Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 3: 1641 - 1651

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.144

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on Performance, Pecking Behavior and Plasma 5-Hydroxytryptamine Level of Taihang Chickens with Different Feather Damage Degrees

  • SHI Meng , 1 ,
  • SUN Erdong 2 ,
  • CHEN Yifan 1 ,
  • HAO Erying 1 ,
  • SHI Lei 1 ,
  • WANG Dehe 1 ,
  • HUANG Chenxuan 1 ,
  • LIU Xuelu 1 ,
  • CHEN Hui , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
  • 2 Mahogany Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Baoding 074305, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-10-10

  Online published: 2024-03-13

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Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the performance, pecking behavior and plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) level in Taihang chickens with different feather damage degrees. A two-factor experimental design was used in this experiment, factor 1 was the degree of feather damage (normal or damage), factor 2 was the supplemental level of Lactobacillus acidophilus (0, 0.1%, 0.2% or 0.3%). A total of 240 Taihang chickens of 42 weeks of age with normal feathers and 240 with damaged feathers were randomly divided into 4 groups, and fed diets supplemented with 0 (basal diet group), 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% Lactobacillus acidophilus based on the basal diet, respectively. Each group consisted of 6 replicates with 10 chickens per replicate. The pre-trial duration was 7 days, and the formal trial duration was 56 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the basal diet group, adding 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% Lactobacillus acidophilus significantly decreased the number of feather pecking (P<0.05), significantly decreased the level of plasma corticosterone (CORT) (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the relative abundance of Desulfobacterota in cecal microflora (P<0.05); adding 0.2% and 0.3% Lactobacillus acidophilus significantly increased the average egg weight (P<0.05), significantly increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in cecal microflora (P<0.05), significantly decreased the relative abundance of Megamonas in cecal microflora (P<0.05), significantly increased the plasma 5-HT level (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the plasma 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA)/5-HT ratio (P<0.05); in addition, adding 0.2% Lactobacillus acidophilus significantly increased the laying rate, significantly decreased the number of pecking (P<0.05), and significantly increased the plasma 5-HIAA level (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the normal group, the average daily feed intake (ADFI), feather pecking number and the relative abundance of Desulfobacterota were significantly increased (P<0.05), the land pecking number and objecting number were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the plasma tryptophan (Trp), 5-HIAA levels and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio were significantly decreased in the damaged group (P<0.05). In conclusion, feather damage can increase the occurrence frequency of feather pecking of Taixing chickens. Adding Lactobacillus acidophilus to the diet can reduce the occurrence frequency of feather pecking behavior and improve animal welfare and performance by regulating gut microbiota and enhancing plasma 5-HT level.

Key words： laying hens; feather picking; probiotics; gut microbiota; 5-hydroxytryptamine

Cite this article

SHI Meng , SUN Erdong , CHEN Yifan , HAO Erying , SHI Lei , WANG Dehe , HUANG Chenxuan , LIU Xuelu , CHEN Hui . Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on Performance, Pecking Behavior and Plasma 5-Hydroxytryptamine Level of Taihang Chickens with Different Feather Damage Degrees[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(3) : 1641 -1651 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.144

在家禽养殖业中,集约化生产导致的啄羽行为是目前存在的最为普遍和严重的问题[1]。啄羽会导致家禽羽毛和皮肤损伤增加,生产性能降低[2],对养殖业造成一定的经济损失。研究表明,不同遗传下蛋鸡的盲肠微生物组成具有显著差异,相较于高啄羽蛋鸡,低啄羽蛋鸡的总体微生物β多样性增加,梭菌的相对丰度较低,乳杆菌的相对丰度较高[3]。而且,Mindus等[4]研究发现,补充乳酸菌可以通过恢复高攻击性蛋鸡体内低水平的乳酸菌来预防啄羽行为。Huang等[5]研究表明,饲粮添加鼠李糖乳杆菌可以通过改变肠道微生物的组成,减轻蛋鸡的啄羽行为。5-羟色胺(5-HT)是一种介导啄羽等攻击行为适应性和病理性变化的神经递质[6],在微生物-肠-脑轴的信号通路中具有重要地位。Bolhuis等[7]研究发现,羽毛损伤严重的蛋鸡血浆中5-HT水平较低,啄羽频率较高。Van der Eijk等[8]同样发现,蛋鸡啄羽频率与血浆5-HT水平存在显著负相关。但是益生菌是否通过调节肠道微生物来调控5-HT代谢进而改善蛋鸡啄羽行为尚不清楚[9]。因此,本试验拟通过在饲粮中添加嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)来探究益生菌对不同羽毛损伤程度太行鸡生产性能、啄羽行为和5-HT代谢的影响,以期为家禽维持良好的健康福利状态提供参考依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验所用产品嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM为白色粉末状,主要成分为嗜酸乳杆菌及麦芽糊精,嗜酸乳杆菌活菌数为5×109 CFU/kg。

1.2 试验设计

采用双因素试验设计,因素1为羽毛损伤程度(正常、损伤),因素2为嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平(0、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%)。以体重、生产性能相近的42周龄太行鸡为试验动物,选取羽毛正常和羽毛损伤的太行鸡各240只(正常组和损伤组),羽毛损伤判定标准:皮肤没有损伤的判定为正常;皮肤出现裸露或出血现象判定为损伤[10]。在此基础上,将羽毛正常和羽毛损伤试验鸡分别随机分为4个组,分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0(基础饲粮组)、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%嗜酸乳杆菌的饲粮,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。预试期7 d,正试期56 d。

1.3 饲养管理

试验鸡饲养模式为3层阶梯笼养,每笼2只。分别于每天08:00和15:00饲喂,16:00捡蛋并观察试验鸡的精神状况。试验期间鸡舍光照强度为15 lx,光照周期为16 h光明(每天06:00—22:00)+8 h黑暗,鸡舍平均温度在5 ℃左右,自由采食和饮水。基础饲粮配制参照《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004),其组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目 Items 含量 Content
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 64.00
豆粕 Soybean meal 23.50
大豆油 Soybean oil 1.00
石粉 Limestone 6.00
辣椒 Pepper 0.50
预混料 Premix1) 5.00
合计 Total 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 12.36
粗蛋白质 CP 16.54
钙 Ca 3.68
总磷 TP 0.56
蛋氨酸 Met 0.26
赖氨酸 Lys 0.80

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 10 000 IU,VB1 4 mg,VB2 10 mg,VB6 6 mg,VD3 4 000 IU,VE 28 mg,VK3 3 mg,生物素 biotin 0.3 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.0 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 60 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 10 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 60 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 90 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 1.0 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 80 mg。

2)粗蛋白质、钙和总磷为测定值,参考标准分别为GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6436—2018和GB/T 6437—2018;其余为计算值,依据NY/T 33—2004计算得出。CP, Ca and TP were determined, and the reference standards were GB/T 6432—2018, GB/T 6436—2018 and GB/T 6437—2018, respectively; the rest were calculated values, and they were calculated according to NY/T 33—2004.

1.4 测定指标与方法

1.4.1 生产性能

从正试期第1天开始,以重复为单位观察并记录试验鸡的日产蛋总数和总重量,计算产蛋率和平均蛋重;每14 d结料1次,记录试验鸡的采食量,计算平均日采食量,具体方法参照陈祥宇等[11]的研究。

1.4.2 啄羽及其相关行为观察

采用红外摄像进行啄羽及其相关行为观察。观察方法:每7 d分别于09:00—12:00、13:00—15:00(避免喂料应激),观察每个重复内的2只目标动物,记录员每次都以相同的服饰进入鸡舍,将红外摄像头放置于距离饲养笼1 m的支架上,在观察点停留10 min后进行摄像。在设定的10 min内观察啄羽及其相关行为,只记录行为发生次数。参考张斯荷[12]的观察标准并进行适当修改,蛋鸡主要行为类别及其定义见表2。
表2 蛋鸡主要行为类别及其定义

Table 2 Main behavior categories and their definitions of layers

行为类别 Behavior categories 行为定义 Behavior definitions
啄地 Land pecking 用喙啄击笼具的笼底
啄物 Pecking behavior 用喙啄击笼子四周、笼顶以及笼子内的物体包括料槽、乳头饮水器等
盯物 Objecting 头部倾斜,将脖子伸出,朝向目标物体并盯2 s以上
啄羽 Feather pecking 用喙啄或拉扯其他个体的羽毛表现出攻击行为

1.4.3 盲肠菌群结构

试验期结束后,从各组的每个重复随机选择2只试验鸡进行屠宰解剖,取盲肠内容物置于冻存管中,液氮速冻后-80 ℃保存。之后将盲肠内容物样品送至北京百迈克生物科技有限公司进行菌群结构测定。

1.4.4 血浆中5-HT及其相关物质水平

正试期第56天,从每个重复随机选2只试验鸡,翅下静脉采血3 mL于抗凝管中,4 ℃条件下3 000 r/min离心15 min分离血浆,-20 ℃保存。血浆中5-HT、色氨酸(Trp)、5-羟吲哚乙酸(5-HIAA)以及皮质酮(CORT)水平采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒(北京博锐长远科技有限公司)测定。

1.5 数据处理与分析

采用Excel 2010对数据进行整理,并采用SPSS 2.0中的一般线性模型(GLM)对数据进行双因素方差分析(two-way ANOVA),统计模型为羽毛损伤程度、嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平及二者的交互作用。结果以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,以P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平对太行鸡生产性能的影响

由表3可知,与正常组相比,损伤组的平均日采食量显著提高(P<0.05)。与基础饲粮组相比,添加0.2%嗜酸乳杆菌组的产蛋率显著提高(P<0.05),添加0.2%和0.3%嗜酸乳杆菌组的平均蛋重均显著提高(P<0.05),且这2组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平在产蛋率方面存在显著的交互作用(P<0.05)。
表3 羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平对太行鸡生产性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of feather damage degree and Lactobacillus acidophilus supplemental level on performance of Taihang chickens

项目
Items		 FD SEM NCFM/% SEM P值 P-value
IF SF 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 FD NCFM FD×
NCFM
产蛋率 Laying rate/% 42.68 42.12 0.592 41.19b 41.50b 44.38a 42.53ab 0.838 0.510 0.041 0.001
平均蛋重
Average egg weight/g		 47.12 47.38 0.181 46.56c 47.08bc 47.33ab 48.02a 0.255 0.313 0.002 0.059
平均日采食量
ADFI/g		 90.73b 93.29a 0.743 93.54 92.88 89.00 92.63 1.050 0.041 0.058 0.376

FD表示羽毛损伤程度;IF表示正常;SF表示损伤;NCFM表示嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平;FD×NCFM表示羽毛损伤程度与嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平的交互作用。同一因素下,同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

FD indicates the degree of feather damage; IF indicates normal; SF represents damage; NCFM indicates the supplemental level of Lactobacillus acidophilus; FD×NCFM indicates the interaction between the degree of feather damage and the supplemental level of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Under the same factor, values in the same row with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平对太行鸡啄羽行为的影响

由表4可知,与正常组相比,损伤组的啄地和盯物次数均显著降低(P<0.05),而啄羽次数显著增加(P<0.05)。与基础饲粮组相比,添加0.1%、0.2%、0.3%的嗜酸乳杆菌均显著降低了啄羽次数(P<0.05),且这3个添加水平间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平对啄地和盯物次数没有产生显著影响(P>0.05)。添加0.2%嗜酸乳杆菌组的啄物次数显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平的交互作用对啄羽、啄地次数存在显著影响(P<0.05)。
表4 羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平对太行鸡啄羽行为的影响

Table 4 Effects of feather damage degree and Lactobacillus acidophilus supplemental level on feather pecking behavior of Taihang chickens 次数

项目
Items		 FD SEM NCFM/% SEM P值 P-value
IF SF 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 FD NCFM FD×
NCFM
啄羽 Feather pecking 1.58b 2.43a 0.275 3.42a 1.82b 0.91b 1.88b 0.389 0.032 0.001 0.016
啄地 Land pecking 2.28a 1.32b 0.240 2.03 2.02 1.47 1.68 0.339 0.007 0.580 0.043
啄物 Pecking 3.60 3.66 0.333 4.49a 3.81a 1.89b 4.32a 0.470 0.904 0.001 0.113
盯物 Objecting 5.31a 4.33b 0.272 5.36 4.38 4.56 4.97 0.385 0.013 0.287 0.380

2.3 羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平对太行鸡盲肠菌群结构的影响

2.3.1 盲肠内容物有效操作分类单元(OTU)数统计

由图1可知,各组间共有的OTU数为194个。
图1 盲肠内容物OTU维恩图

Q为正常组,T为损伤组;数字0、1、2、3分别为添加0、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%嗜酸乳杆菌组。下图同。

Fig.1 OTU Venn diagram of cecal content

Q is the normal group and T is the damaged group. Numbers 0, 1, 2 and 3 were groups supplemented with 0, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% Lactobacillus acidophilus, respectively. The same as below.

2.3.2 物种稀释曲线

物种稀释曲线是通过对样品序列随机抽样,并按OTU数建构形成的。由图2可知,随着测序深度的增加,所有样品曲线逐渐趋于平缓,说明测序数据量足够,可以进行数据分析。
图2 物种稀释曲线

Fig.2 Species rarefaction curve

2.3.3 盲肠菌群相对丰度

图3显示的是门水平上盲肠菌群组成,在各组盲肠内容物中共检测出11个共有菌门,其中相对丰度超过1%的有厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、脱硫菌门(Desulfobacterota)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteriota)及放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)。由表5可知,正常组脱硫菌门的相对丰度显著低于损伤组(P<0.05)。与基础饲粮组相比,添加0.1%、0.2%、0.3%的嗜酸乳杆菌均显著降低了脱硫菌门的相对丰度(P<0.05),且添加0.2%嗜酸乳杆菌组脱硫菌门的相对丰度还显著高于其他添加嗜酸乳杆菌组(P<0.05)。羽毛损伤程度与嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平在降低脱硫菌门相对丰度上存在显著的交互作用(P<0.05)。
图3 门水平上盲肠菌群组成

Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Desulfobacterota:脱硫菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Fusobacteriota:梭杆菌门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Synergistota:互养菌门;Deferribacterota:脱铁杆菌门;Campylobacterota:弯曲菌门;Patescibacteria:髌骨细菌门;Others:其他。

Fig.3 Composition of cecal microflora at phylum level

表5 羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平对太行鸡盲肠菌群门水平相对丰度的影响

Table 5 Effects of feather damage degree and Lactobacillus acidophilus supplemental level on relative abundance of cecal microflora at phylum level of Taihang chickens %

项目
Items		 FD SEM NCFM/% SEM P值 P-value
IF SF 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 FD NCFM FD×
NCFM
厚壁菌门 Firmicutes 45.78 46.65 0.961 46.40 46.18 47.19 45.10 1.359 0.537 0.776 0.216
拟杆菌门 Bacteroidetes 40.25 37.73 1.140 36.99 41.31 40.53 37.12 1.612 0.140 0.160 0.888
脱硫菌门 Desulfobacterota 3.19b 3.81a 0.157 5.40a 3.08b 2.04c 3.47b 0.222 0.011 0.001 0.001
变形菌门 Proteobacteria 2.63 2.67 0.322 2.56 2.56 3.03 2.44 0.455 0.940 0.813 0.415
梭杆菌门 Fusobacteriota 2.70 2.44 0.838 2.15 0.91 2.34 4.88 1.185 0.832 0.178 0.685
图4显示的是属水平上盲肠菌群组成,在各组盲肠内容物中共检测出12个菌属。由表6可知,与正常组相比,损伤组有提高乳杆菌属相对丰度的趋势(P=0.07)。与基础饲粮组相比,添加0.2%和0.3%嗜酸乳杆菌组乳杆菌属的相对丰度显著提高(P<0.05),巨单胞菌属的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。
图4 属水平上盲肠菌群组成

Bacteroides:拟杆菌属;Lactobacillus:乳杆菌属;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科RC9肠道群;Faecalibacterium:粪杆菌属;Prevotellaceae_UCG-001:普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001;Megamonas:巨单胞菌属;unclassified_Bacteroidales:未分类拟杆菌目;unclassified_Oscillospiraceae:未分类颤螺旋菌科;Desulfovibrio:脱硫弧菌属;unclassified_Lachnospiraceae:未分类毛螺菌科;Others:其他;Unclassified:未分类。

Fig.4 Composition of cecal microflora at genus level

表6 羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平对太行鸡盲肠菌群属水平相对丰度的影响

Table 6 Effects of feather damage degree and Lactobacillus acidophilus supplemental level on relative abundance of cecal microflora at genus level of Taihang chickens %

项目
Items		 FD SEM NCFM/% SEM P值 P-value
IF SF 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 FD NCFM FD×
NCFM
拟杆菌属
Bacteroides		 13.84 13.42 0.572 12.37 13.69 14.67 13.79 0.808 0.620 0.273 0.566
乳杆菌属
Lactobacillus		 7.91 7.32 0.216 5.28c 7.04c 10.67a 7.48b 0.305 0.070 0.001 0.878
粪杆菌属
Faecalibacterium		 6.34 6.95 0.567 6.84 5.95 6.19 7.61 0.802 0.461 0.514 0.194
普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001
Prevotellaceae_UCG-001		 5.39 5.46 0.537 5.33 6.40 5.50 4.47 0.760 0.935 0.405 0.227
巨单胞菌属
Megamonas		 3.94 5.95 0.822 7.36a 6.58ab 2.52c 3.32bc 1.163 0.104 0.018 0.459

2.4 羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平对太行鸡血浆中5-HT及其相关物质水平的影响

由表7可知,正常组血浆中5-HIAA、Trp水平和5-HIAA/5-HT比值显著高于损伤组(P<0.05)。与基础饲粮组相比,添加0.2%和0.3%嗜酸乳杆菌组血浆中5-HT水平显著提高(P<0.05),5-HIAA/5-HT比值显著降低(P<0.05),且添加0.2%嗜酸乳杆菌组还显著高于添加0.3%嗜酸乳杆菌组(P<0.05);添加0.2%嗜酸乳杆菌组血浆中5-HIAA水平显著高于基础饲粮组(P<0.05),而添加0.3%嗜酸乳杆菌组则显著低于其他各组(P<0.05);与基础饲粮组相比,添加0.1%、0.2%和0.3%嗜酸乳杆菌均可以显著降低血浆中CORT水平(P<0.05)。羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平在降低血浆中CORT水平上有显著的交互作用(P<0.05)。
表7 羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平对太行鸡血浆中5-HT及其相关物质水平的影响

Table 7 Effects of feather damage degree and Lactobacillus acidophilus supplemental level on plasma 5-HT and its related substance levels of Taihang chickens

项目
Items		 FD SEM NCFM/% SEM P值 P-value
IF SF 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 FD NCFM FD×
NCFM
5-羟色胺
5-HT/(ng/mL)		 21.67 19.81 0.806 17.43c 18.91bc 25.00a 21.63b 1.140 0.108 0.001 0.225
5-羟吲哚乙酸
5-HIAA/(ng/mL)		 18.51a 15.76b 0.457 17.62b 18.16b 21.28a 11.47c 0.647 0.001 0.001 0.399
色氨酸
Trp/(pg/mL)		 389.20a 334.32b 9.913 350.10 359.72 393.54 343.67 14.019 0.001 0.066 0.916
皮质酮
CORT/(ng/mL)		 412.38 418.13 9.188 471.88a 402.50b 375.41b 411.24b 12.994 0.659 0.001 0.022
5-羟吲哚乙酸/
5-羟色胺
5-HIAA/5-HT		 0.96a 0.82b 0.041 1.12a 1.00ab 0.88b 0.55c 0.058 0.018 0.001 0.183

3 讨论

3.1 羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平对太行鸡生产性能的影响

家禽体表覆盖的羽毛在鸡群互啄及自身翻动、啄食羽毛过程中减少,由啄羽导致的羽毛覆盖降低是笼养蛋鸡中常见的问题,羽毛损伤会影响家禽的生长及生产,如饲料转化率、平均日采食量等。本试验结果显示,正常组的平均日采食量显著低于损伤组,这与李俊营等[13]的研究结果一致,可能是因为羽毛损伤使鸡体皮肤裸露,散热能力提高,在寒冷环境下需依靠采食来维持正常体温[14]。Mindus等[4]研究发现,在蛋鸡应激前连续摄入鼠李糖乳杆菌可以调节慢性应激诱导的羽毛损伤。Mindus等[15]研究还发现,在非应激条件下,添加鼠李糖乳杆菌改善了蛋鸡的羽毛覆盖度。因此推测饲粮中添加益生菌可能缓解羽毛损伤。本试验中,羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平这2个因素在产蛋率方面交互作用显著,表明嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平在一定程度上可以提高产蛋率,减少羽毛损伤,其中添加0.2%嗜酸乳杆菌可以显著提高产蛋率。Lim等[16]研究发现,饲喂添加0.2%益生菌饲粮的母鸡,肠道内大肠杆菌数降低,产蛋率提高。Chen等[17]研究发现,饲粮中添加嗜酸乳杆菌可以提高产蛋后期蛋鸡的产蛋率。另有Obianwuna等[18]研究发现,益生菌显著增加了蛋鸡的平均蛋重。本试验中,饲粮中添加0.2%和0.3%嗜酸乳杆菌显著提高了太行鸡的平均蛋重,与上述研究结果一致。

3.2 羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平对太行鸡啄羽行为的影响

蛋鸡在啄、看、刨和走的过程中对熟悉和不熟悉的刺激会进行试探性反应。因笼养模式导致的活动空间受限,觅食、走动行为无法满足,使蛋鸡出现啄地、啄物、盯物等焦虑行为[19]。另外,单调的饲养环境使动物产生压抑的心理,引起非正常的神经系统反应,攻击性增强,导致啄羽[20]。啄羽及相关行为的产生因其会出现群体效仿而严重影响生产及福利问题[21]。刘萌等[10]研究表明,损伤严重组蛋种鸡表现出较为频繁的啄物和啄羽行为,羽毛损伤加重,与本试验中损伤组太行鸡啄羽更频繁的结果一致。但本试验中正常组啄地、盯物次数升高,可能是由于人工饲养环境条件与动物行为习性[22]和心理需求之间的矛盾而导致的[23],因此正常组虽未表现出强烈的啄羽行为,但表现出其他相关行为。Mindus等[4]研究发现,鼠李糖乳杆菌阻止了蛋鸡啄羽行为的发生。Van Staaveren等[24]研究发现,饲粮中添加鼠李糖乳杆菌可以减少蛋鸡盲肠收缩次数,降低啄羽频率。本试验同样发现饲粮中添加0.2%嗜酸乳杆菌降低了太行鸡的啄羽、啄物次数。另外,本试验中,羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平在啄羽、啄地次数上交互作用显著,表明添加嗜酸乳杆菌在一定程度上可以改善羽毛损伤导致的啄羽、啄地现象的发生。

3.3 羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平对太行鸡盲肠菌群结构的影响

动物啄羽行为会破坏肠道菌群的结构和功能。Chen等[25]研究发现,公鸡的攻击性与肠道微生物的组成和多样性相关,高攻击性的公鸡肠道微生物中拟杆菌门的相对丰度降低,变形菌门的相对丰度升高。赵文昌[26]研究发现,羽毛生长完整组拥有更丰富的盲肠菌群多样性,肠道菌群结构改变。本试验发现,损伤组太行鸡盲肠菌群中脱硫菌门的相对丰度较高。脱硫菌门会对肠道上皮细胞产生毒性,Zhu等[27]研究发现,脱硫菌门相对丰度与退型性自闭症和焦虑样行为呈正相关,因此损伤组肠道内有害菌数量较多。益生菌通过在动物体内定植,一定程度上可以控制有害菌的数量[28]。Wu等[29]研究发现,肉鸡饲粮中添加嗜酸乳杆菌可以显著降低大肠杆菌感染组链球菌属、葡萄球菌属的相对丰度,增加拟杆菌门的相对丰度。Sunu等[30]通过研究发现,饲粮中添加嗜酸乳杆菌可以改善肉鸡肠道菌群。本试验中,饲粮中添加嗜酸乳杆菌提高了太行鸡盲肠菌群中乳杆菌属的相对丰度,降低了脱硫菌门和巨单胞菌属的相对丰度,其中添加0.2%嗜酸乳杆菌组显著优于其他添加嗜酸乳杆菌组。研究发现,自闭症和阿尔兹海默症患者的粪便中巨单胞菌属的相对丰度显著低于健康人群[31],表明巨单胞菌属与神经类疾病相关,因此推测蛋鸡中巨单胞菌属相对丰度降低可能会减少啄羽的产生。另外,在脱硫菌门相对丰度上,羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平交互作用显著,表明嗜酸乳杆菌在一定程度上可以通过降低脱硫菌门的相对丰度减少羽毛损伤的危害。

3.4 羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平对太行鸡血浆中5-HT及其相关物质水平的影响

蛋鸡啄羽行为能够破坏肠道微生物群及调节行为的单胺类神经递质系统[32]。5-HT是与啄羽行为联系最为紧密的单胺类物质,影响神经内分泌功能和生理状态[33]。本试验中正常组和损伤组间血浆中5-HT水平未发现显著差异,但饲粮中添加0.2%和0.3%嗜酸乳杆菌可以显著提高血浆5-HT水平。徐菊华等[34]发现,益生菌组合物能够调节5-HT的释放,进而改善焦虑行为,与本试验结果一致。Trp是5-HT的前体物质[35],通过影响5-HT合成来实现对家禽攻击性、采食和啄羽等行为的调控[36]。刘萌等[10]研究发现,与羽毛损伤组相比,羽毛完整组的血浆Trp水平更高,与本试验结果一致。5-HIAA是5-HT经一系列酶促反应生成的代谢产物,本试验发现正常组太行鸡血浆中5-HIAA水平显著高于损伤组,并且添加0.2%嗜酸乳杆菌可以显著提高血浆中5-HIAA水平。5-HT周转可由5-HIAA/5-HT比值表示[37],该比值低表明5-HT水平高。本试验中,添加嗜酸乳杆菌使得血浆中5-HIAA/5-HT比值降低,表明5-HT水平增加,与本试验得出的添加嗜酸乳杆菌使血浆中5-HT水平提高的结果一致;但正常组太行鸡血浆中5-HIAA/5-HT比值高于损伤组,可能是由于正常组5-HT代谢速度快,导致血浆中5-HIAA水平升高,使得5-HIAA/5-HT比值增大。CORT是肾上腺皮质产生的参与认知、情绪等重要生理功能的激素[38]。Summers等[39]研究发现,动物体内5-HT水平与血浆CORT水平相关,如敲除5-HT转运体的小鼠在受到应激时,攻击行为和CORT水平增加[40]。本试验发现,饲粮中添加0.2%嗜酸乳杆菌可以降低太行鸡血浆中CORT水平,并且羽毛损伤程度和嗜酸乳杆菌添加水平在血浆CORT水平上交互作用显著,表明嗜酸乳杆菌在一定程度上可以降低羽毛损伤导致的血浆中CORT水平升高。

4 结论

饲粮中添加0.2%嗜酸乳杆菌能够增加太行鸡盲肠菌群中有益菌的相对丰度,减少有害菌的相对丰度,降低血浆中CORT水平并提高5-HT水平,从而改善因羽毛损伤造成的啄羽现象,提高产蛋率和平均蛋重。

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