Effects of Raffinose on Growth Performance, Slaughtering Performance, Intestinal Morphology, Serum Biochemical and Immune Indexes of Meat Rabbits

YANG Kai; YANG Shuo; ZHOU Shixuan; WANG Kun; LI Zhenxin; JI Meinan; LI Fangfang

doi:10.12418/CJAN2024.046

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 1: 507 - 513

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.046

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Raffinose on Growth Performance, Slaughtering Performance, Intestinal Morphology, Serum Biochemical and Immune Indexes of Meat Rabbits

YANG Kai ,
YANG Shuo ,
ZHOU Shixuan ,
WANG Kun ,
LI Zhenxin ,
JI Meinan ,
LI Fangfang ^,^*

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College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China

* associate professor, E-mail: lffsyau@syau.edu.cn

Received date: 2023-07-13

Online published: 2024-01-12

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different supplemental levels of raffinose in the diet on the growth performance, slaughtering performance, intestinal morphology, serum biochemical and immune indexes of meat rabbits. One hundred and twenty 35 days-old commercial Ira rabbits with an average body weight of (1.03±0.05) kg were randomly divided into 4 groups of 30 rabbits (half male and half female), and each rabbit served as a replicate. The rabbits in the control group were fed a basal diet, and the others in the experimental groups were fed basal diets supplemented with 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.20% raffinose, respectively. The pre-feeding period was 5 days and the trial period was 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the supplementation of 0.05% raffinose in the diet significantly increased the final body weight, and the average daily feed intake and average daily gain during the later period (22 to 42 d) and the whole period (1 to 42 d) of trial (P<0.05). 2) The half carcass weight and all carcass weight of rabbits in the 0.05% raffinose group were significantly increased compared with the control group(P<0.05). 3) The villus height to villus crypt ratio of duodenum, jejunum and ileum of rabbits in the 0.05% raffinose group was significantly increased compared with the control group (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, diet supplemented with 0.05% or 0.10% raffinose significantly increased the contents of immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M in serum of rabbits(P<0.05). In summary, the supplementation of 0.05% raffinose in the diet can improve the intestinal development and serum immune indexes, and then increase the growth performance and slaughtering performance of meat rabbits.

Key words： raffinose; meat rabbits; growth performance; slaughtering performance; serum biochemical indexes; serum immune indexes

Cite this article

YANG Kai , YANG Shuo , ZHOU Shixuan , WANG Kun , LI Zhenxin , JI Meinan , LI Fangfang . Effects of Raffinose on Growth Performance, Slaughtering Performance, Intestinal Morphology, Serum Biochemical and Immune Indexes of Meat Rabbits[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(1) : 507 -513 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.046

棉子糖是一种功能性低聚糖,广泛存在于植物体内^[1],动物采食后可直达肠道后段^[2],被有益菌比如拟杆菌和双歧杆菌等充分利用^[3],可改善肠道微生态环境^[4-5]、提高动物生长性能^[6-7]和免疫力^[8]。幼兔断奶后生理发育不健全,抵抗外界不良环境能力较差,极易发生腹泻,且国家全面禁止在饲料中添加抗生素,棉子糖作为绿色添加剂得到了广泛关注。研究证实,饲粮中添加棉子糖可以显著提高肉仔鸡的平均日增重(ADG)和平均日采食量(ADFI)^[9],显著增加肉仔鸡的半净膛重和全净膛重^[10],增强生长猪的体液免疫抗体水平^[11]。目前,棉子糖在鸡和猪等动物上已有大量报道,但关于棉子糖对肉兔影响的研究较为罕见。因此,本试验通过研究饲粮中添加不同剂量的棉子糖对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能、肠道形态以及血清生化和免疫指标的影响,明确棉子糖在肉兔饲粮中的添加效果和适宜添加量,为棉子糖在肉兔生产上的合理应用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

棉子糖,食品级,纯度>99%,购于武汉某生物科技有限公司。

1.2 试验设计与饲粮

选用120只35日龄状态良好、健康、体重[(1.03±0.05) kg]相近的商品伊拉兔,随机分为4组,每组30只(公母各占1/2),每只为1个重复。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮基础上分别添加0.05%、0.10%和0.20%的棉子糖,预试期5 d,正试期42 d。基础饲粮依据NY/T 4049—2021《肉兔营养需要量》^[12]进行配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。采用常规饲养管理和免疫程序,保障室内采光充足、通风良好,定期清理粪便。试验期间每天固定在06:00与18:00饲喂,单笼饲养,试验兔自由采食和饮水。

表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)%

项目Items	含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn	20.0
豆粕Soybean meal	18.0
喷浆玉米皮Sprayed corn husk	5.0
花生壳Peanut shell	10.0
稻壳Rice husk	25.0
花生秧Peanut seedling	17.5
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met	0.3
赖氨酸Lys	0.2
预混料Premix¹⁾	4.0
合计Total	100.0
营养水平Nutrient levels²⁾
消化能DE/(MJ/kg)	10.12
粗蛋白质CP	15.16
粗脂肪EE	3.10
粗灰分Ash	4.23
粗纤维CF	26.87
中性洗涤纤维NDF	46.76
酸性洗涤纤维ADF	32.09
酸性洗涤木质素ADL	7.63
钙Ca	0.29
总磷TP	0.30

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 11 750 IU,VD₃ 950 IU,VE 25 mg,VK 32 mg,VB₁ 1.9 mg,VB₂ 15 mg,VB₆ 3.75 mg,VB₁₂ 0.02 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 30 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 12.5 mg,叶酸 folic acid 5.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,Cu 10 mg,Fe 150 mg,Mn 15 mg,I 0.3 mg,Zn 80 mg,Se 0.1 mg,Co 0.25 mg,NaCl 3.6 g。

2)消化能为计算值,其余均为实测值。DE was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.3 测定指标与方法

1.3.1 饲粮营养成分分析

采集肉兔饲粮样品200 g,风干后保存。将风干饲粮样品粉碎、过筛后,用于粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗灰分(Ash)、粗纤维(CF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、钙(Ca)和总磷(TP)含量的测定。其中,NDF和ADF含量根据Van Soest等^[13]的方法进行测定,其他营养成分的含量参照AOAC(2000)^[14]的方法进行测定。

1.3.2 生长性能测定

正试期第1天将所有试验兔进行空腹称重,记录初始体重,之后每天对试验兔的采食量进行记录,在正试期第21天与第42天分别空腹称重,计算试验前期(1~21 d)、后期(22~42 d)和全期(1~42 d)的ADFI、ADG和料重比(F/G)。

1.3.3 血清生化和免疫指标测定

饲养试验结束时,每组随机选取的6只试验兔,通过采血针刺破颈动脉收集10 mL血液于促凝管中,4 000 r/min条件下离心10 min,吸取血清,于-80 ℃冷冻保存待测。血清中谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性与葡萄糖(GLU)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量采用中生北控股份有限公司生产的试剂盒,使用迈瑞BS-420全自动生化仪进行测定。

1.3.4 屠宰性能测定

试验结束前空腹12 h进行称重,即为宰前活重;将上述每组随机选取的6只试验兔进行屠宰,半净膛重为试验兔放血后去头、皮、四肢、肺脏、消化道以及内容物后的重量;在半净膛基础上取出心脏、肝脏以及肾脏后的重量即为全净膛重。按照如下公式计算半净膛率和全净膛率:

半净膛率(%)=(半净膛重/宰前活重)×100;

全净膛率(%)=(全净膛重/宰前活重)×100。

1.3.5 肠道形态

取上述屠宰后试验兔的十二指肠、空肠以及回肠组织,每只试验兔取3 cm左右肠段,于4%多聚甲醛溶液中进行固定。固定后对肠道组织样品进行包埋制作石蜡切片并染色。使用Image-Pro Plus 6.0软件分别对肠道组织样品绒毛高度(VH)和隐窝深度(CD)进行测定,计算绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值(V/C ratio)。

1.4 数据统计与分析

数据使用SPSS 25.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),差异显著时采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,P<0.05表示显著差异,结果用“平均值±标准差”来表示。

2 结果

2.1 棉子糖对肉兔生长性能的影响

由表2可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.05%的棉子糖显著增加了肉兔的末重以及试验后期与全期的ADFI和ADG(P<0.05);就试验全期而言,0.05%棉子糖组肉兔ADFI较对照组提高了3.50%,ADG较对照组提高了17.13%。饲粮中添加不同剂量的棉子糖对肉兔各阶段的F/G均无显著影响(P>0.05)。

表2 棉子糖对肉兔生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of raffinose on growth performance of meat rabbits

项目 Items		对照组 Control group	棉子糖添加量Raffinose supplemental levels/%			P值 P-value
项目 Items		对照组 Control group	0.05	0.10	0.20	P值 P-value
始重IBW/kg		1.03±0.02	1.05±0.02	1.02±0.06	1.04±0.02	0.560
末重FBW/kg		2.15±0.04^a	2.38±0.04^b	2.22±0.04^b	2.20±0.05^b	0.007
平均日采食量	1~21 d	48.27±1.14	49.31±2.35	48.70±1.12	48.59±1.58	0.673
ADFI/g	22~42 d	150.36±4.23^b	155.29±2.65^a	151.67±2.23^ab	150.82±6.54^b	0.043
	1~42 d	99.19±1.85^b	102.66±0.64^a	99.81±1.52^b	99.46±4.91^b	0.014
平均日增重	1~21 d	18.36±1.29	19.75±1.93	18.54±1.80	18.53±2.46	0.426
ADG/g	22~42 d	35.96±4.57^b	43.68±6.46^a	38.24±5.20^b	38.75±4.64^b	0.032
	1~42 d	27.08±3.42^b	31.72±2.69^a	28.49±4.55^ab	28.46±3.07^ab	0.047
料重比	1~21 d	2.58±0.24	2.55±0.26	2.59±0.36	2.56±0.25	0.991
F/G	22~42 d	4.33±0.59	3.63±0.54	3.94±0.51	3.88±0.74	0.116
	1~42 d	3.78±0.47	3.26±0.25	3.53±0.40	3.60±0.65	0.120

	同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。
	Data in the same row with no letter or the same letter on the shoulder indicated no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different lowercase letters on the shoulder indicated significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 棉子糖对肉兔屠宰性能的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.05%的棉子糖可显著提高肉兔的宰前活重、半净膛重和全净膛重(P<0.05),分别提高了10.75%、15.32%和15.84%。饲粮中添加不同剂量的棉子糖对肉兔的全净膛率和半净膛率无显著影响(P>0.05)。

表3 棉子糖对肉兔屠宰性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of raffinose on slaughter performance of meat rabbits

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	棉子糖添加量Raffinose supplemental levels/%			P值 P-value
项目 Items	对照组 Control group	0.05	0.10	0.20	P值 P-value
宰前活重Live weight before slaughter/kg	2.14±0.07^b	2.37±0.03^a	2.19±0.10^b	2.20±0.12^b	0.001
半净膛重Half carcass weight/kg	1.11±0.05^b	1.28±0.03^a	1.17±0.07^b	1.18±0.08^b	0.001
全净膛重All carcass weight/kg	1.01±0.05^b	1.17±0.04^a	1.07±0.07^b	1.07±0.07^b	0.001
半净膛率Half eviscerated ratio/%	51.81±1.69	54.14±1.34	53.29±1.53	53.32±1.45	0.090
全净膛率All eviscerated ratio/%	47.01±1.65	49.65±1.43	48.56±1.66	48.56±1.51	0.061

2.3 棉子糖对肉兔肠道形态的影响

由表4可知,饲粮中添加不同剂量的棉子糖对肉兔十二指肠、空肠以及回肠的绒毛高度和隐窝深度均无显著影响(P>0.05),但0.05%棉子糖组肉兔十二指肠、空肠以及回肠的绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值较对照组显著提高(P<0.05)。

表4 棉子糖对肉兔肠道形态的影响

Table 4 Effects of raffinose on intestinal morphology of meat rabbits

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	棉子糖添加量Raffinose supplemental levels/%			P值 P-value
项目 Items	对照组 Control group	0.05	0.10	0.20	P值 P-value
十二指肠Duodenum
绒毛高度Villus height/μm	473.53±52.89	514.15±40.53	475.08±28.87	462.49±12.31	0.088
隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm	142.91±10.04	137.81±6.93	138.86±2.87	140.83±4.83	0.559
绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值V/C ratio	4.19±0.14^b	5.21±0.21^a	4.42±0.11^a	4.36±0.10^a	<0.001
空肠Jejunum
绒毛高度Villus height/μm	483.36±25.77	504.44±12.05	483.77±27.13	480.92±11.61	0.148
隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm	124.98±12.75	123.36±8.55	124.09±7.09	124.82±6.41	0.987
绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值V/C ratio	4.50±0.13^b	5.38±0.20^a	4.72±0.12^b	4.64±0.09^b	0.001
回肠Ileum
绒毛高度Villus height/μm	438.51±26.27	469.24±16.43	450.77±16.56	448.55±16.62	0.059
隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm	129.72±5.67	127.06±7.27	130.45±2.13	131.08±3.58	0.523
绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值V/C ratio	4.17±0.06^b	4.74±0.11^a	4.35±0.09^b	4.31±0.09^b	0.001

2.4 棉子糖对肉兔血清生化和免疫指标的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.05%或0.10%的棉子糖可显著提高肉兔血清中IgA和IgM含量(P<0.05);饲粮中添加不同剂量的棉子糖对肉兔血清中TP、ALB、GLB、GLU、IgG含量与AST、ALT活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。

表5 棉子糖对肉兔血清生化和免疫指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of raffinose on serum biochemical and immune indexes of meat rabbits

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	棉子糖添加量Raffinose supplemental levels/%			P值 P-value
项目 Items	对照组 Control group	0.05	0.10	0.20	P值 P-value
总蛋白TP/(g/L)	54.20±8.70	60.15±5.95	58.26±0.65	56.29±8.91	0.749
白蛋白ALB/(g/L)	25.92±3.92	30.72±2.32	28.21±3.92	31.99±2.68	0.100
球蛋白GLB/(g/L)	30.86±8.08	29.37±1.97	30.04±4.55	28.16±1.33	0.936
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L)	6.43±0.16	5.55±0.66	5.59±0.28	6.29±0.24	0.086
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L)	29.98±1.97	29.75±1.48	31.34±0.84	32.24±0.53	0.287
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L)	47.34±10.45	53.91±11.45	50.19±17.65	55.90±23.43	0.920
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(g/L)	0.61±0.06^b	0.88±0.06^a	0.82±0.11^a	0.77±0.09^ab	0.041
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(g/L)	5.89±0.09	7.37±1.11	7.21±1.27	6.21±0.19	0.220
免疫球蛋白IgM/(g/L)	0.49±0.04^b	0.63±0.00^a	0.59±0.08^a	0.48±0.04^b	0.016

3 讨论

3.1 棉子糖对肉兔生长性能的影响

本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加0.05%的棉子糖可显著提高肉兔的ADFI和ADG,与Chang等^[15]和赵官正等^[16]在肉仔鸡上所得结果一致。Chang等^[15]在肉仔鸡饲养试验中发现,饲粮中添加棉子糖显著提高了肉仔鸡的ADFI和ADG。赵官正等^[16]研究认为,棉子糖对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响与其添加量密不可分。本试验中,饲粮中添加棉子糖有利于提高肉兔的生长性能,其原因可能是由于饲粮中添加棉子糖后改善了肉兔肠道菌群结构,增加了盲肠内双歧杆菌、厚壁菌和拟杆菌等有益菌群的丰度和多样性,这些菌与动物的生长发育和肠道菌群平衡密切相关,进而提高生长性能^[5]。但是,Zhu等^[11]在生长猪饲粮中添加0.2%和0.5%棉子糖饲养21 d后发现ADFI和ADG显著下降,棉子糖对生长猪的生长性能产生了负面影响。棉子糖对动物生长性能的影响存在较大的差异,这可能与动物肠道消化生理的不同有关。

3.2 棉子糖对肉兔屠宰性能的影响

提高畜禽屠宰性能是增加畜禽出肉率、提高畜禽养殖场经济收益的重要环节^[17]。本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加0.05%的棉子糖可显著提高肉兔的半净膛重与全净膛重,但对半净膛率和全净膛率无显著影响。赵官正等^[16]通过在饲粮中添加棉子糖探讨其对肉仔鸡屠宰性能的影响,结果显示,棉籽糖对28日龄肉仔鸡全净膛率和半净膛率的影响因添加量不同而有所差异,但添加0.3%的棉子糖显著提高了42日龄肉仔鸡半净膛率,作者认为棉子糖对肉仔鸡屠宰性能的影响与添加量和使用时间长短相关。棉子糖是自然界中常见的功能性低聚糖,研究发现,低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖及甘露糖醇并不能对肉仔鸡的屠宰性能产生显著影响^[18]。因此,推测上述试验结果的差异性可能与试验所用低聚糖的种类、添加量以及肠道菌群种类与敏感性相关。

3.3 棉子糖对肉兔肠道形态的影响

小肠是消化和吸收营养物质的重要场所,维持小肠正常结构和形态是发挥其机能的根本保障,小肠的功能状态主要体现在绒毛高度和隐窝深度上^[19],而绒毛高度和隐窝深度会影响小肠吸收营养物质的效率^[20]。本试验中,饲粮中添加不同剂量的棉子糖对肉兔十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛高度和隐窝深度均无显著影响,但添加0.05%的棉子糖后显著提高了肉兔十二指肠、空肠以及回肠的绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值。肠道绒毛长度/隐窝深度比值上升,证明黏膜条件改善,消化吸收能力增强。推测其机理为棉子糖可以促进肠道细菌发酵,产生的挥发性脂肪酸对肠黏膜细胞的增殖和肠黏膜屏障的维持具有促进作用^[21]。Chang等^[15]在肉仔鸡上的试验结果显示,饲粮中添加棉子糖可对肉仔鸡肠道绒毛高度和隐窝深度产生显著的积极影响;在鲟鱼饲料中添加棉子糖后,鲟鱼肠道绒毛面积和黏膜皱褶增加^[22];同样,在草鱼上的研究显示,棉子糖能够维持肠道屏障功能,通过增加肠绒毛密度和高度达到促进生长的作用^[23]。本试验中,0.05%棉子糖组肉兔生长性能和屠宰性能的提高与其肠道绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值的增加密不可分。

3.4 棉子糖对肉兔血清生化和免疫指标的影响

血清生化指标是体现动物机体健康的一个重要指标,而血清中抗体水平的高低反映体液免疫系统的状态。IgA、IgG和IgM是动物体内3种主要的免疫球蛋白。IgA与黏膜免疫相关,IgG与预防感染性疾病有关,IgM与隐性感染有关^[24-25]。本试验发现,饲粮中添加0.05%的棉子糖显著提高了肉兔血清中IgA和IgM的含量。同样,Zhu等^[11]在猪上的研究结果显示,饲粮中添加0.5%的棉子糖可显著提高血清IgG含量。棉子糖等作为功能性低聚糖,主要在动物大肠内进行消化,可有效激活肠道非特异性免疫系统,进而促进免疫球蛋白合成^[26]。值得关注的是,0.10%和0.20%棉子糖组肉兔血清中IgA和IgM含量随着棉子糖添加量的增加而呈现降低趋势,说明适量添加棉子糖可提高肉兔血清中免疫球蛋白的含量,而过量添加可能出现相反的作用。

4 结论

本试验条件下,饲粮中添加0.05%的棉子糖可以促进肠道发育,提高血清中免疫球蛋白的含量,进而改善肉兔的生长性能和屠宰性能。

References

Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within

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