REVIEW

Biological Functions of Duckweed and Its Application in Livestock and Poultry Production

  • SUN Weiyan , 1 ,
  • MA Yubin 2 ,
  • LI Xilong 1 ,
  • JIANG Xianren , 1
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  • 1 Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2 College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
*associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-10-31

  Online published: 2024-04-15

Abstract

Chinese livestock and poultry breeding industry is facing huge challenges such as high protein feed costs and shortage of domestic protein feed resources, thus finding new unconventional protein feed resources is an important task for the current breeding industry. Duckweed is a floating plant with high yield, wide source and high protein content. Duckweed has many biological functions such as promoting growth, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial, which had broad application prospects in animal husbandry production. This paper summarized the general situation, biological functions of duckweed and its application effects in livestock and poultry production, which aimed to provide the reference for the in-depth research, application and promotion of duckweed in livestock and poultry production.

Cite this article

SUN Weiyan , MA Yubin , LI Xilong , JIANG Xianren . Biological Functions of Duckweed and Its Application in Livestock and Poultry Production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(4) : 2199 -2207 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.191

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,消费者对动物源性蛋白质的需求逐渐增加,畜牧业生产力不继续提高,导致蛋白质饲料市场需求上升[1]、供给短缺和价格上涨[2],甚至造成人畜争粮,不仅使养殖成本提高,还严重地威胁国家的粮食安全。因此,为保障我国饲料原料供给,减少对豆粕进口的依赖,推进豆粕减量替代措施,寻找新型蛋白质饲料原料十分迫切。
浮萍生长速度快、蛋白质含量高、纤维含量低[3]、易于采收、生长期长、保护期长、对动物无毒、无严重害虫,可将废水中各种物质转化为高质量的可食用组织,其营养价值优于目前使用的部分饲料原料[4]。浮萍全年生长,直接从废水中吸收养分,不需要额外的施肥或灌溉,并且不与农作物生产竞争土地。研究表明,浮萍适合鱼类、畜禽和人类食用[5]。Skillicorn等[6]研究发现,饲喂浮萍可以提升鱼类的生产效率,每年仅使用浮萍作为天然鱼饲料的补充,每公顷泻湖的平均产量约为10 t。目前,浮萍用作饲料在渔业和禽类养殖中应用的较多,在猪等畜类生产方面的应用较少。本文就浮萍的生物学功能以及其在畜禽生产中的应用进行了综述,旨在为浮萍替代豆粕作为饲料原料在禽畜生产上的深入研究和推广应用提供参考。

1 浮萍概况

浮萍是单子叶植物,属天南星科浮萍亚科,共5个属,分别为青萍属(Lemna)、紫萍属(Spirodela)、少根紫萍属(Landoltia)、芜萍属(Wolffia)、扁无根萍属(Wolffiella),目前已知有37个种。除沙漠和永久冻土地区外,浮萍在任何有水的地方都能生长,能适应广泛的生态条件,在全球范围内分布。

1.1 浮萍的营养成分

青萍属是最为常见的浮萍,包含13个品种,其营养成分含量为:粗蛋白质16.0%~45.5%,淀粉17.6%~35.0%,粗灰分3.5%~26.0%,粗脂肪3.4%~9.0%,粗纤维9.2%~29.7%,碳水化合物17.6%~35.0%[5-8]。青萍中必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸和非蛋白质氨基酸的含量分别为37.4%~39.2%、53.6%~58.2%和4.0%~7.1%,其中赖氨酸含量为1.6%~2.0%,还存在瓜氨酸、羟脯氨酸、牛磺酸等[9];总脂肪酸含量为10.6%,脂肪酸中以多不饱和脂肪酸为主,主要是α-亚麻酸(41%~47%)和亚油酸(17%~18%),占总脂肪酸的60%~63%,有利于人和动物健康[9];含有钙、铁、锌、镁、钾、磷、硅、钠、铝、锰、镍、铜、铅和钼等14种矿物元素[10],可作为矿物质补充剂来源;含有具有抗炎、抗氧化生物学功能的酚类物质和黄酮类物质。研究显示,青萍冻干水提物中总酚含量为22.0 μg/mg浸膏,总黄酮含量为16.7 μg/mg浸膏;青萍乙醇提取物中总酚含量为4.5 μg/mg浸膏,总黄酮含量为17.4 μg/mg浸膏[11]
紫萍属是中国药典规定的中药浮萍,包含2个品种——Spirodela polyrhizaSpirodela intermedia,其中研究Spirodela polyrhiza营养成分的报道较多,其粗蛋白质含量为13.1%~40.9%,粗脂肪含量为2.5%~7.19%,粗灰分含量为15.2%~20.64%,碳水化合物含量为38.38%~41.68%,粗纤维含量约为14.47%,无氮浸出物含量约为57.89%[12-15]。紫萍中含有天门冬氨酸、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸等18种氨基酸[16];氨基酸总量为10.66%~13.1%,其中必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的37.4%~38.5%,非必需氨基酸含量约为58.2%,游离氨基酸含量约为4.5%,并含有牛磺酸和羟脯氨酸[17];多不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的47%~53%,主要是α-亚麻酸(36%~39%)[17]
少根紫萍属仅有少根紫萍(Landoltia punctata)1个品种。Liu等[18]研究发现,在适宜的光照周期和营养水平下,Landoltia punctata的总淀粉产量为干重的33.16~76.45 g/m2,总淀粉含量最高可达干重的60.03%。Mohedano等[19]利用浮萍池塘从养殖废水中回收营养物质,测得Landoltia punctata中粗蛋白质平均含量约为35%。
芜萍属包含11个品种。Appenroth等[20]对11种芜萍的营养价值进行了分析,结果表明,总蛋白质含量为冻干重量的20%~30%,淀粉含量为10%~20%,粗脂肪含量为1%~5%,粗纤维含量为11%~25%,多不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的60%以上;芜萍中含有常量矿物元素钙、钾、钠、镁、铁和磷,微量矿物元素和非必需重金属汞、砷、硒、铜、锰、锌、碘和铅,其中镁含量在1.91~4.55 g/kg,铁含量在0.11~0.40 g/kg。
扁无根萍属包含10个品种,目前对其营养价值的研究较少。Petersen等[21]改良培养基中硝态氮和铵态氮的比例后测得Wolffiella hyalina中粗蛋白质含量可达43.9%。
综上可知,浮萍的粗蛋白质含量较高,最高可达干重的45.5%[8],与豆粕的粗蛋白质含量相当,且必需氨基酸组成更接近动物体蛋白质,因此浮萍是具有潜力的蛋白质饲料原料。浮萍中淀粉的含量可以通过调控生长条件而显著增加,使得浮萍成为替代淀粉作物以及用于生产生物乙醇和生物丁醇等生物燃料的潜在原料。但浮萍中营养成分根据种类与生长环境不同而存在差异,在具体生产实践中需根据生产目的与条件筛选出最适宜的浮萍品种。

1.2 浮萍的生长特性

浮萍喜温暖气候和潮湿环境,不喜严寒,在全球温暖地区分布广泛,大多数物种主要分布在热带或亚热带和温带地区[22],我国南北地区河流、湖泊、池塘、水田等淡水水域中均有分布。浮萍的分布与水体环境条件相关,尤其受水中氨氮、pH影响[23]。据已发表文献,目前我国有青萍属、紫萍属、少根紫萍属、芜萍属4个属,共12个品种[24-25]。不同物种或同一物种不同来源的浮萍对水中污染物的耐受能力不同,其中青萍的适应性较强,分布相较多根紫萍、少根紫萍以及芜萍占优势,可以耐受pH 5.50~9.50的水体环境,对氨氮、总磷的耐受能力更强[23,26-27]

1.3 浮萍的重金属富集

浮萍的富集性导致在水体污染时会积累砷、铅、镉、铜、汞等重金属[28]。王香莲等[27]调查测定了鄱阳湖流域浮萍种质资源分布及水体环境,结果表明,青萍对镉、锌、铜、镍等重金属元素的富集范围更广泛,多根紫萍富集铬、少根紫萍富集锰的效果更好。陈蕾等[23]调查了江苏、广州两省的浮萍分布及水体环境,结果同样证实这一点。Yang等[29]对比了3种浮萍在氯化汞中的生长状态,结果表明,青萍对汞的毒性更敏感,多根紫萍对汞的耐受性更强。根据不同物种的浮萍对污染水体成分富集能力的差异,选择优势品种可对污染水体进行高效修复。

1.4 浮萍的产量

浮萍的繁殖方式主要为无性繁殖,易培养,生产成本低廉,繁殖速度近指数。浮萍倍增时间因物种和环境条件而异,受温度、光周期、风速、pH以及密度和氮、磷浓度的影响。在适当的环境条件下,浮萍倍增时间短的为20~24 h,大多为2~3 d[30],最高生长速度接近29 g/(m2·d),相当于每公顷每年10~30 t干重[6,31],可以以种植同等面积大豆的6~10倍的速度生产可食用蛋白质[30]

2 浮萍的生物学功能

浮萍中蛋白质含量丰富,氨基酸模式理想,且含有黄酮类化合物和酚类化合物等生物活性物质,具有促生长、抗氧化、抗炎和抑菌等生物学功能。

2.1 促生长

浮萍通过提供优质蛋白质、氨基酸等营养物质促进机体生长。浮萍中蛋白质含量丰富,根据菌株种类、生长环境和培育条件的不同,浮萍干燥后含有16.0%~45.5%的粗蛋白质[8]。Roman等[32]使用浮萍蛋白(紫萍、芜萍、芜萍混合物)分别替代10%和25%蛋白质水平的酪蛋白饲料饲喂小鼠,结果表明,饲喂25%浮萍蛋白可显著增加小鼠肺脏的重量。浮萍的氨基酸组成模式理想,接近动物体蛋白质,可被动物高效利用。所有必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸在所有品系的养殖浮萍中都有足够的含量,且必需氨基酸的组成与大豆相当,大多数必需氨基酸体外消化率高于90%[9,33]。Stein[34]利用浮萍浓缩蛋白饲喂断奶仔猪,结果表明,断奶仔猪可以较好利用浮萍中的蛋白质和氨基酸,所有氨基酸的平均标准化回肠消化率约为82%。

2.2 抗氧化

浮萍的抗氧化活性高于大多数蔬菜和作物[33,35]。浮萍中含有丰富的黄酮类化合物和酚类化合物,是浮萍抗氧化活性的主要来源[33]。对浮萍成分的研究表明,其含有槲皮素和木犀草素等约20种黄酮类化合物[36],其中,槲皮素具有较强的自由基清除能力,可诱导谷胱甘肽合成[37];木犀草素可清除自由基,提高体内抗氧化酶活性和还原性物质的生成,从而应对组织和细胞的氧化损伤[38]。紫萍中的总黄酮可以增强超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性,有效保护内皮细胞免受氧化损伤[39]。酚类化合物是植物体内主要的次生代谢产物,抗氧化活性与总酚含量成正比,总酚含量越高,抗氧化活性越高,而浮萍中总酚含量与西兰花等蔬菜相当[35]。浮萍提取物具有螯合活性,能够在菲咯嗪之前捕获亚铁离子,预防亚铁离子与过氧化氢发生芬顿反应产生自由基[11]

2.3 抗炎

浮萍含有黄酮类化合物、酚类化合物和植物甾醇等活性成分,具有抗炎作用。黄酮类物质抗炎活性的主要机制是抑制类二十烷酸生成酶,包括磷脂酶A2、环加氧酶和脂氧合酶,从而降低前列腺素和白三烯的浓度[40];调节炎症相关细胞的细胞活性,如抑制肥大细胞释放组胺、抑制T细胞增殖等;抑制磷酸二酯酶、蛋白激酶和转录酶的激活[41];激活诱导抗氧化剂转录和解毒防御系统[42]。木犀草素通过降低多种促炎细胞因子、趋化因子的表达发挥抗炎作用[38]。槲皮素通过抑制巨噬细胞促炎因子的表达、降低核因子-κB(NF-κB)通路活性的水平[43]、抑制环加氧酶途径[40]发挥抗炎作用。Karamalakova等[44]研究发现,浮萍提取物增强了对博来霉素诱导的慢性炎症的防御作用,表现在预防特定肺蛋白氧化、脂质过氧化、活性氧鉴定和细胞因子调节中。

2.4 抑菌

浮萍及其提取物具有抑菌特性。体外试验表明,浮萍可以抑制大多数革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌以及念珠菌,如枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、嗜水气单胞菌、肺炎链球菌和光滑念珠菌等[11,45-46]。浮萍中抗菌有效成分为黄酮类化合物[46],此类物质的抑菌机制可能为:作用于菌体细胞,通过增加细胞膜的通透性或降低膜的流动性,直接或间接引起代谢功能障碍,引起细胞损伤[47];抑制ATP合成酶活性,抑制能量生成[48];抑制DNA拓扑异构酶活性抑制核酸合成[49];作为透明质酸裂解酶抑制剂,抑制细菌毒性[50];与金属离子形成螯合物,抑制细菌金属酶活性[51];使细菌细胞壁中肽聚糖以及蛋白质的合成受阻,导致细菌细胞和细胞壁损伤[52]

3 浮萍在畜禽生产中的应用

3.1 作为蛋白质原料替代物

浮萍可作为优质蛋白质原料饲喂畜禽,降低养殖成本,提高经济效益。Haustetn等[53]分别用15%、25%、40%的浮萍(Lemna gibbaWolffia arrhiza混合物)替代蛋鸡饲粮中的常规蛋白质来源,结果表明,所有替代水平的浮萍饲粮均可维持产蛋量水平和平均蛋重,不影响正常生产。Zakaria等[54]研究表明,在饲粮中添加10%的浮萍(Lemna gibba)替代豆粕饲喂蛋鸡,不影响蛋鸡的生长性能和鸡蛋质量,且降低了饲料成本。Men等[55-56]研究发现,以新鲜浮萍(Lemna minor)替代饲粮中100%的蛋白质饲料(豆粕和鱼粉)饲喂种鸭,与对照组相比,不影响繁殖性能并降低25%的饲料成本;饲料中添加新鲜浮萍(Lemna minor)完全替代豆粕和维生素矿物质预混料饲喂生长鸭,对生长鸭生长性能和胴体性状无显著影响。Ngamsaeng等[57]研究发现,饲粮中添加浮萍(Lemna minor)代替碎米作为蛋白质补充剂饲喂鸭时,鸭的增重和饲料转化率较高。Hamid等[58]研究发现,饲粮中添加浮萍(Lemna trisulaca)替代部分鱼粉饲喂雏鸭,不影响雏鸭的生长性能。Tu等[59]研究发现,饲粮中添加高蛋白质浮萍(Lemna minor)替代豆粕饲喂番鸭,提高了末重和日增重,降低了饲料成本,提升了经济效益。

3.2 提高畜禽生产性能

Men等[60]研究发现,饲粮中添加新鲜浮萍替代部分鱼粉和豆粕饲喂母猪可改善产仔数和产仔窝重,提高母猪繁殖性能。Van等[61]研究发现,新鲜浮萍可以完全替代饲粮中的大米副产品和蛋白质粉,饲养的育肥猪生长速度和饲料转化效率不降低且胴体更瘦。Haustein等[62]研究表明,在商业养殖条件下,饲粮中添加5%浮萍(Lemna gibba)粉可显著增加肉鸡的体重。饲喂浮萍可以提升鱼类的生产效率,使产量从每年每公顷几百千克增加到每年每公顷10 t[6]。Aghoghovwia等[63]研究表明,饲料中添加浮萍(Lemna gibba)替代豆粕饲喂尖齿胡鲶,平均体长、体重、日增重和饲料转化率均显著增加,且随着浮萍添加量增加,尖齿胡鲶的生长速度相应增加。张植元等[64]研究发现,饲料中添加14%的浮萍(Lemna minor)替代菜籽粕饲喂黄金鲤鱼,可显著提高增重、生长效率和蛋白质效率。杨乔乔等[65]研究发现,饲料中添加20%的紫萍粉饲喂罗非鱼幼鱼,增重率提高了57.5%,特定生长率提高了30.3%。Pradhan等[66]研究发现,饲料中添加新鲜浮萍(Wolffia globosa)饲喂露斯塔野鲮鱼,显著增加了平均长度、增重、生长率和日生长指数。

3.3 提高畜产品品质

禽类肉、蛋的颜色特征与其商业价值密切相关。研究发现,浮萍中含有丰富的类胡萝卜素[67],饲喂浮萍可增加类胡萝卜素沉积,有效改善蛋黄颜色及肉品质。Zakaria等[54]研究发现,蛋鸡饲粮中添加浮萍(Lemna gibba)可以显著增加蛋黄色素沉着,并且蛋黄颜色与浮萍添加量呈正相关。Haustetn等[53]研究表明,饲粮中添加15%或25%的浮萍(Lemna gibbaWolffia arrhiza混合物)饲喂蛋鸡,鸡蛋蛋白质含量高于对照组,且显著增加了蛋黄色素沉着。Tu等[59]研究发现,与饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲粮的番鸭相比,饲喂浮萍(Lemna minor)饲粮的番鸭肉色更鲜艳。

3.4 提高畜禽抗氧化能力

浮萍中含有丰富的黄酮类化合物和酚类化合物,饲粮中添加浮萍可提高机体的抗氧化能力。Tanuwiria等[68]研究证实,在奶牛饲粮中添加浮萍(Lemna minor)可提高奶牛的血浆抗氧化能力;并且,饲粮中单独或组合添加浮萍均能显著提高血红蛋白和白细胞的浓度,降低氧化应激风险。李泽青等[69]研究发现,饲粮中添加适量的浮萍(Lemna minor)饲喂产蛋鸡,可以降低产蛋中后期蛋鸡血清丙二醛(MDA)含量以及白细胞和淋巴细胞数量,提高红细胞数量和总抗氧化能力。张植元等[64]研究发现,饲料中添加14%的浮萍(Lemna minor)替代菜籽粕饲喂黄金鲤鱼,可显著增加肝胰脏、脾脏、肾脏和血清中SOD和CAT活性,显著降低MDA含量。秦志清等[70]研究发现,在饲料中添加10%的浮萍(Wolffia arrhiza)饲喂罗非鱼,可显著提高血清中SOD活性。Pradhan等[66]研究表明,饲料中添加新鲜浮萍(Wolffia globosa)可显著提高露斯塔野鲮鱼红细胞总数、白细胞总数、血糖水平、血浆蛋白质水平和胴体维生素C水平。

3.5 高效利用养殖废水

猪粪中含有大量未被利用的营养物质,部分处理后排放仍会导致水体富营养化等环境污染问题。浮萍对废水中高浓度的营养物质具有较高的耐受性[31],可高效富集水体中的氮、磷等营养元素,将其转化为自身组织,快速繁殖并累积蛋白质和淀粉,改善水体富营养化状况。在废水中养殖浮萍用以生产动物饲料、生产燃料乙醇[71],收获的经济价值可以完全或部分补偿去除废水中营养物质的成本,且在动物和人类废水中养殖的浮萍生长速度、营养价值和无机物含量高于在天然水域中生长的浮萍[4,72]。在经过部分处理的猪粪便中利用浮萍进一步处理污水,不易造成二次污染,可最大限度地减少对环境的影响,并可生产高蛋白质饲料。Cheng等[31]研究表明,浮萍(Lemna minor)可有效去除猪泻湖中的氮和磷,体外试验去除率为3.4 g总凯氏氮(TKN)/(m2·d),田间试验为2.1 g TKN/(m2·d),且生长良好,最高生长速率接近29 g/(m2·d)。猪粪废水中有丰富的微量元素,Devlamynck等[73]研究发现,猪粪水中养殖的浮萍(Lemna minor)富含铁、锰和锌等矿物质,潜在的有害重金属砷、铬和铅低于饲料限制标准,粗蛋白质含量达35%,表明浮萍可被用来处理猪粪废水,同时生产富含矿物质和蛋白质的饲料原料。Bergmann等[74]研究发现,浮萍(Lemna minor)生长在50%的猪泻湖污水中时氨氮的去除率为100%。Mohedano等[75]评估了2个浮萍池塘去除猪粪水中营养物质的效率,结果显示,对TKN和总磷去除的效率分别约为98%和98.8%,TKN去除率为4.4 g/(m2·d),2个浮萍池塘一起产生约435 kg粗蛋白质,相当于每公顷每年24 t的生产力。

4 小结与展望

浮萍营养价值高,其蛋白质含量和氨基酸组成与大豆相当,并含有丰富的黄酮类物质和酚类物质。浮萍的生物学功能(抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌等)正逐步被阐明,饲粮中添加浮萍可促进畜禽生长,降低机体氧化应激风险,提高经济效益,在畜禽生产中具有广阔的应用前景。目前,我国对于浮萍应用于畜牧生产上的研究较少,在动物养殖领域的研究应用仍非常有限,今后应加强浮萍在畜牧生产上的研究应用。为更好地在畜禽生产上应用浮萍,今后应注意以下几个方面:1)浮萍含水量极高,需探寻合理的应用方式,用作常规饲料进行干燥处理时,可能会造成浮萍养分的流失和额外能量的损耗,而浮萍应用于液态饲喂可能较为合理;2)针对因浮萍富集性产生有害物质的风险,需对浮萍养殖环境和污染物进行监控;3)浮萍中的抗营养因子,如草酸、单宁等,用作饲料时可能会产生刺激性味道,且在动物食用后可能会抑制消化和代谢,导致采食量和饲料转化率下降,从而影响动物的生产性能,需深入研究抗营养因子对动物生长发育的负面影响,寻找解决方案;4)浮萍中存在未被分析的组分,且动物对浮萍中蛋白质和氨基酸以及其他营养成分的消化率以及浮萍的抗氧化活性和抗菌活性等还未有充分试验总结,有待进一步研究。
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