Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 2: 1096 - 1106

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.099

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Fructooligosaccharides on Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients and Fecal Microbial Flora in Suckling Lambs

  • LI Jiong , 1 ,
  • TANG Ya’nan 1 ,
  • WEI Ze 1 ,
  • DUAN Chunhui , 1, * ,
  • LIU Yueqin 1 ,
  • ZHANG Yingjie 1 ,
  • GUO Yunxia 2 ,
  • JI Shoukun 1 ,
  • YAN Hui 1
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding 071000, China
  • 2 College of Life Science, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding 071000, China
* lecturer, E-mail :

Received date: 2023-08-11

  Online published: 2024-02-01

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Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of fructooligosaccharides on the apparent digestibility of nutrients and fecal microbial flora in suckling lambs. Forty-four lambs of similar weight at 15 days of age were randomly divided into four groups: control group without fructooligosaccharides in the starter diet, and Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ groups with 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% fructooligosaccharides added to the starter diet, respectively. All lambs were weaned at 60 days of age and recorded as day 0. Digestion tests were conducted on day -7 and day 7. Lamb diarrhea was recorded and rectal fecal samples were taken during the trial. After weaning, the lambs were fed until 74 days of age, for a total of 59 days. The results showed as follows: 1) treatment significantly affected the diarrhea rate and the frequency of diarrhea in suckling lambs (P<0.05), and the diarrhea rate and the frequency of diarrhea in suckling lambs in the control group were significantly higher than those in all the experimental groups (P<0.05). Time, treatment×time had no effect on the diarrhea rate and frequency of diarrhea in lambs (P>0.05). 2) Treatments had a significant effect on dry matter intake (DMI) and the apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and acid detergent fibre (ADF) in suckling lambs (P<0.05), and the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude fat (CF) in the control group (P<0.05), while in the control group, the rate and frequency of diarrhea rate were significantly higher than those in the experimental groups (P<0.05), and CF apparent digestibility (EE) had no significantly effect (P>0.05). DMI was significantly higher in the Ⅱ group than in the control group (P<0.05), and was not significantly different from Ⅰ and Ⅲ groups (P>0.05). Apparent digestibility of CP in control goup was significantly lower than that in the experiment groups (P<0.05). Time significantly affected the DMI and the apparent digestibility of CP, EE, NDF and ADF (P<0.05). The DMI of lambs in the post-weaning was higher than that in the pre-weaning, and the apparent digestibility of CP, EE, NDF and ADF in the post-weaning was lower than that in the pre-weaning. Treatment × time had no significant effect on DMI and the apparent digestibility of DM, CP, EE, NDF and ADF in suckling lambs (P>0.05). 3) Treatment and time significantly affected the numbers of fecal Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella in lambs (P<0.05). As the experiment time increased, the numbers of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were significantly higher (P<0.05) and the numbers of Escherichia coli and Salmonella were significantly lower in all experiment groups of suckling lambs than in the control group (P<0.05). Treatment × time significantly affected the number of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Escherichia coli and Salmonella (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that the addition of fructooligosaccharides to the starter improves nutrient apparent digestibility and reduces lamb diarrhea rate by increasing the number of beneficial intestinal bacteria and inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria. The optimum level of fructooligosaccharides is 1.0% under the conditions of this experiment.

Key words： lambs; fructooligosaccharides; weaning; apparent digestibility; microbial flora

Cite this article

LI Jiong , TANG Ya’nan , WEI Ze , DUAN Chunhui , LIU Yueqin , ZHANG Yingjie , GUO Yunxia , JI Shoukun , YAN Hui . Effects of Fructooligosaccharides on Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients and Fecal Microbial Flora in Suckling Lambs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(2) : 1096 -1106 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.099

哺乳羔羊抵抗力差,并且哺乳羔羊饲养不当会导致羔羊腹泻,影响其胃肠道的发育,降低饲粮营养物质的表观消化率,导致肠道菌群失调,危害动物健康,易发生断奶应激[1-2]。果寡糖属于益生元中的非消化性碳水化合物[3],可有选择性地促进肠道有益菌增殖,特别是双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌,抑制有害微生物生长,进而减少胃肠道发生感染,改善动物健康[4]。因此,果寡糖可用于缓解断奶应激导致的肠道菌群失衡,改善动物健康情况。
研究表明,在饲粮中加入一定量的果寡糖可改善肠道菌群和提高动物机体免疫力[5-6]。将果寡糖添加至动物饲粮中可以减少动物肠道菌群失衡,减少动物腹泻,促进动物机体健康[7-8]。目前国内外对果寡糖的研究主要集中在对畜禽胃肠道菌群和免疫功能等方面,而关于果寡糖在哺乳羔羊饲养中的应用还鲜见报道。因此,本试验研究在开食料中添加果寡糖对哺乳羔羊腹泻率、腹泻频率、营养物质表观消化率以及粪便微生物菌群的影响,为果寡糖在羔羊饲养中的应用提供理论基础和技术支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验时间与地点

本试验于2022年7月11日至9月9日,在河北省衡水志豪畜牧科技有限公司进行。

1.2 试验设计与饲养管理

选择体重[(7.41±0.22) kg]相近的15日龄湖羊羔羊44只,按照体重随机分为4组,每组11只羊。所有试验羊在母羔舍饲养,每组羔羊11只,分3个母羔小圈饲养,3个圈中羔羊只数分别为4、4、3只。所有羔羊在15~60日龄随母哺乳并饲喂开食料,羔羊60日龄断奶并移走母羊,羔羊原圈饲养并继续饲喂开食料至74日龄。对照组开食料中不加入果寡糖,Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组开食料中分别加入0.5%、1.0%及1.5%(以有效含量计)果寡糖(果寡糖在饲喂前以拌料形式添加)。果寡糖购自广西南宁某生物科技有限公司,有效含量90%。开食料购自郑州某牧业有限公司。开食料组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 开食料组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the starter (DM basis)%

项目 Items 含量 Content
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 56.00
豆粕 Soybean meal 20.00
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal 19.40
食盐 NaCl 0.20
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 0.40
预混料 Premix1) 4.00
总计 Total 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
干物质 DM 87.39
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 18.47
粗蛋白质 CP 19.27
粗脂肪 EE 5.70
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 22.84
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 8.02

1)预混料为每千克开食料提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the starter: VA 8 000 IU,VD3 800 IU,VE 27 IU,Cu 10 mg,Fe 350 mg,Zn 45 mg,Mn 45 mg,Ca 0.8 g,P 0.08 g,I 0.4 mg,Se 0.4 mg,Co 0.2 mg。

2)代谢能为计算值[11],其余营养水平均为实测值。ME was a calculated value[11], while the other nutrient levels were measured values.

试验期间各组羔羊于每天07:00和17:00饲喂开食料,自由采食、饮水。试验期间记录羔羊腹泻情况,断奶当天记为第0天。在第-45、0、3、7和14天利用直肠粪便法采集新鲜粪便,测定微生物菌群数量。
试验开始前对羊舍打扫、消毒。羔羊在母子栏饲养,羔羊栏大小为2.7 m×2.0 m×0.8 m,母羊栏和羔羊栏之间由小门隔开,小门大小为0.28 m×0.34 m,仅羔羊可自由出入。

1.3 消化代谢试验

在第-7和7 d,每组随机选取4只健康的哺乳羔羊进行消化代谢试验。其中于第-7天开始的消化代谢试验中,羔羊每日09:00—09:30和15:00—15:30吃0.5 h母乳,07:00和17:00饲喂开食料。记录每只羊每天开食料的给料量和剩料量,计算干物质采食量(DMI)。消化代谢试验的预试期4 d,正试期3 d。试验羊每只于代谢笼中室内饲养,自由饮水与采食,正试期间每日08:00前利用全收粪法收集新鲜粪便进行称重,计为前1 d的排粪量,将每日收集新鲜粪样去除羊毛和其他杂物,其中一部分按照每10 g粪样加5 mL 10%硫酸固氮,以用于测定粗蛋白质(CP)含量,另一部分不做处理,用以测定粗脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量。试验结束后,将每只羊连续3 d的粪样进行混合,并在-20 ℃保存待测。

1.4 测定指标与方法

1.4.1 饲粮营养成分

根据《饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术》测定开食料的EE、CP、干物质(DM)、NDF和ADF含量[9]。代谢能(ME)的计算公式如下:
ME(MJ/kg)=总能-(粪能+尿能+甲烷能)[10]。

1.4.2 腹泻率及腹泻频率

每天记录各组每只羔羊腹泻情况,记录羔羊粪便评分,评价指标参考Lee等[11]的方法,当粪便评分超过3分,认定该羊腹泻。计算公式如下;
腹泻率(%)=100×每组腹泻羔羊头数/每组试验羊只数;
腹泻频率(%)=100×(腹泻头数×腹泻天数)/(每组试验羊只数×阶段天数)。

1.4.3 营养物质表观消化率

饲粮和粪样解冻后,随即放入65 ℃烘箱内烘干48 h,回潮24 h后称重,经粉碎过16和40目网筛制成分析样品,参照《饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术》[9]测定样品中CP、EE、DM、NDF和ADF含量。
DMI计算公式如下:
DMI=[(每日给料量-剩料量)×DM含量]/试验天数。
某营养物质表观消化率计算公式[9]如下:
某营养物质表观消化率(%)=[(该营养物质摄入量-粪中该营养物质含量)/该营养物质摄入量]×100。

1.4.4 粪便微生物菌群测定

直肠粪样采用平板计数法测定乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量。乳酸杆菌用MRS培养基,双歧杆菌用BBL培养基,37 ℃培养48 h进行计数。大肠杆菌用EMB培养基,沙门氏菌用SS培养基,37 ℃培养24 h进行计数。菌落数量单位以每克粪便中所含菌落形成的对数[lg(CFU/g)]表示。

1.5 数据处理与分析

采用SPSS 25.0统计软件对数据进行方差齐性分析,采用one-way ANOVA进行单因素方差分析,采用一般线性模型(GLM)中多因素方差分析对处理及时间双因子的影响进行分析,P<0.05表示差异显著。结果用“平均值±标准误”表示。

2 结果

2.1 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊腹泻率和腹泻频率的影响

由表2可知,处理显著影响了哺乳羔羊腹泻率和腹泻频率(P<0.05),对照组哺乳羔羊腹泻率和腹泻频率显著高于各试验组(P<0.05)。时间和处理×时间对羔羊腹泻率和腹泻频率无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表2 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊腹泻率和腹泻频率的影响

Table 2 Effects of fructooligosaccharides on diarrhea rate and diarrhea frequency in suckling lambs%

项目
Items		 时间
Time		 组别 Groups P值 P-value
对照
Control		 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ 处理
Treatment		 时间
Time		 处理×时间
Treatment×
time


腹泻率
Diarrhea rate		 第-45~0天
Days -45 to 0		 46.61
±2.85a		 38.28
±3.19b		 28.65
±2.86c		 30.73
±2.91bc

<0.01

0.50

0.91
第1~14天
Days 1 to 14		 48.21
±1.21a		 34.81
±3.26b		 25.00
±1.85c		 28.57
±3.57bc


腹泻频率
Diarrhea
frequency		 第-45~0天
Days -45 to 0		 4.18
±0.34a		 2.61
±0.16b		 1.98
±0.32b		 2.43
±0.41b

<0.01

0.35

0.97
第1~14天
Days 1 to 14		 4.79
±1.38a		 2.96
±0.44ab		 2.24
±0.24b		 2.58
±0.16ab

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示不同处理之间差异显著(P<0.05),同列数据肩标不同大写字母表示不同时间之间差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference among different treatments (P<0.05), in the same column, values with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference among different time (P<0.05). The same below.

2.2 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊营养物质表观消化率的影响

由表3可知,处理对羔羊DMI及CP、NDF和ADF表观消化率有显著影响(P<0.05),对DM和EE表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。Ⅱ组DMI显著高于对照组(P<0.05),与Ⅰ、Ⅲ组无显著差异(P>0.05)。各试验组哺乳羔羊CP表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),对照组哺乳羔羊NDF和ADF表观消化率显著低于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),Ⅱ组与Ⅰ、Ⅲ组无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表3 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊营养物质表观消化率的影响

Table 3 Effects of fructooligosaccharides on apparent digestibility of nutrients in suckling lambs

项目
Items		 时间
Time		 组别 Groups P值 P-value
对照
Control		 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ 处理
Treatment		 时间
Time		 处理×时间
Treatment×
time


干物质采食量
DMI/(g/d)		 第-7~0天
Days -7 to 0		 422.08
±6.58Bb		 427.33
±8.96Bab		 454.10
±11.28Ba		 433.40
±7.17Bab

<0.01

<0.01

0.46
第7~14天
Days 7 to 14		 504.89
±24.58Ab		 522.17
±27.42Aab		 585.47
±9.72Aa		 536.78
±12.16Aab
干物质表观
消化率		 第-7天
Day -7		 80.56
±2.24		 84.53
±2.85		 87.05
±2.51		 83.77
±2.08

0.33

0.21

0.98
DM apparent
digestibility/%		 第7天
Day 7		 74.51
±1.59		 78.88
±2.35		 81.14
±5.71		 75.44
±6.23
粗蛋白质表
观消化率		 第-7天
Day -7		 60.51
±0.41Ac		 63.58
±0.38Ab		 67.75
±0.61a		 63.52
±0.40b

<0.01

<0.01

0.31
CP apparent
digestibility/%		 第7天
Day 7		 57.52
±0.65Bc		 60.94
±0.39Bb		 67.03
±1.72a		 62.70
±0.34b
粗脂肪表观
消化率		 第-7天
Day -7		 84.98
±0.79A		 85.59
±0.54		 86.53
±0.44A		 85.04
±0.34

0.49

<0.01

0.95
EE apparent
digestibility/%		 第7天
Day 7		 80.79
±1.01B		 81.4
±2.25		 84.05
±0.51B		 80.94
±4.01
中性洗涤纤维
表观消化率		 第-7天
Day -7		 40.92
±2.01Ab		 46.55
±1.58a		 51.19
±1.35a		 47.17
±1.08a

<0.01

<0.01

0.98
NDF apparent
digestibility/%		 第7天
Day 7		 33.90
±1.61Bb		 39.42
±2.38ab		 43.96
±2.82a		 41.46
±1.95ab
酸性洗涤纤维
表观消化率		 第-7天
Day -7		 25.46
±1.95Ab		 34.53
±1.22Ab		 38.53
±3.75a		 35.62
±3.48a

0.03

<0.01

0.52
ADF apparent
digestibility/%		 第7天
Day 7		 20.92
±0.63Bb		 23.06
±4.07Bab		 32.27
±5.39a		 29.23
±3.82ab
时间显著影响了羔羊DMI及CP、EE、NDF、ADF表观消化率(P<0.05),对DM表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。断奶后各组羔羊DMI显著高于断奶前(P<0.05),对照组CP、EE、NDF表观消化率较断奶前显著降低(P<0.05),Ⅰ组CP表观消化率较断奶前显著降低(P<0.05),Ⅱ组EE表观消化率较断奶前显著降低(P<0.05)。处理×时间对羔羊DMI及DM、CP、EE、NDF、ADF表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。

2.3 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊粪便微生物菌群的影响

由表4可知,处理显著影响了羔羊直肠粪便中乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的数量(P<0.05)。羔羊乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量在试验开始当天各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),随着时间延长,各试验组羔羊乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。
表4 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊粪便中微生物的影响

Table 4 Effects of fructooligosaccharides on microorganisms in feces in suckling lambslg(CFU/g)

项目
Items		 时间
Time		 组别 Groups P值 P-value
对照
Control		 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ 处理
Treatment		 时间
Time		 处理×时间
Treatment×
Time
第-45天
Day-45		 7.04
±0.33AB		 7.58
±0.39C		 7.36
±0.47B		 7.44
±0.26C
第0天
Day 0		 7.16
±0.24ABb		 10.26
±0.59ABa		 11.27
±1.09Aa		 10.84
±0.29Aa
乳酸杆菌
Lactobacillus		 第3天
Day 3		 5.45
±0.21Cc		 9.25
±0.35Bb		 10.58
±0.50Aa		 9.89
±0.27Bab		 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
第7天
Day 7		 6.52
±0.57BCb		 10.67
±0.28ABa		 11.64
±0.46Aa		 10.96
±0.46Aa
第14天
Day 14		 8.26
±0.65Ab		 11.29
±0.74Aa		 12.02
±0.63Aa		 11.35
±0.45Aa
第-45天
Day-45		 5.48
±0.39B		 5.61
±0.43B		 5.44
±0.52C		 5.48
±0.62C
第0天
Day 0		 6.27
±0.55Bb		 7.86
±0.71Ab		 10.24
±0.60ABa		 9.94
±0.28ABa
双歧杆菌
Bifidobacterium		 第3天
Day 3		 5.62
±0.43Bc		 6.86
±0.87ABbc		 9.53
±0.94Ba		 8.85
±0.13Bab		 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
第7天
Day 7		 6.79
±0.42ABd		 7.88
±0.03Ac		 10.80
±0.79ABa		 9.97
±0.27ABb
第14天
Day 14		 7.92
±0.34Ab		 8.40
±0.58Ab		 11.68
±0.37Aa		 10.52
±0.74Aa
第-45天
Day-45		 10.17
±0.65		 10.06
±0.84A		 10.23
±0.57A		 10.20
±0.75A
第0天
Day 0		 9.81
±0.39a		 6.81
±0.34BCb		 4.26
±0.61Bc		 6.58
±0.40Bb
大肠杆菌
Escherichia coli		 第3天
Day 3		 10.68
±0.83a		 7.43
±0.43Bb		 5.44
±0.74Bb		 7.45
±0.86Bb		 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
第7天
Day 7		 10.22
±0.63a		 6.81
±0.09BCb		 4.65
±1.03Bc		 6.67
±0.54Bbc
第14天
Day 14		 9.28
±0.19a		 5.53
±0.46Cb		 3.99
±0.58Bc		 5.83
±0.37Bb
第-45天
Day-45		 7.27
±0.38B		 7.51
±0.87A		 7.40
±0.52A		 7.95
±0.68A
第0天
Day 0		 8.99
±0.49ABa		 5.24
±0.22Bb		 4.15
±0.27BCb		 5.18
±0.84Bb
沙门氏菌
Salmonella		 第3天
Day 3		 9.99
±1.16Aa		 7.56
±0.59Ab		 5.19
±0.45Bb		 6.17
±0.57ABb		 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
第7天
Day 7		 9.01
±0.63ABa		 6.55
±0.40ABb		 3.63
±0.26CDc		 4.79
±0.64Bc
第14天
Day 14		 7.77
±0.04Ba		 6.00
±0.50ABb		 2.86
±0.30Dd		 4.59
±0.13Bc
时间显著影响乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的数量(P<0.05)。对照组第3天乳酸杆菌数量显著低于其他时间(P<0.05),Ⅱ组第3天乳酸杆菌数量显著高于第-45天(P<0.05),较其他时间段无显著差异(P>0.05)。对照组第3天沙门氏菌数量显著高于第-45天和第14天(P<0.05);Ⅱ组第-45天沙门氏菌数量显著高于第0、3、7和14天。随着时间的延长,试验组乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量整体呈先降低后升高的趋势,试验组大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量整体呈下降趋势。处理×时间显著影响羔羊乳酸杆菌、大肠杆菌、双歧杆菌和沙门氏菌的数量(P<0.05)。

3 讨论

3.1 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊腹泻率和腹泻频率的影响

据报道,腹泻羔羊死亡的概率是正常羔羊的2倍多[12-13]。哺乳羔羊由于自身消化系统发育不完全,肠道微生物菌群不稳定,极易发生腹泻,影响营养物质的消化吸收率和生长发育。研究表明,给断奶仔猪添加0.4%果寡糖可降低腹泻率[14]。本试验也取得一致的研究结果,在第-45~0天添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%果寡糖组较对照组腹泻率分别降低17.87%、38.53%、34.06%;在第1~14天,添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%果寡糖组较对照组腹泻率分别降低了27.78%、48.14%、40.74%。这表明果寡糖可降低哺乳羔羊腹泻率。研究发现,21日龄羔羊断奶后2周内腹泻率显著高于未断奶组[15]。本试验中,断奶后羔羊腹泻率及腹泻频率较断奶前有升高趋势,可能是由于羔羊断奶应激导致腹泻增加。研究发现,给仔猪添加0.2%果寡糖组仔猪腹泻率较0.4%果寡糖组升高[16],可能是由于低水平的果寡糖作用不显著,这与本试验结果一致。本研究中,1.0%果寡糖组较0.5%果寡糖组腹泻率低,而1.5%果寡糖组未取得更好的效果,可能是因为果寡糖属于非消化性寡糖,给动物添加过量的果寡糖,会加重肠胃负担,引起动物消化不良,从而加重腹泻[17]。

3.2 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊营养物质表观消化率的影响

研究表明,动物饲粮中添加果寡糖可提高饲粮消化率,促进机体健康[18-19]。羔羊添加5 g/d甘露寡糖可显著提高DMI[20]。本试验中,添加果寡糖组DMI均高于对照组,说明添加果寡糖可提高羔羊DMI。添加1.0%果寡糖组DMI显著高于对照组,与0.5%和1.5%果寡糖组差异不显著,未呈现明显的剂量反应。饲粮中营养物质表观消化率既能反映动物消化能力的强弱也能体现动物生长性能的好坏[21]。果寡糖可通过提高动物消化酶活性改善肠黏膜结构,促进营养物质的吸收[22]。Schokker等[23]研究发现,将5 g果寡糖添加至断奶仔猪饲粮中显著降低了空肠隐窝深度,显著增加了肠道绒毛高度,说明添加果寡糖可以促进肠道对营养物质的吸收。并且,果寡糖可通过改善肠道菌群来促进动物肠道健康并提高饲粮养分消化率[24]。研究报道,仔猪饲粮中添加1%果寡糖提高了肠道紧密连接蛋白的表达,降低了肠道pH,并可减少有害细菌数量[25]。研究发现,羔羊由于断奶应激导致断奶后饲粮营养物质表观消化率低于断奶前[26-27]。本研究中,断奶后对照组羔羊CP、EE、NDF表观消化率显著低于断奶前,试验组断奶后羔羊CP、EE表观消化率较断奶前有所降低,与以上研究结果一致。与其他组相比,添加了1.0%果寡糖组CP表观消化率显著升高,可能是因为添加了适量的果寡糖改善了肠道微生物群的组成,增加了有益菌数量,增进肠道健康以提高营养物质的消化吸收[28]。低水平的果寡糖组由于添加剂量低调节效果不佳,而高水平果寡糖组因果寡糖作为易发酵的碳水化合物,当作被肠道微生物所利用的能源,因此要合成细菌蛋白则需要更多的氮源[29],从而导致羔羊CP表观消化率低于1.0%果寡糖组。研究发现,仔猪添加果寡糖有提高营养物质消化率的趋势[30]。本研究中,果寡糖对羔羊EE表观消化率无显著影响,说明果寡糖不影响动物对EE的消化。研究发现,给公羊饲喂1.6%的甘露寡糖,调节瘤胃微生物群,稳定瘤胃环境,改善肠绒毛长度,显著增加了NDF和ADF表观消化率[31]。Sharma等[32]研究发现,添加4 g/d甘露寡糖,可以显著提高ADF表观消化率。这说明添加寡糖可以显著提高动物肠道ADF和NDF表观消化率。这与本试验结果一致,给哺乳羔羊饲粮中添加果寡糖,显著提高了ADF和NDF表观消化率,可能是由于果寡糖增加了羔羊瘤胃内果胶酶活性和木聚糖酶活性,进而促进饲粮中纤维类物质的降解,使饲粮中纤维类物质消化率增加[33]。本试验中,NDF和ADF表观消化率大小关系为:1.0%果寡糖组>1.5%果寡糖组>0.5%果寡糖组>对照组,0.5%果寡糖组未取得更好的效果可能是由于低水平果寡糖作用不显著,1.5%果寡糖组未取得更好的效果可能是因为是过量添加的果寡糖作为瘤胃微生物发酵的养分被降解利用,导致纤维降解为非结构性多糖的利用率降低[34]。

3.3 果寡糖对哺乳羔羊粪便微生物菌群的影响

肠道是重要的免疫和代谢器官,肠道细菌产生的各种代谢产物影响肠道的健康和其他器官,肠道菌群紊乱会导致羔羊腹泻增加[35]。乳酸杆菌和大肠杆菌是评价动物肠道菌群平衡的主要指标。乳酸杆菌可通过改变肠道微生物群均调节宿主健康,肠道内乳酸杆菌可减少大肠杆菌的黏附性,并且其代谢产生的乳酸可抑制大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的定植,进而减少它们的数量[36]。研究发现,给仔猪添加0.01%山药多糖使乳酸杆菌数量提高了11.3%以上,大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量降低了9.77%以上[37]。研究发现,将果寡糖添加至犊牛饲粮中使粪便中乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌等有益菌的数量显著提高[38]。研究发现,添加果寡糖可使后备母猪粪便中大肠杆菌数量降低,乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量升高[39]。以上研究表明,寡糖的添加可以使动物肠道乳酸杆菌等有益菌数量增加,降低大肠杆菌等有害菌数量。本试验中,添加果寡糖组的哺乳羔羊粪便中有益菌的数量显著增加,有害菌数量显著降低,与上述研究结果一致。这说明将果寡糖添加至哺乳羔羊饲粮中能改善微生物菌群的平衡,促进羔羊肠道乳酸杆菌的发酵,增加肠道内乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量,减少大肠杆菌等有害菌数量,促进羔羊肠道健康。其中,1.0%果寡糖组乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量最高,大肠杆菌数量最低,1.5%果寡糖组效果不如1.0%果寡糖组可能是由于添加量过多,引起了动物消化不良性腹泻[40],这与本试验中腹泻率结果一致。0.5%果寡糖组由于添加剂量过低,未表现出明显作用,这与本试验中营养物质表观消化率结果一致。

4 结论

本研究表明,开食料中添加果寡糖可减少羔羊腹泻,提高饲粮营养物质消化率,增加肠道有益菌数量,抑制肠道有害菌的生长。本试验条件下,羔羊饲粮中果寡糖的适宜添加量为1.0%。

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