Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 4: 2234 - 2245

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.194

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Fermented Traditional Chinese Medicine on Reproductive Performance and Lactation Performance of Sows, Growth Performance of Suckling Piglets

  • LI Yongxia , 1 ,
  • YAN Zixing 1 ,
  • YUAN Xi 1 ,
  • ZHANG Jinqiu 1 ,
  • WANG Ziheng 2 ,
  • ZHAI Shuangshuang 1 ,
  • YANG Ye , 1
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  • 1 College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China
  • 2 Dabeinong Wuhan Science and Technology Park, Wuhan 430000, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-10-31

  Online published: 2024-04-15

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Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with fermented traditional Chinese medicine on reproductive performance, lactation performance of sows, and growth performance of suckling piglets. Forty-five Landrace × Large White binary hybrid sows (1 week before farrowing) with 3 to 4 parity and similar body weight were randomly divided into 3 groups with 15 replicates per group and 1 sow per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, and the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplementation with 2% and 4% fermented traditional Chinese medicine, respectively. These diets were fed from prenatal 7 days to postnatal 21 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with 2% and 4% fermented traditional Chinese medicine significantly increased the birth litter weight, weaning litter weight, average weaning weight, weaned piglet number and the average daily gain of piglets (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with 2% and 4% fermented traditional Chinese medicine significantly increased the lactation capacity of sows and the contents of milk fat and milk protein in colostrum components (P<0.05); significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (P<0.05), and significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in colostrum (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with 2% and 4% fermented traditional Chinese medicine significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and SOD activity (P<0.05), significantly decreased MDA content in sow serum (P<0.05); and significantly increased the contents of prolactin (PRL), estradiol (E2) in serum (P<0.05), significantly decreased progesterone (Prog) content in sow serum (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with 2% and 4% fermented traditional Chinese medicine significantly increased the serum SOD activity of suckling piglets (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the diarrhea rate of piglets (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 2% and 4% fermented traditional Chinese medicine can significantly improve the reproductive performance and lactation performance of sows, and the growth performance of suckling piglets, decrease the diarrhea rate of piglets.

Key words： fermented traditional Chinese medicine; sows; reproductive performance; lactation performance; suckling piglets; growth performance

Cite this article

LI Yongxia , YAN Zixing , YUAN Xi , ZHANG Jinqiu , WANG Ziheng , ZHAI Shuangshuang , YANG Ye . Effects of Fermented Traditional Chinese Medicine on Reproductive Performance and Lactation Performance of Sows, Growth Performance of Suckling Piglets[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(4) : 2234 -2245 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.194

数十年来随着育种进程的不断加快,母猪窝产仔数从10头持续增加到20头,窝产仔数出现乳头竞争,并可能导致仔猪死亡率增加[1-2]。Ocepek等[3]观察到,大窝仔猪在刺激乳房时会花费更多时间,导致其失去更多能量,产奶量也会随之减少;仔猪获得的奶量可能会受到哺乳仔猪的数量、仔猪的大小和健康及泌乳阶段等因素的影响[4]。因此,随着窝产仔数的增加,如何提高母猪泌乳能力成为研究重点和热点。有研究发现,药物催乳可能带来负面影响,而中草药催乳剂日益普及[5]。
益母草作为传统中草药在中国被广泛应用于治疗妇科疾病[6]。现代药理学研究表明,益母草具有补益气血、抗炎、抗氧化、调节免疫力及子宫修复等多种作用[7⇓-9]。在畜牧养殖中,将益母草作为饲料添加剂可改善畜禽的繁殖性能、产奶性能[10-11]。同时,益母草也被用于治疗母畜胎衣不下、产后发情障碍、产道炎、子宫炎和乳房炎等疾病[12]。然而,由于许多中草药有效成分的化学结构使其难以被机体有效直接吸收利用,现代微生物发酵研究发现,微生物及其所分泌的多种酶类可解除植物细胞壁对中药有效成分释放的抑制作用,从而显著提高活性成分的释放量,进一步提高了中草药的药效,减少毒副作用[13-14]。因此,本研究旨在将发酵中药作为饲料添加剂应用到母猪生产中,探讨其对母猪繁殖性能、泌乳性能及哺乳仔猪生长等方面的影响及其作用机制,以期为中草药饲料资源开发利用及在动物生产中的应用提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 发酵中药制备

发酵中药由大北农(武汉)科技园提供。发酵菌剂含有枯草芽孢杆菌1.0×1012 CFU/g、凝结芽孢杆菌3.0×1011 CFU/g、粪肠球菌2.4×1011 CFU/g、植物乳杆菌4.0×1011 CFU/g、酵母菌4.5×1010 CFU/g。将发酵菌剂与无菌水按1∶20比例配制搅拌均匀,36 ℃静置24 h,制成益生菌溶液。益生菌溶液接种于中药(主要包括益母草15%、艾叶8%、板蓝根11%、枣粉8%)、玉米(12%)、小麦麸(5%)、豆粕(14.7%)等内混合均匀,使发酵中药水分含量达到42%,装入带单向呼吸阀的发酵袋中,36 ℃厌氧发酵10 h。中药发酵前后的主要营养成分如表1所示。
表1 中药发酵前后的主要营养成分

Table 1 Main nutritional components of traditional Chinese medicine before and after fermentation

项目 Items 发酵前含量 Content before fermentation 发酵后含量 Content after fermentation
消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) 5.74 5.86
粗蛋白质 CP/% 11.54 11.70
粗纤维 CF/% 11.96 12.00
粗灰分 Ash/% 8.99 9.00
钙 Ca/% 0.07 0.10
总磷 TP/% 0.19 0.20

消化能为计算值,依据《中国饲料成分及营养价值表》(第30版)计算,其余均为实测值,粗蛋白质、粗纤维、粗灰分、钙、总磷测定方法分别依据GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6434—2022、GB/T 6438—2007、GB/T 6436—2018及GB/T 6437—2018。表2同。

DE was a calculated value, according to Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (30th edition), while the others were measured values, and determination methods of CP, CF, Ash, Ca and TP were based on GB/T 6432—2018, GB/T 6434—2022, GB/T 6438—2007, GB/T 6436—2018 and GB/T 6437—2018, respectively. The same as Table 2.

1.2 试验设计

本试验选取3~4胎次、体重相近的待产前1周的“长×大”二元杂交母猪45头,随机分为3组,每组15个重复,每个重复1头母猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中分别添加2%和4%发酵中药的试验饲粮。饲粮组成及营养水平见表2。
表2 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis)%

项目
Items		 对照组
CON group		 2%发酵中药组
2% FTCM group		 4%发酵中药组
4% FTCM group
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 63.26 63.27 63.50
豆粕 Soybean meal 21.24 21.23 21.00
麦麸 Wheat bran 6.50 6.50 6.50
米糠 Rice bran 4.00 2.00
发酵中药 Fermented traditional Chinese medicine 2.00 4.00
豆油 Soybean oil 2.00 2.00 2.00
石粉 Limestone 0.50 0.50 0.50
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 1.10 1.10 1.10
氯化钠 NaCl 0.40 0.40 0.40
预混料 Premix1) 1.00 1.00 1.00
合计 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) 13.42 13.44 13.45
粗蛋白质 CP 17.79 17.82 17.88
钙 Ca 0.85 0.85 0.86
总磷 TP 0.66 0.65 0.60
赖氨酸 Lys 1.07 1.08 1.08
蛋氨酸 Met 0.52 0.52 0.53

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 12 500 IU,VD3 33 000 IU,VE 75 mg,VK3 3.5 mg,VB12 40 μg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 18.5 mg,胆碱 choline 350 mg,生物素 biotin 1.3 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.65 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 18 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 145 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 30 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 100 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.40 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.30 mg。

2)消化能为计算值,依据《中国饲料成分及营养价值表》(第30版)计算,其余均为实测值,氨基酸测定方法依据GB/T 18246—2019。DE was a calculated value, according to Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (30th edition), while the others were measured values, and amino acid determination method was based on GB/T 18246—2019.

1.3 饲养管理

试验在大北农公司恩施猪场进行。饲养管理方式按规模化猪场常规管理规程和正常免疫程序进行。母猪预产期前1周转入产房,哺乳期饲养于分娩栏中,所有母猪自由采食,自动饮水器供水,保持猪舍通风、卫生、干燥。每天观察并准确记录母猪和仔猪的健康状况。预试期7 d(母猪分娩前7 d),正试期21 d(母猪分娩开始到哺乳期结束)。

1.4 样品采集与处理

母猪采血在分娩后第14天。仔猪采血在21日龄(断奶当天)。试验均采用前腔静脉采血,使用20 mL的一次性注射器将血液样本收集到15 mL无菌采集管中,室温平面静置30 min,4 000 r/min离心15 min,取上清,放入-20 ℃冰箱保存。在分娩后4 h内采集母猪初乳,分别从乳房前、中和后部的乳头手动采集30 mL初乳样本,放入-20 ℃冰箱保存。

1.5 检测指标

1.5.1 母猪繁殖性能的测定

以重复为单位,在母猪分娩完成后,统计每窝的产活仔数、带仔数、初生窝重、平均初生重。产活仔数为母猪1窝所产全部活仔猪数,带仔数为同一组交叉寄养后的仔猪数,初生窝重为交叉寄养后1窝所有活仔猪的重量,平均初生重为初生窝重除以同窝活仔数。在母猪断奶完成后,统计每窝的断奶仔猪数、断奶窝重、平均断奶重、断奶成活率。计算仔猪平均日增重、母猪总泌乳力、日泌乳力。断奶仔猪数为断奶后1窝的仔猪数,断奶窝重为断奶后1窝所有仔猪的重量,平均断奶重为断奶窝重除以同窝活仔数,断奶成活率为断奶仔猪数除以带仔数。记录哺乳期每组哺乳仔猪的总头数、仔猪腹泻情况,计算腹泻率。
计算公式如下:
平均日增重(g)=[(断奶窝重(kg)-初生窝重(kg)]/[(断奶仔猪数(头)/21)]×1 000;
总泌乳力(L)=[断奶窝重(kg)-初生窝重(kg)]×3;
日泌乳力(L)=[断奶窝重(kg)-初生窝重(kg)]×3/21;
腹泻率(%)=[(腹泻仔猪总头数(头)×腹泻天数(d)]/[(哺乳仔猪总头数(头)×21)]/100。

1.5.2 母猪采食量、体重、背膘厚的测定

试验期间记录母猪的采食量,分别计算在第1周、第2周、第3周1头母猪的平均日采食量;记录母猪分娩前和断奶后的体重,计算每头母猪的体重损失(分娩体重减去断奶体重);用美国Renco超声波背膘仪(LEAN-MEATER)分别在母猪妊娠第114天和断奶当天测定母猪P2点(距最后1根肋骨中线6.5 cm处)的背膘厚,计算背膘损失(分娩背膘厚-断奶背膘厚)。

1.5.3 母猪初乳中成分及密度的测定

以重复为单位,将采集的初乳样本用乳成分自动分析仪(Master LM2,北京哈罗德科技有限公司)进行测定,测定初乳中乳糖、乳蛋白、乳脂肪、非脂乳固体含量及密度。

1.5.4 激素指标和抗氧化指标的测定

以重复为单位,用采集的母猪血清测定激素指标[催乳素(PRL)、孕酮(Prog)、雌二醇(E2)、生长激素(GH)的含量],均采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)试剂盒测定;用采集的母猪血清、母猪乳清、仔猪血清测定抗氧化指标[总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量],均采用南京建成生物工程研究所生产的试剂盒测定。

1.6 数据统计分析

试验数据采用SAS 9.2软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并以Duncan氏法进行多重比较检验,结果用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 发酵中药对哺乳母猪繁殖性能的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加2%和4%发酵中药显著增加带仔数、初生窝重、断奶仔猪数、断奶窝重、断奶个体重及仔猪平均日增重(P<0.05)。添加发酵中药对仔猪断奶成活率无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表3 发酵中药对哺乳母猪繁殖性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of fermented traditional Chinese medicine on reproductive performance of sows

项目
Items		 对照组
CON group		 2%发酵中药组
2% FTCM group		 4%发酵中药组
4% FTCM group		 SEM P值
P-value
产活仔数 Live litter size/头 11.800 12.733 12.867 0.888 0.655
带仔数 Sucking piglets/头 12.516b 13.541a 11.533c 0.133 <0.001
初生窝重 Birth litter weight/kg 16.133b 18.960a 19.093a 0.931 0.049
平均初生重 Average birth weight/kg 1.440 1.473 1.567 0.070 0.426
断奶仔猪数 Weaned piglet number/头 11.667b 12.867a 11.133c 0.118 <0.001
断奶窝重 Weaning litter weight/kg 62.827b 70.553a 77.313a 2.673 0.002
平均断奶重 Average weaning weight/kg 5.367c 6.147b 6.987a 0.238 <0.001
断奶成活率 Weaning survival rate/% 93.220 95.023 96.532 0.932 0.368
仔猪平均日增重 Average daily gain of piglet/g 190.110b 191.060b 255.640a 10.912 <0.001

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 发酵中药对母猪采食量、背膘厚和体重的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加2%和4%发酵中药显著增加母猪哺乳期第1周和第3周的平均日采食量(P<0.05)。添加2%和4%发酵中药对母猪背膘厚和体重无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表4 发酵中药对母猪采食量、背膘厚和体重的影响

Table 4 Effects of fermented traditional Chinese medicine on feed intake, backfat thickness and body weight of sows

项目
Items		 对照组
CON group		 2%发酵中药组
2% FTCM group		 4%发酵中药组
4% FTCM group		 SEM P值
P-value
母猪采食量 Sow feed intake/[kg/(d·头)]
哺乳期第1周
The first week during lactation period		 2.181b 3.352a 2.698ab 0.245 0.012
哺乳期第2周
The second week during lactation period		 6.314 6.111 7.412 0.589 0.269
哺乳期第3周
The third week during lactation period		 7.962b 8.314ab 8.820a 0.185 0.014
哺乳期 Lactation period 5.486 5.925 6.310 1.678 0.942
母猪背膘厚 Sow backfat thickness/mm
分娩 Parturition 17.714 18.250 18.500 0.435 0.477
断奶 Weaning 15.300 16.444 16.833 0.443 0.088
背膘损失 Backfat loss 2.400 1.800 1.667 0.222 0.088
母猪体重 Sow body weight/kg
分娩 Parturition 252.000 258.000 260.500 3.810 0.272
断奶 Weaning 226.750 233.455 235.250 2.373 0.226
体重损失 Body weight loss 25.818 24.889 23.667 1.720 0.832

2.3 发酵中药对母猪泌乳力、初乳成分、密度及初乳中抗氧化指标的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加2%和4%发酵中药显著提高母猪的总泌乳力、日泌乳力及初乳中乳蛋白率、乳脂率(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加2%和4%发酵中药对母猪初乳中乳糖率、非脂乳固体含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表5 发酵中药对母猪泌乳力、初乳成分及密度的影响

Table 5 Effects of fermented traditional Chinese medicine on lactation capacity, colostrum composition and density of sows

项目
Items		 对照组
CON group		 2%发酵中药组
2% FTCM group		 4%发酵中药组
4% FTCM group		 SEM P值
P-value
总泌乳力 Total lactation capacity/L 140.080b 152.200b 178.780a 8.072 0.005
日泌乳力 Daily lactation capacity/L 6.667b 7.240b 8.520a 0.386 0.005
乳脂率 Milk fat rate/% 3.900b 4.000b 4.700a 0.002 0.012
乳蛋白率 Milk protein rate/% 7.700b 7.900ab 8.300a 0.001 0.047
乳糖率 Milk lactose rate/% 11.900 12.000 12.500 0.002 0.078
非脂乳固体 Non-fat milk solid/% 21.300 21.600 22.300 0.004 0.226
密度 Density/(kg/m3) 71.125b 75.650a 77.675a 1.340 0.020
由表6可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加2%和4%发酵中药显著提高母猪初乳中SOD活性(P<0.05),显著降低MDA含量(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加2%和4%发酵中药对母猪初乳中T-AOC无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表6 发酵中药对母猪初乳抗氧化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of fermented traditional Chinese medicine on antioxidant indices of sow colostrum

项目
Items		 对照组
CON group		 2%发酵中药组
2% FTCM group		 4%发酵中药组
4% FTCM group		 SEM P值
P-value
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 7.724a 6.423ab 5.610b 0.395 0.025
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) 391.330b 405.860b 465.390a 14.017 0.017
总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(mmol/L) 4.798 4.801 4.948 0.056 0.178

2.4 发酵中药对母猪血清激素指标和抗氧化指标的影响

由表7、表8可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加2%和4%发酵中药显著增加血清中PRL、E2的含量(P<0.05),显著降低血清Prog的含量(P<0.05);显著提高血清中T-AOC、SOD活性(P<0.05),显著降低血清MDA含量(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加2%和4%发酵中药对血清GH含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表7 发酵中药对母猪血清激素指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of fermented traditional Chinese medicine on serum hormone indices of sows

项目
Items		 对照组
CON group		 2%发酵中药组
2% FTCM group		 4%发酵中药组
4% FTCM group		 SEM P值
P-value
雌二醇E2/(ng/L) 44.963b 64.367a 70.185a 3.849 0.002
催乳素 PRL/(ng/mL) 147.830c 235.640b 282.920a 13.243 <0.001
生长激素GH/(ng/mL) 4.767 5.413 9.224 1.808 0.248
孕酮 Prog/(ng/mL) 4.099a 2.497b 2.073b 0.488 0.047
表8 发酵中药对母猪血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 8 Effects of fermented traditional Chinese medicine on serum antioxidant indices of sows

项目
Items		 对照组
CON group		 2%发酵中药组
2% FTCM group		 4%发酵中药组
4% FTCM group		 SEM P值
P-value
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 4.286a 3.714b 3.619b 0.110 0.010
超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) 22.810b 24.258b 27.000a 0.783 0.024
总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(mmol/L) 0.499c 0.534b 0.592a 0.010 0.002

2.5 发酵中药对哺乳仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表9可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加2%和4%发酵中药显著提高哺乳仔猪血清中SOD活性(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加2%和4%发酵中药对血清中T-AOC、MDA含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表9 发酵中药对哺乳仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 9 Effects of fermented traditional Chinese medicine on serum antioxidant indices of suckling piglets

项目
Items		 对照组
CON group		 2%发酵中药组
2% FTCM group		 4%发酵中药组
4% FTCM group		 SEM P值
P-value
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 3.659 3.577 3.252 0.253 0.523
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) 31.202b 33.951a 34.816a 0.640 0.017
总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(mmol/L) 0.477 0.493 0.515 0.011 0.118

2.6 发酵中药对哺乳仔猪腹泻的影响

由表10可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加2%和4%发酵中药腹泻仔猪的头数逐渐减少,1 d腹泻率显著降低(P<0.05)。随着饲粮中发酵中药添加量的增加,有降低2 d腹泻率和3 d腹泻率的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表10 发酵中药对哺乳仔猪腹泻的影响

Table 10 Effects of fermented traditional Chinese medicine on diarrhea of suckling piglets

项目
Items		 对照组
CON group		 2%发酵中药组
2% FTCM group		 4%发酵中药组
4% FTCM group		 SEM P值
P-value
哺乳仔猪总头数
Total number of suckling piglets/头		 175.000 200.000 165.000
腹泻1 d仔猪数
Number of piglets with diarrhea in 1 day/头		 33.000 17.000 10.000
1 d腹泻率 1-day diarrhea rate/% 0.898a 0.405b 0.289c 0.018 <0.001
腹泻2 d仔猪数
Number of piglets with diarrhea in 2 day/头		 16.000 13.000 5.000
2 d腹泻率 2-day diarrhea rate/% 0.871 0.619 0.289 0.022 0.067
腹泻3 d仔猪数
Number of piglets with diarrhea in 3 day/头		 14.000 8.000 5.000
3 d腹泻率 3-day diarrhea rate/% 1.143 0.571 0.433 0.036 0.079

3 讨论

3.1 发酵中药对母猪繁殖性能和泌乳性能的影响

近年来,发酵中药作为饲料添加剂受到国内外研究学者的关注[15]。很多研究表明,经微生物发酵后中药在提高母猪繁殖性能(产活仔数、仔猪平均日增重)和泌乳性能(泌乳量、乳成分)方面具有积极作用[16⇓-18]。在本研究中,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加2%和4%发酵中药可显著提高母猪泌乳力和仔猪平均日增重。泌乳在母猪生产周期中仅占15%~20%,其是新陈代谢要求最高的阶段[19]。有研究发现,母猪在哺乳期间,机体恢复和泌乳的双重营养均需从饲粮中摄入的足够营养来满足[19]。初乳中含有丰富的乳蛋白、乳脂肪和乳糖[20]。益母草和枣粉中的活性成分可能对乳产量和乳成分产生一定的影响。益母草提取物或芪归催乳散对提高母猪泌乳量及初乳中乳蛋白和乳糖含量有积极作用[21-22]。在奶牛的养殖应用中,添加益母草可提高奶牛的产奶量,加速乳蛋白、乳脂肪、乳糖的合成代谢效率[23]。朱凯丽[24]研究发现,饲粮中添加枣渣可提高泌乳奶牛的产奶量及乳中的乳脂肪、乳蛋白、乳糖含量。更多研究表明,中草药能显著提高动物的泌乳量及初乳中乳蛋白、乳脂肪、乳糖含量[25⇓-27]。在本研究中,补益气血的益母草经微生物发酵可显著提高母猪的泌乳量及初乳中的乳蛋白、乳脂肪和乳糖含量。
泌乳是受多种激素综合调控的过程[28],泌乳性能与激素水平的高低密切相关[29]。调控泌乳的相关激素可分为2类:一类对泌乳有促进作用,如PRL、E2和GH等,一般认为,E2是通过促进机体催乳素及腺垂体分泌相关激素的释放,来诱导泌乳的发生[30];另一类对泌乳有抑制作用,如Prog,由于Prog对α-乳清蛋白和乳形成有抑制作用[31],分娩后Prog含量的逐渐降低及PRL含量的逐渐升高,是为了促进乳汁分泌[32]。有研究发现,发酵中药能显著提高母猪泌乳相关激素的水平,进而提高泌乳性能[22]。益母草和枣粉中含有的生物活性物质(如黄酮类)可以调节激素分泌[11,33]。李静辉等[26]研究发现,给反刍动物饲喂含有黄芪和益母草的饲粮能促进机体激素的分泌。陈杨超等[34]使用益母草超微粉后蛋鸡的E2含量显著提高,是因为益母草具有刺激垂体分泌激素的作用,从而促进E2分泌。复方益母草灌注液能提高母猪血清中雌激素和促卵泡素的水平[35]。本研究结果也表明,饲粮中添加2%和4%的发酵中药会显著提高血清中PRL、E2的含量,显著降低Prog的含量,从而调控母猪的泌乳性能。

3.2 发酵中药对哺乳仔猪生长性能及腹泻的影响

哺乳仔猪对营养物质的需求全部来自于母乳,因其自身的消化系统仍未发育完全,母猪的健康状况就直接关系到仔猪生长、腹泻甚至死亡[18],故改善母猪泌乳性能是提高哺乳仔猪生长发育的关键。益母草和枣粉中还有多种活性成分(如黄酮类、槲皮素),具有促生长功能[36]。廖玉雪等[37]研究发现,添加0.4%益母草粉在饲粮中,可提高哺乳仔猪的生长性能,减轻腹泻。周艺[21]研究发现,饲粮中添加不同比例的益母草提取物可提高仔猪初生窝重、断奶窝重、断奶成活率。梅华迪等[38]在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加400 mg/kg的槲皮素,可以降低仔猪33.56%腹泻率。冀建军等[39]用15%的发酵枣粉替代玉米饲喂生长猪,可以促进生长猪对饲粮的消化吸收,提高平均日增重。更多研究发现,发酵中药复方可显著提高仔猪的生长性能,降低仔猪腹泻率,其比未发酵中药复方和抗生素的效果更佳[16,40-41]。这与本试验的结果一致,饲粮中添加2%和4%的发酵中药显著提高哺乳仔猪的生长性能,降低仔猪腹泻。

3.3 发酵中药对血清和初乳中抗氧化指标的影响

哺乳期间的母猪因新陈代谢导致的氧化应激会造成母猪产仔性能下降,泌乳力降低和仔猪成活率下降[42]。而抗氧化水平可以间接反映动物机体的代谢和健康状况[43]。T-AOC、SOD、MDA是反映机体氧化还原状态的主要参数。T-AOC是机体的总抗氧化能力,SOD是参与机体氧化还原的酶,MDA作为机体脂质氧化的最终产物,反映脂质过氧化的程度[44]。益母草和枣粉中的活性物质(如生物碱类、黄酮类、多糖类)具有抗氧化活性[45-46]。张善婷[35]研究发现,复发益母草能提高母猪血清中的SOD活性。王留等[47]研究发现,添加1 000~1 500 mg/kg大枣多糖提高断奶仔猪血清中T-AOC、SOD活性,降低MDA含量,表明仔猪清除体内自由基的能力和抗氧化能力均得到提高。王贤英等[48]研究发现,益母草碱通过增加大鼠皮层SOD活性,降低MDA含量,以起到抗氧化保护的作用。有研究发现,饲粮中添加枣粉或发酵中草药可提高泌乳奶牛血清和乳汁中的抗氧化能力[25,27]。朱凯丽[24]研究发现,饲粮中添加枣渣可提高泌乳奶牛乳中的抗氧化能力。有研究发现,给肉牛饲喂红枣渣可提高SOD活性[49]。更多研究表明,饲粮中添加发酵中药可增强母猪和仔猪的血清抗氧化能力[50-51]。以上与本研究结果相似,饲粮中添加2%和4%的发酵中药显著提高母猪血清、初乳及哺乳仔猪血清中的抗氧化指标的水平。

4 结论

饲粮中添加2%和4%发酵中药可提高母猪繁殖性能、泌乳性能及哺乳仔猪生长性能,降低仔猪腹泻率。

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