1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计和肉兔饲养管理
1.3 基础饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)% |
| 原料Ingredients | 含量Content | 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | 含量Content | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 玉米Corn | 18.00 | 消化能DE/(MJ/kg) | 10.59 | |
| 麸皮Wheat bran | 15.80 | 干物质DM | 90.60 | |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 12.00 | 粗蛋白质CP | 15.50 | |
| 棉籽粕Cottonseed meal | 2.00 | 粗灰分Ash | 6.36 | |
| 菜籽粕Rapeseed meal | 3.00 | 粗脂肪EE | 2.80 | |
| 酵母培养物Yeast culture | 2.00 | 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 36.68 | |
| 玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal | 7.00 | 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 22.62 | |
| 苜蓿颗粒Alfalfa pellets | 5.00 | 酸性洗涤木质素ADL | 5.24 | |
| 葵花壳Sunflower shell | 31.00 | 钙Ca | 1.11 | |
| 次粉Wheat middling | 2.00 | 总磷TP | 0.48 | |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 0.60 | 赖氨酸Lys | 0.87 | |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.50 | 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.59 | |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.10 | |||
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 6 000 IU,VD3 950 IU,VE 40 mg,赖氨酸 Lys 2.0 g,蛋氨酸 Met 1.0 g,Cu (as copper sulfate) 10 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 50 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 8.0 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 50 mg。 2)消化能为计算值,其余为实测值;消化能为家兔对各原料的消化能估值之和,各原料的消化能参考已有数据和公式计算得出,计算公式为消化能=0.013×粗蛋白质+0.036×粗脂肪+0.017×非纤维碳水化合物+0.006×中性洗涤纤维[7]。DE was a calculated value, while the others were measured values; DE was the sum of the estimated digestible energy of all raw materials for rabbits, and DE of all raw materials was calculated by referring to existing data and formulas, and the calculation formula was DE=0.013×CP+0.036×EE+0.017×NFC+0.006×NDF[7]. |
1.4 测定指标及方法
1.4.1 生长性能和健康状况
腹泻频率(%)=100×∑(腹泻兔只数×腹泻天数)/(试验兔只数×试验天数);
死亡率(%)=100×死亡兔只数/试验兔只数。
1.4.2 屠宰性能和免疫器官指数
半净膛率(%)=100×半净膛胴体重/宰前活体重;
全净膛率(%)=100×全净膛胴体重/宰前活体重。
免疫器官指数(g/kg)=免疫器官重量/宰前活体重。
1.4.3 血清免疫指标
1.4.4 肝脏抗氧化指标
1.4.5 盲肠微生物区系
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲粮复合添加丁酸梭菌和葡萄糖氧化酶对生长肉兔生长性能和健康状况的影响
表2 饲粮复合添加丁酸梭菌和葡萄糖氧化酶对生长肉兔生长性能和健康状况的影响Table 2 Effects of compound supplementation of Clostridium butyricum and glucose oxidase on growth performance and health status of growing meat rabbits |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 抗生素组 Antibiotic group | 试验1组 Experimental group 1 | 试验2组 Experimental group 2 | 试验3组 Experimental group 3 | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 初始体重IBW/g | 1 157.22±15.75 | 1 158.06±15.85 | 1 157.36±14.35 | 1 150.28±14.66 | 1 156.25±17.19 | 0.986 |
| 终末体重FBW/g | 2 210.19±34.16 | 2 362.73±37.17 | 2 248.97±32.14 | 2 319.40±30.15 | 2 349.42±26.98 | 0.117 |
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 29.85±1.56c | 35.58±0.68a | 31.06±0.85bc | 34.44±1.03a | 33.07±0.75ab | 0.017 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 114.94±2.28 | 122.37±3.17 | 114.22±1.27 | 118.57±2.09 | 115.86±1.64 | 0.361 |
| 料重比F/G | 3.86±0.13a | 3.44±0.09b | 3.78±0.15a | 3.51±0.10b | 3.53±0.07b | 0.030 |
| 腹泻频率 Diarrhea frequency/% | 6.37 | 3.31 | 4.37 | 3.57 | 6.03 | 0.860 |
| 死亡率Mortality/% | 20.21Aa | 4.08Bc | 19.35Aa | 6.25ABbc | 15.63ABab | 0.001 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。表3~表7同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01). The same as Table 3 to Table 7. |
2.2 饲粮复合添加丁酸梭菌和葡萄糖氧化酶对生长肉兔屠宰性能和免疫器官指数的影响
表3 饲粮复合添加丁酸梭菌和葡萄糖氧化酶对生长肉兔屠宰性能和免疫器官指数的影响Table 3 Effects of compound supplementation of Clostridium butyricum and glucose oxidase on slaughter performance and immune organ indices of growing meat rabbits |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 抗生素组 Antibiotic group | 试验1组 Experimental group 1 | 试验2组 Experimental group 2 | 试验3组 Experimental group 3 | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 全净膛率 Semi-eviscerated rate/% | 47.45±0.89 | 49.08±0.50 | 47.67±1.08 | 48.96±0.64 | 48.70±0.56 | 0.472 |
| 半净膛率 Eviscerated rate/% | 50.82±0.89 | 52.38±0.43 | 51.76±0.81 | 52.56±0.58 | 52.21±0.56 | 0.443 |
| 脾脏指数 Spleen index/(g/kg) | 0.58±0.06 | 0.72±0.10 | 0.62±0.08 | 0.71±0.08 | 0.62±0.04 | 0.589 |
| 胸腺指数 Thymus index/(g/kg) | 1.79±0.14 | 2.36±0.20 | 1.83±0.25 | 2.27±0.28 | 1.90±0.29 | 0.511 |
| 圆小囊指数 Sacculus index/(g/kg) | 0.74±0.04 | 0.92±0.04 | 0.80±0.06 | 0.90±0.05 | 0.84±0.06 | 0.216 |
2.3 饲粮复合添加丁酸梭菌和葡萄糖氧化酶对生长肉兔血清免疫指标的影响
表4 饲粮复合添加丁酸梭菌和葡萄糖氧化酶对生长肉兔血清免疫指标的影响Table 4 Effects of compound supplementation of Clostridium butyricum and glucose oxidase on serum immune indices of growing meat rabbits |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验2组 Experimental group 2 | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) | 148.09±2.67 | 148.29±2.66 | 0.960 |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(pg/mL) | 825.69±13.34 | 785.27±18.40 | 0.085 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL) | 59.15±1.02a | 55.81±1.15b | 0.040 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/mL) | 10.38±0.12 | 10.39±0.19 | 0.960 |
| 白细胞介素-4 IL-4/(pg/mL) | 27.66±0.66 | 28.93±0.88 | 0.257 |
2.4 饲粮复合添加丁酸梭菌和葡萄糖氧化酶对生长肉兔肝脏抗氧化指标的影响
表5 饲粮复合添加丁酸梭菌和葡萄糖氧化酶对生长肉兔肝脏抗氧化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of compound supplementation of Clostridium butyricum and glucose oxidase on liver antioxidant indices of growing meat rabbits |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验2组 Experimental group 2 | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mg prot) | 136.10±3.88 | 149.89±7.00 | 0.107 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 0.48±0.05 | 0.48±0.06 | 0.994 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mg prot) | 125.34±5.48b | 158.27±12.36a | 0.036 |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(nmol/mg prot) | 0.155±0.005 | 0.159±0.005 | 0.613 |
2.5 饲粮复合添加丁酸梭菌和葡萄糖氧化酶对生长肉兔盲肠微生物区系的影响
2.5.1 生长肉兔盲肠微生物在门和属水平上菌群组成分析
表6 生长肉兔盲肠微生物在门水平上菌群组成(前10)Table 6 Microflora composition of cecal microorganisms at phylum level of growing meat rabbits (top 10) % |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验2组 Experimental group 2 | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 70.33±1.46 | 71.61±3.54 | 0.744 |
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes | 13.80±2.45 | 8.80±1.40 | 0.106 |
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 1.16±0.24 | 1.76±0.69 | 0.433 |
| 软壁菌门Tenericutes | 2.48±0.62 | 1.62±0.19 | 0.211 |
| 疣微菌门Verrucomicrobia | 1.00±0.20 | 1.60±0.47 | 0.286 |
| 放线菌门Actinobacteria | 0.39±0.07 | 0.66±0.12 | 0.086 |
| TM7 | 0.38±0.09 | 0.29±0.08 | 0.510 |
| 互养菌门Synergistetes | 0.16±0.11 | 0.09±0.03 | 0.534 |
| 蓝藻菌门Cyanobacteria | 0.08±0.01 | 0.05±0.02 | 0.267 |
| 梭杆菌门Fusobacteria | 0.004±0.001 | 0.005±0.001 | 0.679 |
| 其他Others | 10.20±0.92 | 13.51±2.27 | 0.207 |
表7 生长肉兔盲肠微生物在属水平上菌群组成(前10)Table 7 Microflora composition of cecal microorganisms at genus level of growing meat rabbits (top 10) % |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验2组 Experimental group 2 | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus | 6.04±0.52 | 6.00±0.72 | 0.961 |
| 颤螺菌属Oscillospira | 4.72±0.55 | 4.62±0.43 | 0.891 |
| 粪球菌属Coprococcus | 1.42±0.32 | 1.27±0.11 | 0.648 |
| 阿克曼氏菌属Akkermansia | 1.00±0.20 | 1.60±0.47 | 0.274 |
| 梭菌科的梭菌属Clostridiaceae_Clostridium | 0.85±0.09 | 0.75±0.16 | 0.610 |
| 拟杆菌属Bacteroides | 0.41±0.18 | 1.19±0.50 | 0.174 |
| 罕见小球菌属Subdoligranulum | 0.43±0.07 | 0.56±0.13 | 0.416 |
| 志贺氏菌属Shigella | 0.29±0.17 | 0.78±0.69 | 0.512 |
| 毛螺菌科的梭菌属Lachnospiraceae_Clostridium | 0.31±0.09 | 0.27±0.04 | 0.757 |
| 布劳特氏菌属Blautia | 0.22±0.03 | 0.21±0.03 | 0.856 |
| 其他Others | 84.31±1.32 | 82.75±1.26 | 0.414 |
2.5.2 生长肉兔盲肠微生物多样性分析
表8 生长肉兔盲肠微生物alpha多样性Table 8 Alpha diversity of cecal microorganisms of growing meat rabbits |
| 项目 Items | Chao1 指数 Chao1 index | Faith_pd 指数 Faith_pd index | Goods覆盖度 Goods_ coverage | 观测到的 物种数 Observed_ species/个 | Pielou_e 指数 Pielou_e index | Shannon 指数 Shannon index | Simpson 指数 Simpson index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照组 Control group | 1 668.36 ±151.27 | 101.53 ±5.90 | 0.994 ±0.001 | 1 499.62 ±118.19 | 0.79 ±0.02 | 8.35 ±0.15 | 0.988 ±0.003 |
| 试验2组 Experimental group 2 | 2 104.09 ±138.34 | 119.97 ±4.53 | 0.991 ±0.001 | 1 817.00 ±102.49 | 0.80 ±0.01 | 8.63 ±0.12 | 0.991 ±0.002 |
| P值P-value | 0.059 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.070 | 0.834 | 0.185 | 0.397 |
2.5.3 生长肉兔盲肠微生物差异性分析
图2 生长肉兔盲肠微生物OPLS-DA图Fig.2 OPLS-DA diagram of cecal microorganisms of growing meat rabbits |
表9 生长肉兔盲肠微生物Adonis检验Table 9 Adonis test of cecal microorganisms of growing meat rabbits |
| 项目 Item | 样本大小 Sample size/个 | 置换次数 Permutations/次 | 伪F值 Pseudo-F value | P值 P-value | q值 q-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照组vs.试验2组 Control group vs. experimental group 2 | 12 | 999 | 1.121 884 | 0.066 | 0.066 |
2.5.4 生长肉兔盲肠微生物差异物种与差异标志物筛选
表10 MetagenomeSeq方法筛选的具有组间显著差异的ASVTable 10 ASV with significant difference between control group and experimental group 2 screened by MetagnomeSeq method |
| ASV编号 ASV No. | log10 差异倍数 log10FC | P值 P-value | 校正P值 Adjusted P-value | 门 Phylum | 科 Family | 属 Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASV_7147 | 2.467 | 2.22×10-6 | 0.003 981 | Firmicutes | Unclassified_ Clostridiales | Unclassified_ Clostridiales |
| ASV_51101 | 3.773 | 1.70×10-7 | 0.000 723 | Firmicutes | Unidentified_ Clostridiales | Unidentified_ Clostridiales |
| ASV_39996 | 2.671 | 7.26×10-7 | 0.001 851 | Firmicutes | Lachnospiraceae | Unclassified_ Lachnospiraceae |
| ASV_43340 | 2.879 | 1.24×10-5 | 0.013 120 | Firmicutes | Unclassified_ Clostridiales | Unclassified_ Clostridiales |
| ASV_19729 | 2.893 | 4.97×10-14 | 6.34×10-10 | Firmicutes | Unidentified_ Clostridiales | Unidentified_ Clostridiales |
| ASV_16549 | 1.638 | 2.70×10-8 | 0.000 172 | Firmicutes | Lachnospiraceae | Unidentified_ Lachnospiraceae |
| ASV_37317 | 1.236 | 2.39×10-6 | 0.003 981 | Unidentified_ Bacteria | Unidentified_ Bacteria | Unidentified_ Bacteria |
| ASV_16904 | 1.830 | 3.84×10-7 | 0.001 224 | Firmicutes | Unidentified_ Clostridiales | Unidentified_ Clostridiales |
| ASV_59990 | 1.699 | 2.81×10-6 | 0.003 981 | Firmicutes | Ruminococcaceae | Subdoligranulum |
Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Unidentified_Bacteria:未鉴别细菌;Unclassified_Clostridiales:未分类梭菌目;Unidentified_Clostridiales:未鉴别梭菌目;Lachnospiraceae:毛螺菌科;Ruminococcaceae:瘤胃球菌科;Unclassified_Lachnospiraceae:未分类毛螺菌科;Subdoligranulum:罕见小球菌属。 |
