REVIEW

Research Progress on Toxicity Mechanism and Interaction Effect of Mycotoxins on Poultry

  • PENG Xin ,
  • JIANG Xiayu ,
  • YANG Ye ,
  • ZHAI Shuangshuang , *
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  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-09-22

  Online published: 2024-02-01

Abstract

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of molds in the process of growth and reproduction, and the toxic chemicals formed by some molds when the substrate is moldy and metamorphic. Mycotoxin affect poultry health and performance, and lead to huge economic losses to animal husbandry. This review summarized the toxicity and mechanisms of mycotoxins to poultry, as well as the maternal effects of mycotoxin toxicity and the interactive effects among various mycotoxins. And this review may provide reference for the prevention and control of mycotoxins and the healthy production of poultry.

Cite this article

PENG Xin , JIANG Xiayu , YANG Ye , ZHAI Shuangshuang . Research Progress on Toxicity Mechanism and Interaction Effect of Mycotoxins on Poultry[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(2) : 700 -707 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.063

据估计,全球每年大约有25%的谷物受到霉菌的污染,严重地影响人畜的健康。霉菌毒素是真菌产生的次级代谢产物,广泛存在于饲料和食品中,在饲料中发现的霉菌主要有曲霉属(Aspergillus)、青霉属(Penicillium)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)和单端孢霉属(Trichothecium)等[1]。2019年全球霉菌毒素调查报告显示,来自100个国家的动物饲料样本中85%以上受到霉菌毒素的污染,污染源主要是黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇(DON)和赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)[2]。大多数家禽霉菌毒素中毒是由于长期摄入低浓度霉菌毒素污染物造成的,表现为生长不良、饲料效率低和产蛋量不佳等典型慢性症状。在3 507份来自中国不同地区的饲料样品中,发现AFB1、DON和ZEN的污染率分别达到81.9%、96.4%和96.9%,超过81.5%的饲料成分和95.7%的全价饲料被这些霉菌毒素组合污染[3]。刘建高等[4]在2021年收集了中国不同地区的3 166、3 335和1 407个饲料原料样品进行AFB1、ZEN和DON含量检测,结果表明,AFB1、ZEN和DON总污染率分别为79.2%、82.2%和90.0%,AFB1、ZEN和DON的超标率分别为6.8%、12.2%和2.3%,说明我国饲料原料霉菌毒素污染较为严重。
霉菌的大量繁殖会导致饲料发生霉变,使其营养价值和适口性大幅度降低。长期以来,人们对食品和饲料中霉菌毒素污染缺乏足够的认识,也低估了其对人类健康和动物生产的危害。本文从生产性能、肝肾毒性、肠道毒性这3个方面综述霉菌毒素对家禽的影响及作用机制,同时总结霉菌毒素的母体效应和互作效应在家禽方面的作用,为认识霉菌毒素对家禽的危害和家禽健康生产提供参考。

1 常见的霉菌毒素及其限量标准

1.1 黄曲霉毒素(AF)

AF是由黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)和寄生曲霉(Aspergillus parasitic)等霉菌产生的天然有毒代谢产物[5]。AFB1是畜禽饲料中最常见的致癌毒素,严重危害家禽生产和人类健康。当家禽采食受到AFB1污染的饲料后会造成器官损伤,降低生产性能和饲料利用率,抑制免疫功能,增加疾病易感性、发病率和死亡率[3]

1.2 ZEN

ZEN又称F-2毒素,是一种主要由镰刀菌属真菌产生的有毒次生代谢物[6]。ZEN广泛存在于玉米、小麦、燕麦和水稻中,是全球畜禽行业饲料安全的危险霉菌毒素之一[7-8]。ZEN是一种具有高毒性的霉菌毒素,在共同污染过程中可增强其他霉菌毒素对家禽的危害,使ZEN污染的饲料对家禽健康构成严重的威胁。目前,ZEN已被证实具有肝脏毒性、免疫毒性、生殖毒性和基因毒性[9]。Ma等[10]在中国不同地区采集了1 569个饲料样品,发现这些样品中ZEN污染率为88%,最高污染水平为729.2 g/kg。

1.3 DON

DON又称呕吐毒素,主要由禾谷镰刀霉菌产生,在小麦、黑麦、大麦、玉米和燕麦等作物中均能检测到DON的污染,从而威胁着人类和畜禽的健康[11]。DON可在人类和动物体内积累,并产生多种毒性作用,包括致畸性、神经毒性、胚胎毒性、免疫毒性和遗传毒性[12]。当牲畜采食受到DON污染的饲料后,会产生厌食、腹泻、呕吐、生长迟缓、免疫反应降低和肠道疾病等现象[13-14]

1.4 赭曲霉毒素(OT)

OT主要由曲霉和青霉产生,其中OTA是最为常见、毒性最强的OT,分布广泛,已被列为仅次于AF的2B类致癌物,对家禽、动物和人类的健康构成巨大威胁。大量研究表明,OTA可导致多种类型的毒性,包括肾脏毒性、肝脏毒性、胚胎毒性、致畸性、神经毒性、免疫毒性、肠道毒性和遗传毒性[15-17]。据报道,可在采食含100 μg/kg OTA饲粮的肉仔鸡组织中检测到OTA,含量为0.78~2.15 g/kg[18]

1.5 常见霉菌毒素的限量标准

目前,在我国最新的饲料卫生标准GB 13078—2017[19]中,对包括AFB1、OTA、ZEN、DON等在内的霉菌毒素列出了限量要求,美国和欧盟也针对相关霉菌毒素设定了限量要求或提供了指南建议[20-21],详见表1。这些标准和建议有助于确保饲料中的霉菌毒素维持在安全水平,以保障动物健康和食品安全[22]
表1 中国、美国及欧盟家禽饲料中对霉菌毒素的限量指南

Table 1 Limit quantity guideline of mycotoxin in poultry feed of China, American and EU

项目
Items
中国GB 13078—2017
GB 13078—2017 of China[19]
美国FDA
FDA of USA[20]
欧盟EFCA
EFCA of EU[21]
黄曲霉毒素B1
AFB1
鸡前期≤10 μg/kg、鸡后期≤20 μg/kg、
鸭后期≤15 μg/kg,强制规定
家禽≤20 μg/kg,
执行限量
禽配合饲料≤20 μg/kg,
法规限量
玉米赤霉烯酮
ZEN
家禽配合饲料≤0.5 mg/kg,
强制规定
禽配合饲料≤0.25 mg/kg,
指南限量
脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇
DON
家禽配合饲料≤3 mg/kg,
强制规定
家禽≤5 mg/kg,
建议容忍限量
禽配合饲料≤5 mg/kg,
指南限量
赭曲霉毒素A
OTA
家禽配合饲料≤100 μg/kg,
强制规定
禽配合饲料≤100 μg/kg,
指南限量

“—”表示未给出限量。

“—” indicates that no limit is given.

2 霉菌毒素毒性对家禽的影响及其机制

2.1 降低生产性能

家禽饲喂受到霉菌毒素污染的饲料可降低采食量和生长性能。Sarker等[23]研究发现,肉鸡采食饲粮中含有100 μg/kg AFB1时,会出现平均日增重(average daily gain,ADG)降低、料重比增加、生长迟缓、营养物质消化率降低以及肠道菌群紊乱。即使低剂量的AF(12.5~50 μg/kg)亦会导致1~21日龄樱桃谷鸭的ADG显著降低,料重比增加[24]。Chen等[25]研究发现,DON可通过改变血液和脑不同区域中的5-羟色胺、酪酪肽、神经肽Y2受体和摄食调节肽(NUCB2/nesfatin-1)等的表达,导致动物采食量下降和呕吐。OTA对家禽生产性能的影响主要表现为采食量减少,死亡率增加,钙磷吸收不全、骨骼脆弱,蛋壳钙化不全、破蛋率高,皮下出血等现象。研究发现,雏鸭采食OTA含量为2 000 μg/kg的饲粮后ADG显著降低,料重比增加[26]。当肉鸡采食OTA含量为150~2 000 μg/kg的饲粮后,对ADG、平均日采食量均有极显著的抑制作用[27]
在目前的研究试验中所用的霉菌毒素大多为纯品和单一菌种发霉,导致测定的结果大部分是单一霉菌毒素的影响,而生产实践中基本上都是自然发霉含有2种以上霉菌毒素。所以,在后续研究中要关注自然发霉饲料中的霉菌毒素和低剂量的霉菌毒素毒性对家禽生产性能的影响。

2.2 诱导肝肾毒性

肝脏和肾脏是霉菌毒素发挥毒性作用的主要靶器官,其代谢和蓄积主要发生在肝脏和肾脏。家禽采食AFB1后可引起肝脏损伤,免疫系统下降,出现炎症反应和细胞凋亡[28]。当肉仔鸡摄入100 μg/kg AFB1时,肝脏中AFB1的残留水平为1.26 μg/kg,并且出现肝脏出血、肝脏脂肪变性、胆管增生[29]。AFB1可能是通过激活Toll样受体4(TLR4)/受体相互作用蛋白激酶(RIPK)信号通路以及Kelch样ECH相关蛋白1(Keap1)/核转录因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)信号通路诱导家禽肝脏损伤[30-32]。肾脏也是AFB1攻击的主要器官。AFB1对肉仔鸡的肾脏毒性表现为肾小球基底膜和间质细胞增厚,肾小管上皮细胞胞浆空化以及肾小球塌陷和结构损伤[33]。给肉仔鸡饲喂2 mg/kg ZEN可增加肝脏重量,并导致肝脏功能异常[34]。在饲粮中添加7.9 mg/kg ZEN可诱导肉鸡十二指肠黏膜和肾脏氧化应激[35]。OTA损害近端肾小管,使用OTA污染的饲粮(200 μg/kg OTA)饲喂肉鸡35 d,表现为近曲小管上皮细胞变性,肾区细胞质肿胀,肝脏区域出现不良坏死和肝出血[36]。Le等[37]研究发现,OTA可通过激活细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)/核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路诱导肾小球损伤,为OTA诱导肾脏毒性的研究提供了新的见解。肝脏也是OTA主要攻击目标之一。Wang等[38]研究发现,以235 μg/kg BW的剂量灌胃OTA显著性增加了雏鸭的肝脏重量。OTA通过肠-肝轴诱导雏鸭肝脏炎症的发生,其途径是增加肠道内拟杆菌门的丰度,从而引发脂多糖(LPS)的释放,激活TLR4/髓样分化蛋白88(MYD88)信号通路,导致炎症的发生和肝脏肿大[26,38]
目前的研究过多关注霉菌毒素诱导肝脏和肾脏损伤,而缺乏关于霉菌毒素在家禽肝脏和肾脏中具体代谢和转化途径等机制方面的研究,在家禽的肝脏和肾脏中含有多种解毒酶系统,如细胞色素P450酶(CYP450),此外,家禽还可通过肝脏和肾脏将体内的霉菌毒素转化为可溶性或易排出的代谢产物通过尿液或粪便排出。今后,需要深入探讨霉菌毒素在动物体内的代谢动力学。

2.3 诱导肠道毒性

肠道不仅是吸收营养物质的主要场所,也是抵御饲料中各种霉菌毒素进入机体的第1道防御屏障。霉菌毒素对肠道毒性的效应主要表现在降低肠道紧密连接与破坏肠道形态和肠道屏障的完整性。AFB1对肠道的损害主要表现为使肠道屏障功能丧失、黏膜增生和空泡变性。研究显示,在饲粮中添加AFB1可显著降低肉鸡的空肠绒毛高度,增加隐窝深度,破坏肠道屏障的完整性,降低十二指肠和回肠的紧密连接[39-40]。DON也会损伤肠道的黏膜上皮细胞和绒毛形态,破坏肠道屏障和肠道紧密连接。研究发现,DON可通过激活ERK信号通路和p38 MAPK信号通路抑制紧密连接蛋白封闭蛋白-4(Claudin-4)的表达,导致闭合蛋白(Occludin)和闭锁小带蛋白-1(ZO-1)在溶菌酶中被吞噬和降解,最终损伤肠道绒毛结构,增加肠道通透性,破坏肠道屏障[41-43]。大量研究表明,OTA可通过抑制家禽中紧密连接蛋白如Occludin、ZO-1和封闭蛋白-1(Claudin-1)的表达,来破坏肠道屏障的完整性[26,38,44]。Tong等[45]研究发现,1日龄的肉仔鸡以50 μg/kg BW的剂量灌胃OTA 21 d后,可造成十二指肠、空肠和回肠杯状细胞数量减少,肠道抗氧化功能降低。
目前,相关研究过多的关注霉菌毒素诱导的肠道毒性的结果,而缺乏关于霉菌毒素对家禽消化生理毒性作用机制的研究,霉菌毒素在机体内的吸收、代谢路径研究的还不够透彻,后续的研究可关注这些方面。

3 霉菌毒素毒性的母体效应

目前,关于霉菌毒素毒性在母体效应方面的研究较少,Ul-Hassan等[46-47]报道,母鸡在饲喂OTA污染的饲粮时可在蛋中检测到OTA残留,并可损伤雏鸡细胞体液免疫系统。当饲粮中OTA含量为5 000 μg/kg时,鸡蛋中OTA的残留量在第21天达到最大值(7.396 μg/kg)[48]。饲喂OTA或AFB1污染饲粮14和21 d的种鸡,其子代法氏囊和脾脏的相对重量显著下降[46]。Elsayed等[49]研究发现,在种蛋中注射12.5 μg/kg的OTA,孵化19 d后,注射OTA组的血液和器官样本中甲状腺激素水平升高;此外,雏鸡肝脏组织中巨噬细胞数量增加,肝细胞变性,这说明在胚胎暴露时期OTA可导致广泛的氧化损伤和器官损伤。
以上研究结果表明,霉菌毒素可能通过母体效应对后代产生不良影响。因此,今后还需进一步研究霉菌毒素在家禽母体效应方面的影响,有助于制定更精确的食品安全策略和保障家禽生产的健康与可持续发展。

4 霉菌毒素间的互作效应

近年来,研究更加关注多种霉菌毒素的混合物污染问题。多种霉菌毒素的联合作用对动物健康和生产性能造成的副作用可能比单一霉菌毒素更为严重。通常情况下,饲料会被多种霉菌毒素污染。如在同一种饲料中,AF、ZEN、DON和伏马毒素(FB)往往同时并存。即使饲料中本身只含有1种霉菌毒素,但该种霉菌毒素可能会以多种形式共存。
霉菌毒素间的互作效应主要是指2种或2种以上的霉菌毒素同时存在于饲料中,其产生的效应分为协同效应(synergistic effects)、加性效应(additive effects)、亚加性效应(less than additive effects)和拮抗效应(antagonistic effects)。
(1)协同效应:指2种或多种不同的霉菌毒素同时存在时,它们的相互作用导致的毒性效应大于这些霉菌毒素单独存在时的效应之和。例如,黄曲霉毒素M1(AFM1)和OTA联合作用在使分化的Caco-2细胞肠通透性增加和紧密连接蛋白表达降低方面明显强于单独的霉菌毒素,表现出协同效应[50]。体外试验证明,伏马毒素B1(FB1)可增强AFB1的遗传毒性和细胞毒性,表现为加强肝细胞花生四烯酸的代谢和提高CYP450的活性,产生更多的活性氧,从而带来严重的氧化应激[51]。在饲粮中分别添加DON(1.5和5.0 mg/kg)和烟曲霉毒素(fumonisins, FUM)(20 mg/kg)对肉鸡生长性能没有负面影响,但在DON与FUM联合添加后对21日龄肉鸡的采食量和体增重显著降低具有协同效应[52]。在肠道方面,AFM1和OTA联合作用对分化Caco-2细胞表现出肠道通透性增加和紧密连接蛋白表达降低的影响明显强于单一霉菌毒素[50]。Jia等[53]研究发现,与AF(123 μg/kg)和ZEN(260.2 μg/kg)单独污染饲粮组相比,AF+ZEN组合污染饲粮组蛋鸡产的鸡蛋AF沉积量更高,出现时间更早,消除时间更长,这可能是霉菌毒素对蛋鸡肠道吸收具有协同效应,损伤肠道健康。
(2)加性效应:指不同的霉菌毒素同时存在时,它们的毒性效应是各个毒素毒性效应之和。Tessari等[54]研究发现,所有饲喂含霉菌毒素饲粮的肉鸡都表现出比对照组肉鸡更低的体重和日增重,体内的抗体水平也低于对照组,而饲喂同时含AFB1和FB1饲粮的肉鸡表现出更低的抗体水平,而且仅在饲喂含混合霉菌毒素饲粮的肉鸡中发现肝脏和肾脏的组织病理学变化。研究发现,在肉鸡饲喂受到ZEN污染的饲料后,其产蛋性能和采食量并不会受影响,但若2种霉菌毒素(AF+ZEN)同时存在时,产蛋量和采食量显著降低[55]。同样的,饲喂含567 μg/kg OTA和927 μg/kg T-2毒素饲粮的肉鸡体重和采食量降低,且饲喂含2种霉菌毒素饲粮的肉鸡均表现出毒性的加性效应[55]
(3)亚加性效应:指不同的霉菌毒素同时存在时,它们的毒性效应相互作用导致的整体效应小于单一毒性效应之和,这种情况较少见。
(4)拮抗效应:指一种霉菌毒素干扰另一种霉菌毒素的毒性作用。研究发现,在低剂量组合下,胚蛋注射0.5 μg/g蛋的DON会导致鸡胚的相对肝脏重量显著增加,然而,当同时注射0.5 μg/g蛋的DON+0.5 μg/g蛋的ZEN时,发现这种增加的影响减弱,表现出一种拮抗效应[56]

5 小结

霉菌毒素污染是一个全球性问题,在实际生产中,家禽不仅有可能同时受到2种或2种以上的霉菌毒素的侵扰,还可能通过母体效应转移到子代体内,使发育中的胚胎接触到霉菌毒素,导致子代生产性能降低。此外,长期低剂量的霉菌毒素摄入对家禽的影响也不应被低估,这些方面都需要进一步研究。
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Outlines

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