1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料及饲粮
表1 玉米理化指标(风干基础)Table 1 Physical and chemical indicators of corn (air-dry basis) |
| 项目 Items | 玉米1 Corn 1 | 玉米2 Corn 2 | 玉米3 Corn 3 | 玉米4 Corn 4 | 玉米5 Corn 5 | 平均值 Mean | 变异系数 CV/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 干物质 DM/% | 88.67 | 90.11 | 86.75 | 89.39 | 87.40 | 88.46 | 1.57 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP/% | 6.76 | 6.83 | 6.79 | 6.92 | 6.93 | 6.85 | 1.08 |
| 粗脂肪 EE/% | 3.16 | 3.18 | 3.26 | 3.11 | 3.12 | 3.16 | 1.93 |
| 粗灰分 Ash/% | 1.02 | 0.98 | 1.58 | 1.04 | 1.33 | 1.19 | 21.72 |
| 淀粉 Starch/% | 70.88 | 70.45 | 66.57 | 70.91 | 67.58 | 69.28 | 2.96 |
| 粗纤维 CF/% | 1.57 | 1.74 | 1.47 | 1.51 | 1.20 | 1.50 | 13.08 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF/% | 1.21 | 1.53 | 2.60 | 1.41 | 1.92 | 1.73 | 31.66 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF/% | 2.99 | 3.20 | 3.23 | 3.14 | 3.06 | 3.12 | 3.17 |
| 总能 GE/(MJ/kg) | 16.25 | 16.48 | 16.08 | 16.25 | 16.16 | 16.26 | 0.96 |
| 容重 Unit weight/(g/L) | 686.50 | 786.50 | 712.00 | 768.00 | 733.00 | 737.20 | 5.51 |
表2 试验饲粮组成(风干基础)Table 2 Composition of experimental diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 原料 Ingredients | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 待测饲粮 Tested diet |
|---|---|---|
| 玉米 Corn | 63.55 | 41.98 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 24.64 | 16.28 |
| 待测玉米 Tested corn | 30.00 | |
| DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met | 0.17 | 0.11 |
| L-色氨酸 L-Try | 0.02 | 0.01 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 8.62 | 8.62 |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 2.12 | 2.12 |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 预混料 Premix | 0.28 | 0.28 |
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride (50%) | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets: VA 8 500 IU,VD3 2 400 IU,VB1 1.20 mg,VB2 3.6 mg,VB6 1.2 mg,VE 20 IU,VB12 12 μg,VK3 2.4 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.5 mg,烟酸 folic acid 26.7 mg,胆碱 choline 450 mg,Cu 8 mg,Fe 64 mg,Mn 64 mg,Zn 48 mg,I 0.45 mg,Se 0.3 mg。 |
表3 试验饲粮营养水平(风干基础)Table 3 Nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 待测饲粮 Tested diets1) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| 干物质 DM | 87.72 | 87.12 | 88.09 | 84.07 | 87.64 | 87.03 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 16.51 | 16.34 | 15.52 | 15.33 | 15.31 | 16.06 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 2.33 | 2.65 | 2.55 | 2.77 | 2.46 | 2.79 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 14.78 | 9.18 | 13.32 | 7.63 | 9.86 | 9.12 |
| 粗纤维 CF | 2.25 | 2.50 | 2.07 | 1.92 | 3.28 | 2.33 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 6.03 | 6.05 | 6.31 | 5.24 | 7.23 | 6.03 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 2.9 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 3.0 |
| 总能 GE/(MJ/kg) | 14.46 | 14.52 | 14.37 | 14.26 | 14.53 | 14.71 |
| 淀粉 Starch | 40.76 | 46.85 | 45.36 | 47.64 | 45.99 | 46.92 |
| 钙 Ca | 0.44 | 0.28 | 0.46 | 0.26 | 0.35 | 0.32 |
| 磷 P | 0.73 | 0.55 | 0.69 | 0.53 | 0.59 | 0.56 |
| 所提供能量在饲粮总能中的占比 Proportion of energy provided in the gross energy of diet | ||||||
| a2) | 100.00 | 65.90 | 65.54 | 66.39 | 65.72 | 66.22 |
| b3) | 0.00 | 29.88 | 30.22 | 29.42 | 30.05 | 29.58 |
1)待测饲粮1~5分别为用玉米1~5以30%的比例替代基础饲粮的供能原料后所得的试验饲粮。Tested diets 1 to 5 were the experimental diets which were obtained by replacing the energy part of the basal diet with 30% of corn raw materials 1 to 5, respectively. 2)a代表基础饲粮中的供能原料所提供的能量在饲粮总能中的占比。a represents the proportion of energy provided by energy-supplying raw materials in the basal diet in the gross energy of diets 3)b代表待测原料所提供的能量在饲粮总能中的占比。b represents the proportion of energy provided by the tested raw material in the gross energy of diets. |
1.2 试验设计
1.3 饲养管理和样品采集
1.4 指标检测及方法
1.5 计算公式
1.6 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 玉米的营养成分含量
2.2 不同饲粮对蛋鸡生产性能和能量代谢的影响
表4 不同饲粮对蛋鸡生产性能的影响Table 4 Effects of different diets on performance of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 待测饲粮 Tested diets | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||
| 初始体重 IBW/g | 1 957.17 | 1 873.50 | 1 982.33 | 1 847.25 | 1 859.25 | 1 870.42 | 19.02 | 0.188 |
| 终末体重 FBW/g | 1 991.33 | 1 978.50 | 2 054.42 | 1 944.17 | 1 936.17 | 1 943.50 | 16.50 | 0.300 |
| 采食量 FI/(g DM/d) | 112.45 | 117.98 | 119.61 | 119.43 | 111.50 | 106.69 | 2.97 | 0.789 |
| 产蛋率 Laying rate/% | 91.67 | 94.44 | 91.67 | 88.89 | 86.11 | 91.67 | 1.40 | 0.652 |
| 料蛋比 Feed/egg ratio | 2.31 | 2.33 | 2.49 | 2.68 | 2.54 | 2.20 | 0.06 | 0.313 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
表5 不同饲粮对蛋鸡能量代谢的影响Table 5 Effects of different diets on energy metabolism of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 待测饲粮 Tested diets | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||
| 能量平衡 Energy balance/[kJ/(kg BW0.75·d)] | ||||||||
| 总产热量 THP | 497.69 | 504.80 | 505.60 | 512.27 | 498.85 | 486.85 | 3.51 | 0.419 |
| 热增耗 HI | 127.69 | 134.86 | 135.60 | 142.27 | 128.85 | 116.85 | 3.51 | 0.419 |
| 沉积能 RE | 393.27 | 449.97 | 406.35 | 469.07 | 399.62 | 365.94 | 21.46 | 0.780 |
| 总能摄入量 GEI | 993.81 | 1 071.05 | 1 031.54 | 1 069.82 | 1 020.13 | 986.20 | 24.45 | 0.889 |
| 表观代谢能摄入量 AMEI | 781.55 | 831.85 | 803.33 | 864.26 | 787.42 | 742.19 | 21.87 | 0.708 |
| 净能摄入量 NEI | 653.86 | 696.99 | 667.73 | 721.99 | 658.57 | 625.34 | 18.40 | 0.748 |
| 蛋白质沉积能 REprot | 146.23 | 189.22 | 154.76 | 193.25 | 150.87 | 137.59 | 7.26 | 0.112 |
| 脂肪沉积能 REfat | 33.65 | 33.05 | 26.06 | 26.45 | 53.04 | 57.21 | 15.38 | 0.977 |
| 氮平衡 Nitrogen balance/(g/d) | ||||||||
| 氮摄入量 Nitrogen intake | 3.42 | 3.59 | 3.41 | 3.35 | 3.14 | 3.09 | 0.09 | 0.605 |
| 氮排出量 Nitrogen output | 1.78a | 1.52ab | 1.65a | 1.25b | 1.50ab | 1.58ab | 0.05 | 0.047 |
| 氮沉积量Retained nitrogen | 1.64 | 2.07 | 1.77 | 2.10 | 1.64 | 1.51 | 0.08 | 0.210 |
| 有效能值 Effective energy value/(MJ/kg DM) | ||||||||
| 表观代谢能 AME | 13.19 | 13.20 | 12.93 | 13.28 | 12.97 | 12.95 | 0.08 | 0.754 |
| 氮校正表观代谢能 AMEn | 13.13 | 13.13 | 12.87 | 13.21 | 12.91 | 12.90 | 0.08 | 0.762 |
| 净能 NE | 9.68 | 9.63 | 9.47 | 9.77 | 9.51 | 9.50 | 0.06 | 0.737 |
| 能量转化效率 Energy conversion efficiency/% | ||||||||
| 表观代谢能/总能 AME/GE | 79.96 | 79.19 | 79.25 | 82.01 | 78.23 | 76.63 | 0.55 | 0.107 |
| 净能/表观代谢能 NE/AME | 73.70ab | 73.38c | 73.56bc | 73.97a | 73.59cb | 73.60bc | 0.05 | 0.006 |
| 净能/氮校正表观代谢能 NE/AMEn | 73.38ab | 72.99c | 73.21b | 73.57a | 73.27b | 73.31b | 0.24 | <0.001 |
2.3 不同玉米的有效能值和能量转化效率
表6 不同玉米的有效能值和能量转化效率(干物质基础)Table 6 Effective energy value and energy conversion efficiency of different corns (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 玉米 Corns | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
| 有效能值 Effective energy value/(MJ/kg DM) | |||||||
| 表观代谢能 AME | 15.09 | 14.18 | 14.67 | 14.33 | 14.28 | 0.58 | 0.772 |
| 氮校正表观代谢能 AMEn | 14.98 | 14.10 | 14.57 | 14.27 | 14.23 | 0.24 | 0.797 |
| 净能 NE | 10.90 | 10.33 | 10.82 | 10.47 | 10.44 | 0.19 | 0.858 |
| 能量转化效率 Energy conversion efficiency/% | |||||||
| 表观代谢能/总能 AME/GE | 82.36 | 77.53 | 79.14 | 78.42 | 77.23 | 1.33 | 0.765 |
| 净能/表观代谢能 NE/AME | 72.17c | 72.84b | 73.71a | 72.99b | 73.11ab | 0.12 | 0.001 |
| 净能/氮校正表观代谢能 NE/AMEn | 72.94b | 72.72b | 73.24a | 74.23b | 73.30b | 0.14 | 0.018 |
2.4 玉米营养成分含量与有效能值相关性分析及NE预测方程
表7 玉米营养成分含量与有效能值相关性分析Table 7 Correlation analysis between nutrient content and effective energy value of corns |
| 项目 Items | 粗蛋 白质 CP | 粗脂肪 EE | 粗灰分 Ash | 粗纤维 CF | 中性洗 涤纤维 NDF | 酸性洗 涤纤维 ADF | 淀粉 Starch | 总能 GE | 表观 代谢能 AME | 氮校正 表观 代谢能 AMEn | 净能 NE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 1.000 | ||||||||||
| 粗脂肪 EE | 0.399* | 1.000 | |||||||||
| 粗灰分 Ash | 0.770** | 0.890** | 1.000 | ||||||||
| 粗纤维 CF | -0.331 | 0.442* | 0.169 | 1.000 | |||||||
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 0.648** | 0.891** | 0.955** | 0.281 | 1.000 | ||||||
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 0.171 | 0.592** | 0.543** | 0.544** | 0.761** | 1.000 | |||||
| 淀粉 Starch | -0.649** | -0.703** | -0.830** | 0.020 | -0.917** | -0.746** | 1.000 | ||||
| 总能 GE | 0.796** | 0.841** | 0.968** | -0.049 | 0.891** | 0.393* | -0.824** | 1.000 | |||
| 表观代谢能 AME | -0.213 | 0.340 | 0.086 | 0.321 | -0.091 | -0.414* | 0.391* | 0.106 | 1.000 | ||
| 氮校正表观代谢能 AMEn | -0.189 | 0.324 | 0.086 | 0.295 | -0.100 | -0.440* | 0.400* | 0.109 | 0.999** | 1.000 | |
| 净能 NE | -0.023 | 0.575** | 0.352 | 0.456* | 0.192 | -0.172 | 0.152 | 0.331 | 0.955** | 0.952** | 1.000 |
*和**分别表示相关性显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)。 | |
* and ** mean the correlation was significant (P<0.05) and extremely significant (P<0.01), respectively. |
表8 玉米净能逐步回归预测方程(干物质基础)Table 8 Prediction equation of NE of corn by stepwise regression (DM basis) |
| 编号 No. | 预测方程 Prediction equation | 决定系数 R2 | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 净能=5.727+1.359×粗脂肪 | 0.331 | <0.01 |
| 2 | 净能=-0.215+0.58×表观代谢能+0.67×粗脂肪 | 0.983 | <0.01 |
| 3 | 净能=-0.001+0.57×表观代谢能+0.606×粗脂肪+0.088×粗纤维 | 0.987 | <0.01 |
表9 玉米净能预测值与实测值比较(干物质基础)Table 9 Comparison of predicted value and measured value of NE of corn (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 玉米 Corns | 平均值 Mean | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| 实测值 Measured value/(MJ/kg DM) | 10.90 | 10.33 | 10.82 | 10.47 | 10.44 | 10.59 |
| 预测值 Predicted value/(MJ/kg DM) | 10.91 | 10.37 | 10.81 | 10.43 | 10.42 | 10.59 |
| 差值 Difference/(MJ/kg DM) | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| 相对标准偏差 RSD/% | 0.04 | 0.27 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.12 | 0.03 |
表10 玉米净能值的验证Table 10 Verification of corn NE value |
| 玉米 Corns | 预测方程[13] | 营养成分 Nutrients* | 预测值 Predicted value/ (MJ/kg DM) | 实测值 Measured value/ (MJ/kg DM) | 相对标 准偏差 RSD/% | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质 CP/% DM | 粗脂肪 EE/% DM | 表观代谢能 AME/ (MJ/kg DM) | |||||
| 1 | 净能=0.781×表观代 谢能-11×粗蛋白质+ 16.4×粗脂肪 | 7.62 | 3.56 | 15.10 | 9.10 | 10.90 | 12.74 |
| 2 | 7.58 | 3.53 | 14.18 | 10.97 | 10.33 | 4.24 | |
| 3 | 7.83 | 3.76 | 14.57 | 11.35 | 10.82 | 3.41 | |
| 4 | 7.74 | 3.48 | 14.33 | 11.07 | 10.47 | 3.97 | |
| 5 | 7.93 | 3.57 | 14.28 | 11.03 | 10.44 | 3.90 | |
*数据来源于本试验结果。 | |
* Data from the results of this experiment. |
表11 玉米净能预测方程适应性验证Table 11 Adaptability verification of corn NE prediction equation |
| 原料 Ingredient | 营养成分 Nutrients[14] | 预测值1 Predicted value 1/ (MJ/kg DM) | 预测值2 Predicted value 2/ (MJ/kg DM) | 差值 Difference/ (MJ/kg DM) | 相对标 准偏差 RSD/% | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质 CP/% DM | 粗脂肪 EE/% DM | 表观代谢能 AME/ (MJ/kg DM) | |||||
| 10.93 | 3.60 | 14.79 | 10.61 | 11.29 | 0.68 | 4.41 | |
| 9.88 | 6.16 | 15.15 | 12.37 | 11.80 | 0.57 | 3.32 | |
| 10.12 | 4.19 | 14.98 | 11.08 | 11.52 | 0.44 | 2.78 | |
| 9.30 | 4.19 | 14.96 | 11.06 | 11.54 | 0.48 | 2.98 | |
| 玉米 Corn | 10.93 | 4.07 | 14.89 | 10.95 | 11.40 | 0.45 | 2.86 |
| 10.30 | 3.90 | 13.31 | 9.95 | 10.18 | 0.24 | 1.66 | |
| 8.50 | 5.30 | 13.60 | 10.96 | 10.59 | 0.37 | 2.43 | |
| 9.30 | 3.70 | 13.56 | 9.97 | 10.41 | 0.44 | 3.07 | |
| 8.40 | 3.40 | 13.47 | 9.74 | 10.37 | 0.63 | 4.44 | |
预测值1为本试验所得预测方程3(净能=-0.001+0.57×表观代谢能+0.606×粗脂肪+0.088粗纤维)的预测结果,预测值2为Barzegar等[13]的预测方程(净能=0.781×表观代谢能-11×粗蛋白质+16.4×粗脂肪)的预测结果。 | |
The predicted value 1 is the prediction result of the prediction equation 3 obtained in this experiment (NE=-0.001+0.57×AME+0.606×EE+0.088×CF), and the predicted value 2 is the prediction result of prediction equation (NE=0.781×AME-11×CP+16.4×EE) from Barzegar, et al[13]. |
