1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.1.1 试验动物
1.1.2 主要试剂
1.1.3 主要仪器
1.2 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1~21日龄 1~21 days of age | 22~42日龄 22~42 days of age | ≥43日龄 ≥43 days of age | |
| 原料 Ingredients | |||
| 玉米 Corn | 54.00 | 58.50 | 62.50 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 30.00 | 24.80 | 21.00 |
| 膨化大豆 Extruded soybean | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 |
| 大豆油 Soybean oil | 2.83 | 3.83 | 4.03 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 氯化钠 NaCl | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 1.30 | 1.40 | 1.20 |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 1.50 | 1.10 | 0.90 |
| 谷壳糠 Chaff | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.40 | 12.87 | 13.11 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 21.56 | 19.50 | 18.05 |
| 钙 Ca | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.81 |
| 有效磷 AP | 0.37 | 0.30 | 0.26 |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 1.17 | 1.04 | 0.92 |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.49 | 0.46 | 0.45 |
| 蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 Met+Cys | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.72 |
1)预混料为1~21日龄每千克饲粮提供 From 1 to 21 days of age, the premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 12 000 IU,VD3 3 000 IU,VE 24 mg,VK 3 mg,VB1 2.4 mg,VB2 7.5 mg,VB6 3.6 mg,VB12 15 μg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 45 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 12 mg,生物素 biotin 0.09 mg,叶酸folic acid 1.2 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 90 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 85 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.8 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg,98%L-赖氨酸 98% L-Lys 204.1 mg,50%胆碱 50% choline 2.6 g,植酸酶 phytase 0.1 g。预混料为22~42日龄每千克饲粮提供 From 22 to 42 days of age, the premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 10 000 IU,VD3 2 500 IU,VE 20 mg,VK 5 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 6.25 mg,VB6 3 mg,VB12 12.5 μg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 37.5 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 10 mg,生物素 biotin 0.075 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 90 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 80 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.8 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg,98%L-赖氨酸 98% L-Lys 204.1 mg,50%胆碱 50% choline 2 g,植酸酶 phytase 0.1 g。预混料为≥43日龄每千克饲粮提供 Above 43 days of age, the premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 8 000 IU,VD3 2 000 IU,VE 16 mg,VK 4 mg,VB1 1.6 mg,VB2 5 mg,VB6 2.4 mg,VB12 10 μg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 30 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 8 mg,生物素 biotin 0.06 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.8 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 90 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 75 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.8 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg,50%胆碱 50% choline 1.5 g,植酸酶phytase 0.1 g。 2)代谢能为计算值,其余为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values. |
1.3 样品采集和处理
1.4 测定指标与方法
1.4.1 生长性能
1.4.2 屠宰性能和肉品质
1.4.3 免疫器官指数
1.4.4 血清免疫因子含量
1.4.5 血清新城疫和禽流感抗体含量
1.4.6 免疫器官中NF-κB信号通路相关基因mRNA相对表达量
表2 实时荧光定量PCR引物序列Table 2 Primer sequences for RT-qPCR |
| 基因名称 Gene names | 引物序列 Primer sequences (5'—3') | 产物大小 Product size/bp | 基因序列号 Gene ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| β-肌动蛋白 β-actin | F:CCAGCCATGTATGTAGCCATCCAG R:GGTAACACCATCACCAGAGTCCATC | 93 | NM_205518.2 |
| Toll样受体2 TLR2 | F:TCCTCATCCTGGTGGTCGTTGG R:AAGCGTCGTAGCAGATGTCTTTCG | 126 | NM_001161650 |
| Toll样受体4 TLR4 | F:CATCCCAACCCAACCACAGTAGC R:CCACTGAGCAGCACCAATGAGTAG | 119 | NM_001030693.2 |
| 髓样分化因子88 MyD88 | F:GTACTTACGAAGGAAGCAGCAGGAG R:ATGCCCATCAGCTCTGAAGTCTTTG | 93 | NM_001030962.5 |
| 转化生长因子β活化激酶1 TAK1 | F:CGCCTCCGCTGAAATGATTGAAAC R:GCTCCTCTTCCAACAACCTCTTCC | 96 | XM_040697832.2 |
| 核因子-κB NF-κB | F:ACCACCACCACCACAACACAATG R:GCGGCGTCGATGGTATCAAAGG | 116 | NM_001396038.1 |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β | F:GGATACCTGGCTGTTGTCGAATACC R:AAGTGTAGTGCTGTTCTCCCATTGC | 89 | NM_001001472.3 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6 | F:TCAACATCGCCACCTACAAG R:CGGTACATACGAGATGGAAACC | 89 | NM_204524.2 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | F:GAAATCCCTCCTCGCCAATCTGAAG R:GCCCTCACGGTCTTCTCCATAAAC | 108 | NM_204628.2 |
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 姜黄粉对黄羽肉鸡生产性能的影响
2.1.1 姜黄粉对黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响
表3 姜黄粉对黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of turmeric powder on growth performance of yellow-feathered broiler |
| 项目 Items | 时间 Time | 对照组 Control group | 姜黄素组 Curcumin group | 0.5%姜黄粉组 0.5% turmeric powder group | 1.0%姜黄粉组 1.0% turmeric powder group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/g | 1~28日龄 1 to 28 days of age | 39.73±0.79a | 38.68±1.64ab | 38.40±0.80b | 38.91±0.85ab |
| 29~70日龄 29 to 70 days of age | 118.90±4.29 | 117.36±7.16 | 115.70±5.35 | 117.85±5.86 | |
| 1~70日龄 1 to 70 days of age | 86.99±2.56 | 85.65±4.88 | 84.55±3.30 | 86.04±3.82 | |
| 平均日增重 ADG/g | 1~28日龄 1 to 28 days of age | 19.80±0.89 | 20.37±0.54 | 19.62±1.19 | 19.66±0.79 |
| 29~70日龄 29 to 70 days of age | 36.05±0.98b | 36.81±2.52ab | 37.32±2.09ab | 38.91±3.20a | |
| 1~70日龄 1 to 70 days of age | 28.97±0.54b | 29.54±1.69ab | 29.51±1.48ab | 30.40±1.80a | |
| 料重比 F/G | 1~28日龄 1 to 28 days of age | 2.01±0.07a | 1.90±0.07b | 1.96±0.09ab | 1.98±0.06ab |
| 29~70日龄 29 to 70 days of age | 3.30±0.11a | 3.19±0.11ab | 3.11±0.10b | 3.05±0.31b | |
| 1~70日龄 1 to 70 days of age | 3.00±0.09a | 2.90±0.06ab | 2.87±0.09ab | 2.84±0.23b |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same lowercase letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different lowercase letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean highly significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
2.1.2 姜黄粉对黄羽肉鸡屠宰性能的影响
表4 姜黄粉对黄羽肉鸡屠宰性能的影响Table 4 Effects of turmeric powder on slaughter performance of yellow-feathered broilers% |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 姜黄素组 Curcumin group | 0.5%姜黄粉组 0.5% turmeric powder group | 1.0%姜黄粉组 1.0% turmeric powder group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 屠宰率 Dressed rate | 91.69±0.94 | 91.84±1.61 | 91.29±1.61 | 91.56±0.84 |
| 半净膛率 Half eviscerated rate | 83.69±0.99 | 83.74±1.55 | 83.64±1.63 | 83.35±0.28 |
| 全净膛率 All eviscerated rate | 68.39±1.22 | 68.62±1.59 | 67.77±0.53 | 68.12±0.94 |
| 腹脂率 Abdominal fat rate | 3.12±0.51ab | 2.76±0.44b | 3.71±0.88a | 3.07±0.52ab |
| 胸肌率 Breast muscle rate | 14.25±1.15 | 14.56±0.82 | 13.77±1.15 | 14.23±0.90 |
| 腿肌率 Leg muscle rate | 21.11±1.67ab | 19.97±1.83b | 21.00±0.79ab | 21.71±1.60a |
2.1.3 姜黄粉对黄羽肉鸡肌肉物理特性和常规营养成分含量的影响
表5 姜黄粉对黄羽肉鸡肌肉剪切力和肉色的影响Table 5 Effects of turmeric powder on muscle shear force and meat color of yellow-feathered broilers |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 姜黄素组 Curcumin group | 0.5%姜黄粉组 0.5% turmeric powder group | 1.0%姜黄粉组 1.0% turmeric powder group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 剪切力Shear force/N | 30.06±8.06 | 30.42±6.93 | 31.22±4.69 | 29.84±4.55 |
| 亮度 L* | 48.42±5.07 | 47.75±4.46 | 49.12±6.23 | 46.34±5.30 |
| 红度 a* | 7.15±1.39Aa | 5.82±1.00Bb | 7.74±1.52Aa | 7.57±1.55Aa |
| 黄度 b* | 9.80±2.20 | 8.98±1.55 | 9.21±2.13 | 9.20±1.56 |
图1 姜黄粉对黄羽肉鸡肌肉常规营养成分含量的影响数据柱形标注无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下图同。 Fig.1 Effects of turmeric powder on conventional nutrient contents in muscle of yellow-feathered broilers Value columns with no letter or the same lowercase letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different lowercase letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean highly significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
2.1.4 姜黄粉对黄羽肉鸡肌肉氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响
表6 姜黄粉对黄羽肉鸡肌肉氨基酸含量的影响Table 6 Effects of turmeric powder on muscle amino acid contents of yellow-feathered broilersmg/g |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 姜黄素组 Curcumin group | 0.5%姜黄粉组 0.5% turmeric powder group | 1.0%姜黄粉组 1.0% turmeric powder group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 天冬氨酸 Asp | 9.91±1.00 | 10.40±0.14 | 9.42±0.57 | 9.83±0.41 |
| 谷氨酸 Glu | 17.66±1.24 | 19.37±0.63 | 17.84±0.75 | 18.27±1.02 |
| 羟脯氨酸 Hyp | 0.65±0.64 | 0.79±0.16 | 2.36±2.30 | 1.86±1.49 |
| 天冬酰胺 Asn | 0.05±0.01 | 0.06±0.02 | 0.07±0.03 | 0.07±0.03 |
| 丝氨酸 Ser | 5.59±0.31 | 6.10±0.37 | 6.39±0.14 | 6.22±0.52 |
| 精氨酸 Arg | 8.40±0.45b | 9.88±0.01a | 10.07±0.01a | 10.07±0.37a |
| 甘氨酸 Gly | 10.15±0.51 | 10.55±0.18 | 6.63±0.92 | 10.96±2.54 |
| 苏氨酸 Thr | 7.28±0.36b | 8.37±0.01a | 8.38±0.43a | 8.24±0.59a |
| 脯氨酸 Pro | 7.07±0.79b | 8.08±0.43ab | 9.88±1.35a | 9.48±1.23ab |
| 丙氨酸 Ala | 7.79±0.34 | 8.18±0.16 | 7.90±0.14 | 8.09±0.03 |
| 缬氨酸 Val | 9.10±0.10b | 10.16±0.21a | 9.92±0.63ab | 10.11±0.23a |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 5.68±1.09b | 8.00±0.42ab | 8.79±1.62a | 7.68±1.40ab |
| 胱氨酸 Cys-Cys | 0.90±0.05 | 0.99±0.07 | 1.10±0.16 | 0.95±0.20 |
| 异亮氨酸 Ile | 8.25±0.08b | 9.05±0.02a | 8.62±0.43ab | 8.85±0.27ab |
| 亮氨酸 Leu | 8.61±0.17 | 8.53±0.64 | 7.84±0.73 | 7.51±0.52 |
| 色氨酸 Trp | - | - | - | - |
| 组氨酸 His | 4.64±1.00 | 5.61±0.19 | 5.70±0.15 | 5.74±1.01 |
| 苯丙氨酸 Phe | 6.56±0.39b | 7.52±0.12a | 7.71±0.27a | 7.72±0.10a |
| 半胱氨酸 Cys | 0.10±0.01 | 0.09±0.02 | 0.11±0.02 | 0.12±0.04 |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 9.98±1.21 | 10.29±0.26 | 8.93±0.60 | 9.22±0.95 |
| 酪氨酸 Tyr | 4.70±0.10 | 5.48±0.18 | 5.51±0.84 | 5.27±0.36 |
| 必需氨基酸 EAA | 55.47±0.82b | 61.92±1.15a | 61.34±1.63a | 60.77±2.03a |
| 总氨基酸 TAA | 133.09±1.90c | 147.52±1.73a | 143.17±0.85b | 144.47±0.03ab |
表7 姜黄粉对黄羽肉鸡肌肉脂肪酸含量的影响Table 7 Effects of turmeric powder on muscle fatty acid contents of yellow-feathered broilersmg/g |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 姜黄素组 Curcumin group | 0.5%姜黄粉组 0.5% turmeric powder group | 1.0%姜黄粉组 1.0% turmeric powder group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C4∶0 | 0.70±0.37 | 0.73±0.09 | 0.65±0.16 | 0.70±0.39 |
| C6∶0 | - | - | - | - |
| C8∶0 | 0.08±0.04 | 0.04±0.01 | 0.09±0.01 | 0.04±0.01 |
| C10∶0 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.12±0.14 | 0.02±0.01 |
| C11∶0 | 0.01±0.00 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.02±0.00 | 0.02±0.01 |
| C12∶0 | 0.05±0.01 | 0.04±0.01 | 0.04±0.00 | 0.02±0.00 |
| C13∶0 | 0.01±0.00 | 0.03±0.02 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.01±0.00 |
| C14∶0 | 0.17±0.01 | 0.15±0.05 | 0.20±0.01 | 0.18±0.01 |
| C14∶1 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.08±0.05 | 0.02±0.00 | 0.02±0.01 |
| C15∶0 | 0.03±0.00 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.03±0.00 | 0.03±0.00 |
| C15∶1 | 0.03±0.04 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.01±0.00 |
| C16∶0 | 3.01±0.37ab | 2.52±0.10b | 3.72±0.31a | 3.29±0.25a |
| C16∶1 | 0.65±0.67 | 0.05±0.07 | 0.90±0.43 | 0.05±0.04 |
| C17∶0 | - | - | - | - |
| C17∶1 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.02±0.01 |
| C18∶0 | 2.48±0.76 | 2.72±0.29 | 3.12±0.24 | 2.68±0.51 |
| C18∶1t | 0.04±0.01 | 0.04±0.01 | 0.03±0.00 | 0.04±0.00 |
| C18∶1 | 6.60±1.87ab | 3.61±0.66b | 8.25±0.84a | 7.01±1.29ab |
| C18∶2t | 0.03±0.00 | 0.02±0.00 | 0.03±0.00 | 0.03±0.01 |
| C18∶2 | 8.28±1.44ab | 5.11±1.61b | 9.23±1.24ab | 10.00±0.81a |
| C18∶3n6 | 0.05±0.00b | 0.05±0.00b | 0.10±0.02a | 0.06±0.01b |
| C18∶3n3 | 0.52±0.23 | 0.19±0.21 | 0.57±0.13 | 0.66±0.17 |
| C20∶1n9 | 0.12±0.04 | 0.16±0.05 | 0.11±0.01 | 0.12±0.02 |
| C20∶0 | 0.07±0.00ab | 0.05±0.00b | 0.08±0.01a | 0.06±0.00b |
| C20∶2 | 0.14±0.05 | 0.16±0.01 | 0.17±0.03 | 0.16±0.01 |
| C21∶0 | 0.03±0.00 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.03±0.00 | 0.02±0.01 |
| C20∶3n6 | 0.17±0.04 | 0.22±0.06 | 0.18±0.04 | 0.17±0.01 |
| C20∶4n6 | 1.44±1.11 | 2.05±0.58 | 1.79±0.19 | 1.35±0.35 |
| C20∶3n3 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.05±0.02 | 0.04±0.01 | 0.03±0.00 |
| C22∶0 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.03±0.00 | 0.03±0.01 |
| C20∶5 | - | - | - | - |
| C22∶1 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.06±0.04 | 0.04±0.01 | 0.02±0.00 |
| C22∶2 | 0.01±0.00 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.01±0.00 | 0.01±0.00 |
| C23∶0 | 0.01±0.00b | 0.01±0.00b | 0.02±0.00a | 0.01±0.00b |
| C24∶0 | 0.08±0.04 | 0.07±0.01 | 0.07±0.01 | 0.04±0.01 |
| C24∶1 | - | - | - | - |
| C22∶6 | 0.09±0.13 | 0.08±0.02 | 0.12±0.11 | 0.06±0.02 |
| 饱和脂肪酸 SFA | 6.77±0.87 | 6.49±0.64 | 8.22±0.83 | 7.12±0.68 |
| 不饱和脂肪酸 UFA | 18.23±2.81ab | 11.94±1.75b | 21.62±2.31a | 19.78±1.90a |
| 总脂肪酸 TFA | 24.99±1.94b | 18.42±1.11c | 29.83±1.48a | 26.90±1.22ab |
2.2 姜黄粉对黄羽肉鸡免疫性能的影响
2.2.1 姜黄粉对黄羽肉鸡免疫器官指数的影响
表8 姜黄粉对黄羽肉鸡免疫器官指数的影响Table 8 Effects of turmeric powder on immune organ indices of yellow-feathered broilersmg/g |
| 项目 Items | 时间 Time | 对照组 Control group | 姜黄素组 Curcumin group | 0.5%姜黄粉组 0.5% turmeric powder group | 1.0%姜黄粉组 1.0% turmeric powder group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 胸腺指数 Thymus index | 第29天 Day 29 | 5.36±0.65ab | 5.16±0.43b | 5.67±0.84ab | 5.94±0.86a |
| 第71天 Day 71 | 2.74±0.74b | 3.23±0.62ab | 2.77±0.81b | 3.68±0.80a | |
| 脾脏指数 Spleen index | 第29天 Day 29 | 1.28±0.17 | 1.25±0.27 | 1.25±0.27 | 1.36±0.24 |
| 第71天 Day 71 | 1.25±0.12a | 1.29±0.18a | 1.11±0.24b | 1.35±0.20a | |
| 法氏囊指数 Bursa of Fabricius index | 第29天 Day 29 | 4.30±0.60a | 4.13±0.80ab | 3.74±0.39b | 3.92±0.56ab |
| 第71天 Day 71 | 1.53±0.64ab | 1.36±0.58b | 1.63±0.43ab | 1.88±0.73a |
