REVIEW

Stress Diarrhea of Weaned Piglets and Its Nutritional Regulation

  • DING Zeqiang ,
  • DONG Li ,
  • YU Lihuai , *
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  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-08-07

  Online published: 2024-02-01

Abstract

Stress diarrhea in weaned piglets can lead to weight loss, stunted growth and even death. This paper mainly reviewed the causes of stress diarrhea in weaned piglets and the main pathogenesis of stress diarrhea in weaned piglets from the aspects of intestinal barrier function, signaling pathway and endocrine. Finally, the nutritional regulation scheme for alleviating stress diarrhea of weaned piglets was summarized from the aspects of dietary nutrient level and feed additives, aiming at providing necessary reference for alleviating and treating stress diarrhea of weaned piglets.

Cite this article

DING Zeqiang , DONG Li , YU Lihuai . Stress Diarrhea of Weaned Piglets and Its Nutritional Regulation[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(2) : 691 -699 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.062

仔猪在早期断奶过程中,由于外界的各种应激源和自身生长发育不完善易发生应激性腹泻,我国每年有大量断奶仔猪因应激性腹泻而死亡或淘汰,对养殖业造成了巨大损失,因此如何缓解仔猪在断奶期间的应激性腹泻是十分重要的。本文从断奶仔猪应激性腹泻发病原因、发病机制以及缓解断奶仔猪应激性腹泻的营养调控进行了综述,以期为缓解和治疗断奶仔猪应激性腹泻提供必要的参考。

1 断奶仔猪应激性腹泻的发病原因

断奶应激性腹泻是仔猪断奶后在各种应激源的作用下肠道受损导致的腹泻[1-2]。断奶应激主要包括营养应激、环境应激、心理应激等[2]。营养应激主要是指仔猪的饮食发生了巨大的变化,仔猪从刚出生时期的母猪乳汁喂养过渡到饲料喂养,无论从营养成分的组成还是消化吸收的难易程度等方面都存在较大差异,这对于仔猪的消化系统是一种巨大的应激。断奶会影响仔猪肠上皮细胞的增殖[3],还会破坏肠道原有的微生物区系[4]。仔猪饮食从母乳变为饲料,对肠道原来的微生物区系造成了破坏,这可能是断奶仔猪发生腹泻的主要原因之一。到目前为止,还没有研究证实早期断奶仔猪是否伴有肠道病毒群落紊乱。总体来说,早期断奶应激对仔猪肠道病毒的种类影响不大,某些特异性病毒的丰度不平衡可能是区分健康仔猪和腹泻仔猪的关键生物学标志[5]。环境应激是指在仔猪断奶期间常因转群和运输等操作导致外界环境的改变引起的仔猪应激,一方面是仔猪由哺乳圈舍转入保育圈舍引起的应激,另一方面是断奶仔猪转圈时运送过程产生的应激[6]。在转圈和运输过程中,猪暴露于多种应激源,包括装卸搬运、温度波动、与不熟悉的猪混合、缺乏饲料和水的供给、接触新的环境、振动和噪声等[7],这些都可能引起仔猪应激,导致福利降低、发病率和死亡率增加。心理应激主要是由于环境的改变等引起,由于仔猪断奶后从产房转到保育舍,这种与母猪的分离和猪舍环境的改变以及可能面临的长距离运输转群,从依靠母猪的生活方式转变成完全独立生活,很容易造成仔猪心里状态的极度不稳定[8]。总之,这些在断奶阶段的各种外界压力促使仔猪发生应激,包括食物变化导致的肠道损伤和肠道微生物群改变、转群和运输等环境方面的变化以及断奶期间心理的压力。除此之外,仔猪自身肠道发育不完善、光照时间不充足都会引起应激性腹泻。

2 断奶仔猪应激性腹泻的发病机理

断奶应激造成仔猪肠道形态结构改变、肠道微生物紊乱以及肠道屏障功能损伤,激活核因子-κB(NF-κB)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)以及信号传导及转录激活蛋白(STAT)等多种信号通路,同时影响断奶仔猪内分泌系统,导致仔猪发生应激性腹泻。

2.1 肠道屏障功能受损

肠道机械屏障损伤表现在肠上皮紧密连接被破坏和肠道通透性增加使得病原微生物更容易穿过肠黏膜屏障,引发肠道疾病,诱导腹泻。Hu等[9]的研究表明,仔猪断奶后空肠中闭合蛋白(Occludin)、闭合小环蛋白-1(ZO-1)和封闭蛋白-1(Claudin-1)的mRNA表达量有所下降。Wang等[10]研究表明,早期断奶仔猪空肠中紧密连接蛋白表达的降低与肠上皮细胞旁通透性的增加相吻合。Smith等[11]证明,早期断奶会导致仔猪肠道黏膜屏障功能受损。杯状细胞释放的黏蛋白保护上皮细胞免受肠道菌群的影响,并提供了一个屏障来防止潜在病原体渗透到上皮细胞和细菌过度生长。杯状细胞黏蛋白上大量的硫酸盐和唾液酸的存在对于凝胶的形成非常重要,因此,对于维持小肠黏膜表面的保护层以保护动物免受肠道病原体的侵害非常重要[12]。此外,Hedemann等[13]的研究表明,早期断奶不仅会导致仔猪肠道黏蛋白分泌减少,还会改变黏蛋白的糖基化模式,从而削弱肠道化学屏障功能,增加肠道感染的概率。黏蛋白分泌和表达的变化会引起炎症并损害肠黏膜免疫屏障[14]。类似地,Einerhand等[15]发现,黏蛋白2(MUC2)基因在断奶仔猪中受到负调控,这表明断奶破坏了肠道中的化学屏障。肠道菌群是一个动态变化而且十分复杂的系统,仔猪在断奶前后的肠道菌群变化特征见表1。有研究表明,腹泻仔猪肠道中大肠杆菌的数量比健康仔猪显著升高,双歧杆菌和乳杆菌等菌群的数量显著下降[16]。综上可知,肠道屏障功能受损是引发仔猪应激性腹泻的主要原因。
表1 仔猪在断奶前后的肠道菌群变化特征

Table 1 Change features of intestinal microflora in piglets before and after weaning

样品来源
Sample sources
采样时间
Sampling
time
菌群分析方法
Microflora analysis
method
断奶前
Before weaning
断奶后
After weaning
参考文献
Reference
粪便 Feces 断奶前(出生后
第4周)和断奶后
(出生后第6周)
16S rRNA测序 厚壁菌门(54.0%)、
拟杆菌门(38.7%)、
变形杆菌门(4.2%)、
螺旋菌门(0.7%)
厚壁菌门(35.8%)、拟杆
菌门(59.6%)、变形杆
菌门(1.0%)、
螺旋菌门(2.0%)
[17]
粪便 Feces 断奶前(出生后
14 d)和断奶后
(出生后28 d)
16S rRNA测序 普雷沃氏菌科(0.3%)、
拟杆菌科(15.4%)、
乳杆菌科(5.5%)、
瘤胃球菌科(1.7%)
普雷沃氏菌科(14.8%)、
拟杆菌科(1.4%)、
乳杆菌科(19.1%)、
瘤胃球菌科(9.6%)
[18]
粪便 Feces 断奶前(出生后
14 d)和断奶后
(出生后31 d)
16S rRNA测序 拟杆菌科(9%)、
乳杆菌科(3%)、
普雷沃氏菌科(0.5%)
拟杆菌科(<0.1%)、
乳杆菌科(0.5%)、
普雷沃氏菌科(28%)
[19]
粪便 Feces 断奶前(出生后
14 d)和断奶后
(出生后28 d)
16S rRNA测序 厚壁菌门(45%~70%)、
拟杆菌门(20%~40%)、
梭杆菌门(3%~20%)
厚壁菌门(55%~70%)、
拟杆菌门(20%~30%)、
梭杆菌门(0~10%)
[20]

2.2 调控信号通路

研究表明,早期断奶可增加仔猪的肠道通透性,改变细胞因子和紧密连接蛋白的表达,并激活MAPK信号通路;早期断奶还可导致自噬减少,表现为自噬流量的抑制,同时诱导Toll样受体4(TLR4)/p38MAPK/白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)介导的凋亡途径以及IL-1β前体的激活[21]。当小鼠肠道受到微生物入侵时,TLR4/p38MAPK信号的激活加速了p38MAPK的磷酸化,从而进一步诱导IL-1β的释放[22-23]。此外,产气荚膜梭菌C型感染在仔猪回肠中涉及诱导TLR4/髓样分化因子88(MyD88)/NF-κB信号通路的宿主免疫反应,这可能为产气荚膜梭菌C型感染引起的仔猪腹泻的先天免疫机制提供了有价值的信息,TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB是引起仔猪腹泻常见的信号通路[24];TLR4的激活与几种细胞类型中促炎细胞因子的表达和NF-κB信号通路的激活有关,肠细胞中TLR4激活在新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)发病机制中起着关键作用,研究发现小鼠和人类的NEC与肠黏膜中TLR4的表达增加有关[25]。Wang等[26]研究发现,天冬氨酸通过抑制TLR4、核苷酸寡聚结构域(NODs)/NF-κB和p38信号通路减轻了断奶仔猪肠道的损伤。断奶引起仔猪肠道炎症,与激活仔猪空肠中NF-κB和STAT-3信号通路以及抑制STAT-1和STAT-6信号通路的激活有关[27]。Wang等[28]研究发现,牛磺酸通过还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)/氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)抗氧化系统和核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)/抗氧化反应元件(ARE)信号通路改善断奶仔猪的生长性能和肠道健康;Xun等[29]研究发现,白藜芦醇通过调节芳香烃受体(AhR)/Nrf2信号通路来保护断奶仔猪肠道免受氧化损伤和缓解肠道炎症。综上可知,仔猪断奶应激会激活NF-κB、MAPK以及STAT等信号通路,从而引发肠道炎症,导致仔猪腹泻。与断奶仔猪应激性腹泻有密切联系的信号通路还有Nrf2/ARE和AhR/Nrf2等信号通路。

2.3 改变内分泌

断奶过程中的一系列应激源会激活仔猪下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴,HPA轴的激活导致促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)的分泌。垂体前叶的内分泌细胞通过合成和分泌促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)对CRH作出反应。Yu等[30]研究发现,断奶应激显著提高了仔猪血浆皮质醇(COR)水平以及c-Jun和CRH受体-1(CRHR-1)mRNA在脑垂体的表达,抑制了下丘脑c-fosCRH mRNA的表达。断奶应激会引起仔猪ACTH、糖皮质激素(GC)的分泌量明显增多[31]。综上可知,断奶应激激活HPA轴,造成仔猪内分泌紊乱,从而导致肠道发生损伤,进而使得胃肠道酶的分泌水平和消化吸收能力下降,导致仔猪发生腹泻现象。

3 断奶仔猪应激性腹泻的营养调控

3.1 饲粮蛋白质和能量水平

研究发现,饲粮蛋白质水平低于20%会导致仔猪生长发育过程中表现不佳[32]。蛋白质水平高于20%的饲粮可通过影响肠道结构、屏障功能、黏膜免疫系统和肠道菌群平衡影响肠道健康,最终导致仔猪腹泻率升高,但高蛋白质饲粮更能满足断奶仔猪的生长发育需求[33]。在一个以酪蛋白作为饲粮唯一蛋白质来源的试验中发现,高蛋白质饲粮(30%酪蛋白)改变了断奶仔猪的肠道微生物组成和代谢产物,从而诱发严重的断奶后腹泻,降低了仔猪的生长性能,而这种调控在仔猪生长中的潜在分子机制尚不清楚[34]。Wessels等[35]研究发现,在蛋白质水平为16.52%的饲粮中低剂量(0.3%)补充2种氨基酸混合物(AAB-1:L-精氨酸、L-亮氨酸、L-缬氨酸、L-异亮氨酸、L-胱氨酸;AAB-2:L-精氨酸、L-亮氨酸、L-缬氨酸、L-异亮氨酸、L-胱氨酸和L-色氨酸)均增加了十二指肠隐窝的深度,均可以缓解断奶后腹泻,但不会改变断奶仔猪的生长性能。研究显示,饲粮蛋白质水平从23%减少到19%或17%时,仔猪的生长性能可能会受到影响,但低蛋白质饲粮通过降低有毒微生物代谢产物如氨,有助于保持猪的肠道健康[36]。Muns等[37]研究发现,断奶后饲喂高蛋白质饲粮仔猪的平均日增重、体重、肠道绒毛高度与隐窝深度都高于饲喂低蛋白质饲粮的仔猪。张迁等[38]研究发现,在低蛋白质饲粮中添加精氨酸可显著增强生长猪的免疫功能和抗氧化能力。综上可知,为了有效缓解断奶仔猪应激性腹泻同时不影响生长发育,建议将饲粮蛋白质水平维持在21%~23%,并补充一些必需氨基酸,同时还可添加具有促进肠道发育、修复肠道黏膜屏障、提高肠道免疫功能、改善肠道微生态平衡等功能的饲料添加剂,可有效预防高蛋白质饲粮导致的仔猪腹泻[33]
饲粮能量水平较高会降低仔猪的采食量,而较低的能量水平会减少蛋白质的沉积[39]。Guzmán-Pino等[40]研究表明,饲喂低能量水平(3.35 Mcal/kg,约为14.0 MJ/kg)饲粮的断奶仔猪平均日采食量和平均日增重高于饲喂高能量水平(3.90 Mcal/kg,约为16.3 MJ/kg)饲粮的断奶仔猪。Fang等[41]研究发现,代谢能(ME)水平为13.82 MJ/kg的饲粮可以改善断奶仔猪的生长性能和营养物质消化率。Adebowale等[42]研究发现,ME水平为3 400 kcal/kg(约为14.2 MJ/kg)的饲粮可以提高断奶仔猪的生长性能和营养物质消化率。Weng等[43]研究发现,突然断奶后,仔猪仍然对母猪乳中的高油酸脂质有依赖性。Cui等[44]研究发现,中链脂肪酸甘油酯可以有效提高仔猪对营养物质的吸收和脂质代谢,以满足断奶仔猪的能量需求,进而调节断奶仔猪的生长发育。Yi等[45]研究发现,饲喂5%生马铃薯淀粉改变了断奶仔猪肠道的细菌群落组成并促进了肠道健康。豆粕可以为仔猪饲粮提供大量的能量和蛋白质,但是豆粕中的抗营养因子会干扰营养物质的消化、吸收和利用[46-47]。然而,饲粮中添加新鲜发酵豆粕可促进断奶仔猪肠道形态发育,降低腹泻发生率,新鲜发酵豆粕可能通过影响肠道微环境而改变肠道功能[48]。综上可知,断奶仔猪饲粮的能量水平建议在13~14 MJ/kg,添加适当马铃薯淀粉和新鲜发酵豆粕可缓解断奶仔猪应激性腹泻。

3.2 饲料添加剂

3.2.1 酸化剂

酸化剂可以促进仔猪生长并且减少腹泻。Xiang等[49]证明,有机酸可能通过调节肠道屏障功能、肠道免疫力和微生物群来改善断奶仔猪的生长性能和健康状况。酸化剂通过降低仔猪饲料系酸力和胃肠道的pH杀灭或抑制病原菌,促进营养物质的消化吸收,最终提高仔猪的生长性能[50]。酸化剂分为单一型酸化剂和复合型酸化剂。研究显示,饲粮中添加0.2%的乳酸型酸化剂后,断奶仔猪胃、十二指肠和空肠pH均明显降低,且断奶仔猪十二指肠和空肠淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均显著提高[51];在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加1%的复合有机酸化剂,对促进仔猪生长、降低腹泻发生率具有积极的意义,值得在生产中推广应用[52]。液体复合有机酸化剂(由甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、乳酸、柠檬酸组成)添加在猪群饮水中可以快速降低饮用水pH,显著改善断奶仔猪腹泻情况[53]。综上可知,酸化剂的使用可以通过调节肠道屏障功能、肠道免疫力和微生物群来减少断奶仔猪应激性腹泻的发生。

3.2.2 植物提取物

植物提取物具有调节肠道微生物、提高抗氧化能力和抑制炎症反应的作用。在断奶仔猪生产中,使用植物精油可以改善断奶仔猪肠道健康、降低腹泻率、提高生长性能,在生产中可以作为抗生素的替代品使用[54]。研究发现,茶树油的主要成分4-萜品醇可以有效缓解断奶仔猪的炎症水平,降低炎症损伤,提高断奶仔猪的生产性能和肠道抗氧化能力,缓解肠道氧化损伤[55-56];饲喂添加120 mg/kg丝兰提取物的饲粮可降低断奶仔猪血清尿素氮水平,提高营养物质消化率,这可能与丝兰提取物改善了断奶仔猪空肠黏膜的形态、消化吸收酶活性和营养物质转运体mRNA的表达有关[57];25 mg/kg槲皮素可抑制MAPK、Akt和NF-κB信号通路以及降低空肠中炎性细胞因子表达,可能通过调节肠道氧化状态和炎症来减轻猪在运输过程中的肠道损伤[58]。综上可知,植物提取物可通过调节肠道氧化状态和抑制炎症反应来减少断奶仔猪应激性腹泻的发生。

3.2.3 膳食纤维

研究显示,膳食纤维可以改善断奶仔猪的血糖和血脂水平,以及增强机体的抗氧化能力和免疫性能[59]。在生长性能方面,在断奶后期饲粮中加入粗纤维浓缩物可提高仔猪的生长性能和饲料效率,可能有助于确保猪生长后期的生长潜力[60]。随着饲粮中性洗涤纤维(NDF)水平的增加,仔猪的生长性能也随之提高[61]。饲粮中添加5%玉米麸皮或5%小麦麸皮可能通过改变肠道菌群结构和改善丁酸盐产生来增强断奶仔猪的生长性能[62]。膳食纤维在一定程度上通过改变肠道微生物群组成和增加SCFAs的合成来改善肠道屏障功能,从而减轻局部和全身炎症[63]。综上可知,膳食纤维可以通过调节断奶仔猪肠道菌群和增加SCFAs的合成来改善肠道免疫功能,进而提高仔猪的生长性能和降低腹泻率。

3.2.4 氧化锌(ZnO)

氧化锌被认为是替代抗生素的最有效的饲料添加剂之一,但高锌饲料目前已被禁用,仔猪饲粮中锌上限为150 mg/kg。高水平的氧化锌显示出抗菌特性,可对抗仔猪断奶后的细菌感染[64]。沸石负载氧化锌(Sr-ZnO)比氧化锌具有更好的生物利用度,仔猪断奶后饲喂添加500 mg/kg沸石负载氧化锌的饲粮可减少腹泻,增加血清碱性磷酸酶活性,调节肠道菌群,最终降低腹泻率[65]。有研究表明,小剂量(750 mg/kg)的多孔氧化锌在降低断奶仔猪腹泻、促进生长性能、增加抗炎细胞因子和紧密连接与降低促炎细胞因子表达等方面均优于药理剂量(3 000 mg/kg)的常规氧化锌[66]。最新研究表明,包合氧化锌对断奶仔猪的抗腹泻效果优于包被氧化锌[67]。综上可知,不同类型氧化锌的适量添加均可有效改善断奶仔猪的应激性腹泻。

3.2.5 维生素

研究表明,饲粮中添加维生素A可以改善断奶仔猪的生长性能,还可以通过影响肠道隐窝干细胞活性来调控肠道功能[68];饲粮中添加维生素B6可以调控断奶仔猪肠道微生物组成和代谢,显著改变断奶仔猪肝脏和回肠的氨基酸代谢[69]。同样的,Yin等[70]试验表明,饲粮中补充4 mg/kg维生素B6可下调断奶仔猪空肠炎症细胞因子和上调氨基酸转运蛋白mRNA的表达。Li等[71]研究发现,7 mg/kg维生素B6有降低断奶仔猪腹泻率的趋势。此外,研究还发现,饲粮中添加维生素D3可以提升断奶仔猪的日增重,提高抗氧化能力和免疫能力[72];维生素E高于80 IU可以缓解仔猪断奶应激,影响炎症基因的表达和回肠杯状细胞的分化[73]。综上可知,多种维生素,如维生素A、维生素B6、维生素D3和维生素E等,均可缓解仔猪应激性腹泻。

3.2.6 其他

近年有越来越多的微生态制剂、中草药等被发现具有改善和稳定断奶应激过程中的肠道微生态平衡以及改善肠道屏障功能的作用。例如,Liang等[74]研究证明,丁酸梭菌作为一种新型的微生态制剂可以改变断奶仔猪的肠道微生物群和代谢物谱,丁酸梭菌可为肠道健康提供潜在的益处。Chen等[75]研究发现,发酵中草药可以通过促进肠道消化酶的分泌、改变肠道微生物多样性、调节肠道短链脂肪酸含量、提高营养物质消化率等方式改善肠道健康,提高断奶仔猪的生长性能。

4 小结

综上所述,导致断奶仔猪应激性腹泻的主要原因有营养应激、环境应激、心理应激。这些应激源引起仔猪肠道屏障功能受损,MAPK、NF-κB信号通路激活以及下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺内分泌系统紊乱,进而导致仔猪出现腹泻。为缓解仔猪断奶应激,仔猪断奶期间应饲喂蛋白质水平为21%~23%、能量水平为13~14 MJ/kg的饲粮;此外,酸化剂、益生素、植物提取物、维生素和氧化锌等添加到饲粮中均可有效缓解断奶仔猪的应激性腹泻,从而提高养殖业的经济效益。
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