1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 酶解鱼小肽理化指标Table 1 Physicochemical indexes of enzymatic fish peptide% |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质Crude protein | ≥93 |
| 粗脂肪Crude fat | ≤3 |
| 寡肽Oligopeptide | ≥99 |
| 18种氨基酸18 amino acids | ≥83 |
| 游离氨基酸Free amino acids | ≥22 |
1.2 试验设计及饲料
表2 试验饲料组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 饲料Diets | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM15 | F10E2.5 | F10E5 | F5E2.5 | F5E5 | |
| 原料Ingredients | |||||
| 鱼粉Fish meal | 15.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
| 酶解鱼小肽Enzymatic fish peptide | 2.50 | 5.00 | 2.50 | 5.00 | |
| 鸡肉粉Chicken powder | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 11.00 | 11.00 | 11.00 | 11.00 | 11.00 |
| 大豆浓缩蛋白Soy protein concentrate | 18.00 | 19.57 | 16.00 | 24.71 | 21.14 |
| 米糠粕Rice bran | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
| 面粉Flour | 24.00 | 24.00 | 24.00 | 24.00 | 24.00 |
| 豆油Soybean oil | 1.50 | 1.82 | 1.82 | 2.15 | 2.14 |
| 微晶纤维素Microcrystalline cellulose | 0.45 | 1.06 | 2.13 | 0.59 | 1.67 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
| 磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO4)2 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 |
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 抗氧化剂Antioxidants | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| 防霉剂Mould inhibitor | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||
| 粗蛋白质Crude protein | 43.51 | 43.15 | 43.64 | 42.81 | 43.47 |
| 粗脂肪Crude fat | 6.11 | 6.17 | 6.17 | 6.24 | 6.22 |
| 总能Gross energy/(MJ/kg) | 18.85 | 18.78 | 18.88 | 18.69 | 18.81 |
1)预混料为每千克饲料提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:KCl 400 mg,KI(1%)120 mg,CoCl2·6H2O(1%) 100 mg,CuSO4·5H2O 60 mg,FeSO4·H2O 800 mg,ZnSO4·H2O 800 mg,MnSO4·H2O 300 mg,Na2SeO3·5H2O(1%) 130 mg,MgSO4·H2O 4 000 mg,沸石粉 zeolite power 7 291.70 mg,VB1 24 mg,核黄素 riboflavin 24 mg,VB6 16 mg,VB12 0.10 mg,VK3 16 mg,肌醇 inositol 200 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 80 mg,烟酸 niacin acid 100 mg,叶酸 folic acid 10 mg,生物素 biotin 1.6 mg,VA 50 mg,VD 70 mg,VE 100 mg,VC 200 mg,乙氧基喹啉ethoxyquin 300 mg。 2)营养水平为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集
1.5 指标测定
1.5.1 饲料营养成分测定
1.5.2 生长性能指标测定
存活率(SR,%)=100×(试验结束蝌蚪总存尾数/试验开始蝌蚪尾数);
变态率(MR,%)=100×(65 d已变态牛蛙蝌蚪尾数/试验开始蝌蚪尾数);
已变态均重(WOF,g)=(65 d已变态牛蛙蝌蚪总重/65 d已变态牛蛙蝌蚪尾数);
未变态均重(UAW,g)=(65 d存活未变态牛蛙蝌蚪总重/65 d存活未变态牛蛙蝌蚪尾数);
饲料系数(FCR)=总投饲量/(65 d总重-初总重)。
1.5.3 肠道消化酶活性及抗氧化指标的测定
1.5.4 肠道抗氧化相关基因表达水平的测定
表3 实时荧光定量PCR反应体系Table 3 RT-qPCR reaction system |
| 试剂Reagents | 使用量Volume |
|---|---|
| MonAmpTM SYBR® Green qPCR Mix | 10.0 μL |
| cDNA溶液cDNA solution | 10~200 ng |
| 上游引物Forward primer | 0.40 μL |
| 下游引物Reverse primer | 0.40 μL |
| 无酶水Nuclease-free water | 20 μL |
表4 基因引物序列Table 4 Primer sequence for genes |
| 基因 Genes | 上游引物 Forward primer (5'—3') | 下游引物 Reverse primer (5'—3') | GenBank登录号 GenBank accession No. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 过氧化氢酶CAT | GATGGGAACTGGGATCTGA- CTGGAAA | CTGAGAGTGGATGAATG- ACGGGAACA | GQ222411.1 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD | GCATTCTATCATTGGA- CGCACAGCA | CCCACCAGCATTGCC- AGTTATCA | BT081775.1 |
| 谷胱甘肽S-转移酶GST | GTGTGGATTGGAAAG- AAGAGGTGGTGA | TCCTAGCAAGATGGCGG- AGTATGG | BT081728.1 |
| 磺基转移酶SULT | GAAGACATGAAAGC- GGACCTCAC | GCTCATCCTTCAGAGCT- AAGCCATA | BT081442.1 |
| β-肌动蛋白β-actin | ATGATGCTCCTCG- TGCTGTGT | CCCCATTCCAACC- ATGACA | AB094353.1 |
1.5.5 肝脏组织结构的观察
1.5.6 肝脏代谢相关指标测定
1.6 数据统计
2 结果
2.1 饲料中添加酶解鱼小肽对牛蛙蝌蚪生长指标的影响
表5 饲料中添加酶解鱼小肽对牛蛙蝌蚪生长指标的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary enzymatic fish peptide on growth indices of bullfrog tadpoles |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM15 | F10E2.5 | F10E5 | F5E2.5 | F5E5 | |
| 初均重IAW/g | 0.04±0.00 | 0.04±0.00 | 0.04±0.00 | 0.04±0.00 | 0.04±0.00 |
| 存活率SR/% | 79.58±5.01 | 98.06±6.45 | 96.98±3.53 | 80.16±8.21 | 97.08±3.07 |
| 变态率MR/% | 43.75±1.44a | 48.44±4.69ab | 53.28±0.63b | 50.00±2.71ab | 50.31±0.36ab |
| 已变态均重WOF/g | 2.91±0.01ab | 2.58±0.09ab | 2.72±0.25ab | 3.03±0.21b | 2.45±0.05a |
| 未变态均重UAW/g | 2.95±0.04 | 2.52±0.27 | 2.69±0.62 | 2.54±0.07 | 2.66±0.09 |
| 饲料系数FCR | 1.13±0.06a | 1.46±0.13b | 1.15±0.04a | 1.09±0.01a | 1.11±0.02a |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲料中添加酶解鱼小肽对牛蛙肠道消化酶活性的影响
表6 饲料中添加酶解鱼小肽对牛蛙肠道消化酶活性的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary enzymatic fish peptide on activities of intestinal digestive enzymes of bullfrogs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM15 | F10E2.5 | F10E5 | F5E2.5 | F5E5 | |
| 脂肪酶LPS/(U/g prot) | 51.14±2.29a | 58.33±3.45b | 62.42±0.79b | 56.30±0.95ab | 60.34±1.64b |
| 淀粉酶AMS/(U/mg prot) | 0.14±0.01ab | 0.18±0.01bc | 0.20±0.03c | 0.11±0.00a | 0.19±0.02bc |
| 胰蛋白酶Trypsin/(U/mg prot) | 33.97±1.65 | 32.58±1.13 | 33.75±1.03 | 33.08±0.40 | 33.63±0.53 |
2.3 饲料中添加酶解鱼小肽对牛蛙肠道抗氧化指标的影响
表7 饲料中添加酶解鱼小肽对牛蛙肠道抗氧化指标的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary enzymatic fish peptides on intestinal antioxidant indexes of bullfrogs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM15 | F10E2.5 | F10E5 | F5E2.5 | F5E5 | |
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mg prot) | 120.67 ±2.82a | 151.85 ±3.44b | 185.67 ±6.19d | 144.12 ±2.00b | 168.97 ±5.22c |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mg prot) | 223.21 ±30.07a | 322.40 ±21.68ab | 373.66 ±49.19b | 296.22 ±29.82ab | 343.93 ±50.85ab |
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 3.16 ±0.05 | 3.04 ±0.10 | 2.96 ±0.09 | 3.10 ±0.13 | 3.01 ±0.05 |
| 谷胱甘肽 GSH/(μmol/g prot) | 1 365.73 ±51.37a | 1 338.98 ±102.60a | 1 777.63 ±87.51b | 1 286.91 ±39.56a | 1 569.93 ±157.03ab |
| 过氧化物酶 CAT/(U/mg prot) | 4.90 ±0.30a | 5.31 ±0.48a | 7.06 ±0.30b | 5.92 ±0.43ab | 6.99 ±0.40b |
2.4 饲料中添加酶解鱼小肽对牛蛙肠道抗氧化相关基因表达的影响
表8 饲料中添加酶解鱼小肽对牛蛙肠道抗氧化相关基因表达的影响Table 8 Effects of dietary enzymatic fish peptides on antioxidant-related genes in intestine of bullfrog |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM15 | F10E2.5 | F10E5 | F5E2.5 | F5E5 | |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT | 1.05±0.06a | 1.24±0.06a | 1.86±0.16b | 1.28±0.08a | 1.18±0.07a |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD | 1.03±0.04a | 1.21±0.14a | 2.62±0.06c | 1.59±0.06b | 1.19±0.06a |
| 谷胱甘肽S-转移酶GST | 1.05±0.06a | 1.31±0.15ab | 2.10±0.04c | 1.47±0.08b | 1.20±0.09ab |
| 磺基转移酶SULT | 1.00±0.05a | 1.42±0.02b | 1.93±0.14c | 1.46±0.05b | 1.48±0.03b |
2.5 饲料中添加酶解鱼小肽对牛蛙肝脏组织结构的影响
图1 饲粮中添加酶解鱼小肽对牛蛙肝脏组织结构的影响(HE染色)a:中央静脉 central veins;b:肝细胞 hepatocyte;c:肝血窦 hepatic sinusoid;d:细胞空泡化 cellular vacuolation。 FM15、F10E2.5、 F10E5、 F5E2.5、F5E5为组别。 Fig.1 Effects of dietary enzymatic fish peptides on liver histological structure of bullfrog (HE staining) FM15, F10E2.5, F10E5, F5E2.5, and F5E5 were the groups. |
图2 各组牛蛙蝌蚪肝脏组织细胞数图中相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 Fig.2 Number of liver tissue cells in bullfrog tadpoles in each group The same letter in the figure indicates that the difference is not significant (P>0.05), while different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05). |
2.6 饲料中添加酶解鱼小肽对牛蛙肝脏代谢相关指标的影响
表9 饲料中添加酶解鱼小肽对牛蛙肝脏代谢相关指标的影响Table 9 Effects of dietary enzymatic fish peptide on liver metabolism-related indexes of bullfrogs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM15 | F10E2.5 | F10E5 | F5E2.5 | F5E5 | |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/g prot) | 13.75±0.48a | 14.69±0.12b | 21.82±2.08b | 16.09±1.07b | 17.38±1.18b |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/g prot) | 17.13±0.39a | 21.19±0.57ab | 25.10±3.05b | 18.14±0.83a | 24.90±2.04b |
| 酸性磷酸酶 ACP/(金氏单位/g prot) | 154.10±1.44a | 186.66±7.28b | 271.76±6.47c | 174.90±2.54b | 267.97±2.95c |
| 胆汁酸TBA/(μmol/g prot) | 10.90±0.87a | 12.62±1.08ab | 11.84±0.41a | 14.64±0.31b | 11.06±0.16a |
