化功能,对肝炎、胃溃疡、贫血等病症有明显治疗效果,被广泛应用于医用与保健药物领域[33]。本研究以胡萝卜缨青贮替代基础饲粮中20%、30%、40%的全株玉米青贮,文登奶山羊乳中β-胡萝卜素含量分别提高了7.38%、22.13%和32.79%,维生素A含量分别提高了2.82%、4.88%和6.41%,叶绿素铜钠含量分别提高了5.59%、15.08%和21.23%。上述结果表明,随饲粮中胡萝卜缨青贮替代比例的增加,胡萝卜缨所含β-胡萝卜素、维生素A和叶绿素铜钠等活性物质在体内经过一系列的转化之后转移到羊乳的比例也会增加[34]。陈利青[35]研究表明,牛乳中维生素A、β-胡萝卜素含量随着奶牛饲粮中的β-胡萝卜素添加量的增加逐渐提高,与本研究结果一致。
胡萝卜种植过程中为防治病虫害会使用多种农药,为保证食品安全,本研究对羊乳中农药残留指标进行了检测,结果均未检出,表明利用胡萝卜缨青贮饲喂奶山羊可确保羊乳的质量安全。

3.2 胡萝卜缨青贮对奶山羊养分表观消化率的影响

养分表观消化率是衡量饲粮组成是否合理及营养成分含量是否均衡的重要指标,其高低直接影响家畜生长发育及饲料经济效益[36]。养分表观消化率与奶山羊品种、日龄以及饲粮组成、采食量等密切相关[37-38]。本研究发现,饲粮中添加胡萝卜缨青贮替代20%全株玉米青贮会显著或极显著提高文登奶山羊DM、CP和EE的表观消化率。这可能是饲粮中添加胡萝卜缨青贮后木质纤维素大幅度降解,并转化为乳酸和挥发脂肪酸,提高了奶山羊对饲粮中营养物质的消化和吸收[7];此外,胡萝卜缨青贮中富含的β-胡萝卜素等类胡萝卜素会促进消化液分泌,从而提高养分的消化和吸收[39]。氮是畜禽粪便的重要元素,氮被放牧家畜吸收后主要以粪尿的形式重新返还到生态系统,从而促进氮的转化与一氧化二氮(N2O)排放量的增加[40⇓-42]。CP表观消化率的提高能够降低奶山羊的粪氮含量,从而降低N2O排放,减少环境污染。

3.3 胡萝卜缨青贮对奶山羊抗氧化能力的影响

机体内存在包括SOD、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶系统,保护机体免受氧化应激的损伤[43]。T-AOC是反映机体抗氧化机能综合表现的指标;MDA具有反映脂质过氧化的功能[26]。本研究中,饲粮中添加胡萝卜缨青贮替代20%全株玉米青贮可极显著提高奶山羊血清SOD、GSH-Px活性与T-AOC,显著降低血清MDA含量。这是因为胡萝卜缨青贮中含有的β-胡萝卜素、维生素C与维生素A均能发挥抗氧化活性,β-胡萝卜素既能减轻组织或细胞的过氧化损伤,减少脂质过氧化物的形成,又能增加体内抗氧化酶的活性以增加对自由基损伤的防御机能[44⇓-46]。刘明美等[46]研究表明,在饲粮中添加适量β-胡萝卜素能提高山羊血清GSH-Px、SOD活性与T-AOC,降低血清MDA含量。刘汝祥等[47]研究发现,饲粮中添加50 mg/kg的β-胡萝卜素能显著提高荷斯坦种公牛血清GSH-Px、SOD活性与T-AOC,显著降低血清MDA含量。与本研究结果与上述研究结果相符,表明在饲粮中添加胡萝卜缨青贮替代20%全株玉米青贮能提高文登奶山羊的抗氧化能力,有效清除自由基,降低机体氧化损伤。

3.4 胡萝卜缨青贮对奶山羊免疫功能的影响

血清生化指标是反映动物机体健康和生理代谢的重要指标[48]。血清TP、UN含量可以反映动物对饲粮中蛋白质的吸收、转化效率及机体的健康状况[49]。血清GLB与其包含的IgA、IgG和IgM在机体体液免疫发挥着主导作用[50-51]。本研究中,用胡萝卜缨青贮替代饲粮中20%全株玉米青贮显著降低了奶山羊血清中UN含量,提高了血清中TP、GLB、IgG含量。胡萝卜缨青贮中含有丰富的β-胡萝卜素,可促进瘤胃微生物对氮的利用,增强奶山羊体内合成、转化、沉积蛋白质的能力[48];β-胡萝卜素还可通过免疫反应,对B淋巴细胞和T淋巴细胞的增殖以及巨噬细胞和细胞因子的产生起到直接作用,发挥免疫调节功能,从而增加IgG的合成和分泌[52];而维生素A可以通过调控免疫基因表达减少炎症反应,进而提高机体免疫力[53-54]。袁博等[48]研究表明,在饲粮中补充β-胡萝卜素能够降低奶牛血清中UN含量;杨旭[55]研究表明,在饲粮中添加β-胡萝卜素能够提高育成期奶牛血清中IgG含量。上述研究结果与本研究结果相符,表明饲粮中添加胡萝卜缨青贮替代20%全株玉米青贮会提高文登奶山羊对饲粮中蛋白质的消化与吸收,从而增强机体的免疫能力。

4 结论

饲粮中添加胡萝卜缨青贮替代等比例全株玉米青贮可提高文登奶山羊的采食量、产奶量,改善乳品质,增强机体的抗氧化能力和免疫功能。在本试验条件下,胡萝卜缨青贮替代20%全株玉米青贮饲喂泌乳期文登奶山羊效果最好。

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