RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Birth Weight and Daily Weight Gain during Lactation on Future Milk Production of Holstein Dairy Cows

  • WANG Yueqiang ,
  • ZHANG Min ,
  • JIN Lei ,
  • HUA Jinling
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  • College of Animal Science, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Chuzhou 233199, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-10-27

  Online published: 2024-04-15

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of birth weight and daily weight gain during lactation on future milk production of Holstein dairy cows. In this study, 1 517 440 daily milk production records, 62 094 calving difficulty score records and 45 060 birth and weaning weight records were collected from 5 ten-thousand scale Holstein dairy cattle farms in China during 2019—2022. The general linear model (GLM) process of SAS 9.1 software was used to analyze the variance of factors affecting daily milk production, including calving season, parity, birth weight, daily weight gain during lactation, lactation stage, sire and the interaction between parity with birth weight and daily gain during lactation. The least square means of different birth weights and daily gain during lactation corresponding to the daily milk production of all future parities were obtained, and Bonferroni multiple comparisons were conducted. The results showed as follows: 1) the calving season, parity, birth weight, daily weight gain during lactation, lactation stage, sire and the interaction between parity with birth weight and daily weight gain during lactation had extremely significant effects on daily milk production (P<0.01). 2) With the increase of birth weight, the daily milk production of each parity showed an upward trend, and the future daily milk production of calves was better when the birth weight was 44 to 48 kg, but the eutocia rate of adult cows was significantly decreased when the birth weight was≥46 kg. 3) When the daily weight gain during lactation was 800 to 850 g, the future daily milk production of each parity was significantly higher than that of the other levels of daily weight gain during lactation (P<0.05). In conclusion, when the birth weight of Holstein dairy calves is 44 to 46 kg and the daily weight gain during lactation is 800 to 850 g, the future daily milk production can be improved.

Cite this article

WANG Yueqiang , ZHANG Min , JIN Lei , HUA Jinling . Effects of Birth Weight and Daily Weight Gain during Lactation on Future Milk Production of Holstein Dairy Cows[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(4) : 2425 -2433 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.209

日产奶量是指在泌乳期内奶牛1 d的总产奶量,是评价奶牛产奶表现的重要指标,且随着泌乳天数的增加呈现先升高后降低的规律。初生重(birth weight,BWT)是奶牛生产早期最重要的性状之一,它不仅反映了牧场对妊娠母牛的生产管理水平和胎牛的生长发育状况,还与犊牛未来生长发育和生产性能的发挥密切相关[1]。哺乳期是犊牛生长发育的关键时期,这一时期犊牛生长发育状况将影响后期配种、妊娠以及终身生产性能[2-4]。日增重是哺乳期犊牛生长发育的重要指标,反映了牧场哺乳犊牛的管理水平。合理的初生重有利于降低成母牛的繁殖疾病风险,降低犊牛发病率和死淘率;合理的哺乳期日增重有利于优化牧场犊牛管理,促使犊牛健康生长发育,为其未来产奶潜力的发挥奠定基础,对奶牛生产具有重要意义。
研究显示,荷斯坦奶牛初生重与头胎产奶量以及第2和第5月龄体重高度相关[5-7],与产后第1次发情日龄、胎衣排出时间及其母体的产奶量存在正向协同关系[8-9]。犊牛胎儿时期发育不良,初生重偏低,会导致其对外界环境刺激的响应能力和免疫抵抗力降低。但初生重偏高亦会引起一系列问题,如容易难产并导致犊牛窒息死亡以及母牛产道拉伤,母牛产后子宫炎风险升高、受孕时间延迟、受胎率下降,以及兽药和护理支出增加等问题[10-14]。把犊牛初生重控制在合理范围内,对奶牛生产具有重要意义。近年来,“强化饲喂或加速增长”这一理念受到越来越多养殖者和研究人员关注和应用[3],但采食量增加可能会带来消化系统负担,对消化系统发育和犊牛健康造成负面影响。许多研究者试图给出哺乳犊牛日增重推荐范围,如Soberon等[15]、Bach等[16]和刁其玉等[17]研究结果,犊牛哺乳期日增重增加对其未来产奶量具有正面影响;Aksakal等[18]研究认为,产奶量与哺乳期日增重无关;Sejrsen等[19]研究发现哺乳期日增重与产奶量呈负相关。由此可见,相关研究结论不尽相同。
鉴于此,本研究以我国5个万头荷斯坦奶牛牧场生产数据记录为基础,从产犊场年季、胎次、初生重、哺乳期日增重、泌乳阶段及公畜等因素分析其对未来产奶量的影响,旨在获得荷斯坦奶牛初生重和哺乳期日增重推荐范围,为奶牛场生产经营提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 数据来源

本研究数据来自我国5个万头荷斯坦奶牛牧场2019—2022年的实际生产记录。

1.2 数据处理及分析

根据研究目的和生产实际保留符合以下条件的数据记录:1)同时有初生重和日产奶量记录或同时有初生重、断奶日龄、断奶重和日产奶量记录;2)因牧场每天4次挤奶,保留日产奶量记录中日挤奶次数为4次的记录;3)日产奶量不小于5 kg/d且不大于130 kg/d;4)泌乳天数在5~305 d;5)断奶日龄在55~65日龄。
数据处理过程如下:1)胎次分为1、2和3胎及以上(3胎及以上以下简称“3胎”);2)产犊季节分为春季(3—5月)、夏季(6—8月)、秋季(9—11月)、冬季(12月—次年2月);3)哺乳期日增重=(断奶重-初生重)/断奶日龄;4)以2 kg为单位将初生重划分为12个水平(<30 kg,30~32 kg,32~34 kg,……,48~50 kg,≥50 kg),此处30~32 kg表示≥30 kg且<32 kg,以此类推;5)以50 g为单位将哺乳期日增重划分为11个水平(<600 g,600~650 g,650~700 g,……,1 000~1 050 g,≥1 050 g),此处600~650 g表示≥600 g且<650 g,以此类推;6)以30 d为单位将泌乳天数划分为10个泌乳阶段(5~35 d,36~65 d,……,246~275 d,276~305 d)。
最终获得日产奶量数据1 517 440条,初生重和断奶重记录45 060条,产犊难易性评分数据62 094条。采用SAS 9.1软件的一般线性模型(GLM)过程对日产奶量影响因素进行方差分析,分析模型为:
Yijklmn=μ+HYSi+LACTj+ADGk+DIMSl+SIRm+LACTj×ADGk+eijklmn;
Yijklmn=μ+HYSi+LACTj+BWTk+DIMSl+SIRm+LACTj×BWTk+eijklmn
式中:Yijklmn为日产奶量;μ为总体平均值效应;HYSi为产犊场年季效应;LACTj为胎次效应;BWTk为初生重效应;ADGk为哺乳期日增重效应;DIMSl为泌乳阶段效应;SIRm为公畜效应;LACTj×ADGk为胎次与哺乳期日增重互作效应;LACTj×BWTk为胎次与初生重互作效应;eijklmn为随机残差效应。
然后,获得不同初生重和哺乳期日增重对应未来各胎次日产奶量的最小二乘平均值,并进行Bonferroni多重比较,P<0.01为差异极显著,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 产犊难易性评分数据量及顺产率

表1可知,当犊牛初生重<46 kg时,成母牛顺产率可达85.46%以上;当犊牛初生重≥46 kg时,顺产率下降明显,犊牛初生重每增加2 kg,难产风险增加约3.47%。
表1 不同初生重水平下成母牛产犊难易性评分数据量及顺产率

Table 1 Data size of calving difficulty score and eutocia rate of adult cows at different birth weight levels

初生重
BWT/kg
产犊评分 Calving score 顺产率
Eutocia rate/%
1 2 3 4
<30 697 73 107 32 84.71
30~32 1 216 155 145 54 87.32
32~34 2 573 378 319 96 87.67
34~36 4 382 622 465 119 89.55
36~38 6 220 959 700 185 89.03
38~40 7 137 1 159 868 208 88.52
40~42 7 156 1 195 985 268 86.95
42~44 6 160 1 022 963 269 85.36
44~46 4 453 815 707 189 85.46
46~48 2 871 524 557 190 81.97
48~50 1 638 314 366 137 79.51
≥50 1 421 415 424 186 75.06

产犊评分1分和2分定义为顺产,3分和4分定义为难产;顺产率(%)=100×顺产记录数/(顺产记录数+难产记录数)。

Calving scores of 1 and 2 were defined as eutocia, and 3 and 4 were defined as dystocia; eutocia rate (%)=100×eutocia recorded number/(eutocia recorded number+dystocia recorded number).

2.2 初生重对日产奶量的影响

2.2.1 不同初生重各胎次日产奶量数据分布

表2可知,12个水平初生重划分中,有数据记录的头胎(1胎)奶牛数最多,共14 395头;2胎奶牛数次之;3胎奶牛数最少,为2 651头。不同初生重水平涉及的奶牛数及记录数存在差异,其中初生重<30 kg的头胎奶牛数仅有14头,2胎和3胎奶牛没有数据记录;初生重为30~32 kg、48~50 kg和≥50 kg的3胎奶牛数分别有41、29和33头,而其他初生重水平的奶牛生产数据记录条目较多。
表2 不同初生重各胎次日产奶量数据量

Table 2 Data size of daily milk production at different birth weights for each parity

项目
Items
1胎 Parity 1 2胎 Parity 2 3胎 Parity 3
奶牛数
Cow number
记录数
Record number
奶牛数
Cow number
记录数
Record number
奶牛数
Cow number
记录数
Record number
初生重 BWT/kg
<30 14 1 223
30~32 326 61 469 119 21 017 41 9 147
32~34 923 180 464 384 65 635 144 29 425
34~36 1 636 331 628 718 133 156 286 66 535
36~38 2 671 537 591 1 198 221 761 506 107 554
38~40 2 781 569 757 1 243 230 239 507 105 248
40~42 2 637 545 268 1 244 234 275 539 99 617
42~44 1 680 340 565 743 147 789 321 57 460
44~46 933 189 020 408 78 264 170 27 036
46~48 474 97 020 225 44 758 75 8 613
48~50 192 41 204 89 17 694 29 3 503
≥50 128 29 090 80 16 092 33 4 641
合计 Total 14 395 2 924 299 6 451 1 210 680 2 651 518 779

2.2.2 日产奶量影响因素方差分析结果

表3可知,产犊场年季、胎次、初生重、泌乳阶段、公畜以及胎次与初生重的互作效应对日产奶量均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。
表3 日产奶量影响因素方差分析结果

Table 3 Analysis of variance results of influencing factors on daily milk production

项目
Items
自由度
Degree of freedom
均方
Mean square
F
F-value
P
P-value
产犊场年季 Calving season 53 115 156.41 1 674.37 <0.01
胎次 Parity 2 2 209 123.60 32 120.50 <0.01
初生重 BWT 11 77 773.08 1 130.82 <0.01
泌乳阶段 Lactation stage 9 8 260 233.87 120 103.00 <0.01
公畜 Sire 86 272 671.25 3 964.63 <0.01
胎次×初生重 Parity×BWT 20 7 126.49 103.62 <0.01

2.2.3 日产奶量最小二乘平均值结果

表4可知,随着初生重的增加,各胎次日产奶量呈逐渐上升趋势。当初生重为44~48 kg时,未来头胎奶牛日产奶量较高,显著高于其他水平出生重(P<0.05),且初生重为44~46 kg与46~48 kg牛群头胎奶牛日产奶量无显著差异(P>0.05);当初生重为46~48 kg时,未来第2胎奶牛日产奶量最高,显著高于除≥50 kg初生重以外的其他水平出生重(P<0.05)。当初生重为48~50 kg时,未来第3胎奶牛日产奶量最高,显著高于其他水平出生重(P<0.05),其次是46~48 kg和42~44 kg初生重。
表4 不同初生重各胎次日产奶量最小二乘平均值

Table 4 Least squares mean of daily milk production at different birth weights for each parity

初生重BWT/kg 1胎 Parity 1 2胎 Parity 2 3胎 Parity 3
<30 33.86j
30~32 34.86i 39.94i 42.45f
32~34 34.93h 40.87g 43.73d
34~36 35.15g 40.39h 42.62f
36~38 35.69f 41.24f 43.13e
38~40 36.09e 41.51de 43.27e
40~42 36.42d 41.45e 43.72d
42~44 36.72c 42.20c 44.06c
44~46 37.16a 42.75b 43.77d
46~48 37.15a 43.22a 44.35b
48~50 36.81c 41.76d 45.12a
≥50 37.11b 42.96ab 43.10e

同列数据肩标相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。表7同。

In the same column, values with the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as Table 7.

2.3 哺乳期日增重对日产奶量的影响

2.3.1 不同哺乳期日增重各胎次日产奶量数据分布

表5可知,不同水平哺乳期日增重数据量存在差异,其中哺乳期日增重≥1 050 g时头胎和2胎奶牛数据记录相对其他水平哺乳期日增重记录多,但3胎奶牛的记录相对较少。
表5 不同哺乳期日增重各胎次日产奶量数据量

Table 5 Data size of daily milk production at different daily weight gain during lactation for each parity

项目
Items
1胎 Parity 1 2胎 Parity 2 3胎 Parity 3
奶牛数
Cow number
记录数
Record number
奶牛数
Cow number
记录数
Record number
奶牛数
Cow number
记录数
Record number
哺乳期日增重 Daily weight gain during lactation/g
<650 128 32 122 102 24 265 84 22 652
650~700 78 17 549 55 13 126 43 11 567
700~750 96 16 547 37 8 701 28 7 619
750~800 165 26 319 39 8 863 30 9 346
800~850 291 46 575 96 18 432 20 4 202
850~900 443 74 726 126 19 711 16 3 136
900~950 890 161 578 213 32 896 18 665
950~1 000 1 148 196 229 263 38 078 25 1 603
1 000~1 050 1 298 214 558 294 42 186 16 706
≥1 050 2 329 415 276 442 47 687 10 520
合计 Total 6 866 1 201 479 1667 253 945 290 62 016

2.3.2 日产奶量影响因素方差分析结果

表6可知,产犊场年季、胎次、哺乳期日增重、泌乳阶段、公畜以及胎次与哺乳期日增重的互作效应对日产奶量均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。
表6 日产奶量影响因素方差分析结果

Table 6 Analysis of variance results of influencing factors on daily milk production

项目
Items
自由度
Degree of
freedom
均方
Mean square
F
F-value
P
P-value
产犊场年季 Calving season 48 36 550.80 599.43 <0.01
胎次 Parity 2 301 046.67 4 937.15 <0.01
哺乳期日增重 Daily weight gain during lactation 9 23 707.98 388.81 <0.01
泌乳阶段 Lactation stage 9 1 732 948.06 28 420.20 <0.01
公畜 Sire 65 110 015.04 1 804.24 <0.01
胎次×哺乳期日增重 Parity×daily weight gain during lactation 18 6 993.05 114.69 <0.01

2.3.3 日产奶量最小二乘平均值结果

表7可知,当哺乳期日增重为800~850 g时,未来头胎和2胎奶牛日产奶量最高,显著高于其他水平哺乳期日增重(P<0.05);当哺乳期日增重≥1 050 g时,未来第3胎奶牛日产奶量最高,显著高于其他水平哺乳期日增重(P<0.05),哺乳期日增重为800~850 g次之。
表7 不同哺乳期日增重各胎次日产奶量最小二乘平均值

Table 7 Least squares mean of daily milk production at different daily weight gain during lactation for each parity

哺乳期日增重
Daily weight gain during lactation/g
1胎
Parity 1
2胎
Parity 2
3胎
Parity 3
<650 35.87e 40.80f 40.73ef
650~700 34.49e 39.47h 40.39f
700~750 36.15d 40.89f 39.81g
750~800 36.27d 42.58cd 42.44c
800~850 37.01a 44.07a 44.15b
850~900 36.26d 43.39b 41.60d
900~950 36.79b 42.55d 39.79fg
950~1 000 36.60c 43.02c 41.41de
1 000~1 050 36.20d 41.99e 43.83b
≥1 050 36.65c 43.49b 51.03a

3 讨论

前人研究多使用奶牛生产性能测定(DHI)数据进行分析,受限于DHI采样频率,奶牛1个泌乳期一般只有10次左右日产奶记录,以此为基础计算出的305 d产奶量与实际日产奶量累加305 d存在一定差异,但总体存在高度相关性。近年来,越来越多牧场主接受并实践精细化管理、数据指导生产这一理念,生产设备数据收集功能得到重视,并逐渐增加投入,每头奶牛每天每班次奶量得到准确记录,使得分析日产奶量成为了可能。本研究使用数据来自5个万头规模牧场,耳标识别准确率99%以上,耳标识别率97%以上,数据准确性、真实性及全面性具有一定优势。
本研究结果表明,产犊场年季、胎次、哺乳期日增重、泌乳阶段、公畜以及胎次与初生重和哺乳期日增重之间的互作效应对日产奶量均有极显著影响。本研究结果与董刚辉等[20-21]、周部等[22]、刘钉钉等[23]、任小丽等[24]以及Zanton等[25]的研究结果一致。本研究目的是获得初生重和哺乳期日增重的最佳范围推荐值,假如根据初生重或哺乳期日增重简单分类统计日产奶量,得到的将是众多因素综合影响的结果,变异较大,不能准确说明初生重和哺乳期日增重对日产奶量的具体影响。但通过计算不同水平初生重和哺乳期日增重对应未来日产奶量的最小二乘平均值,可在一定程度上剖分出其他因素影响,得到更科学合理的结果。本研究结果显示,随着初生重的增加,各胎次日产奶量呈上升趋势。当初生重为44~48 kg时,未来头胎奶牛日产奶量最高,且初生重为44~46 kg与46~48 kg头胎奶牛日产奶量无显著差异;当初生重为46~48 kg时,未来第2胎奶牛日产奶量最高,其次是44~46 kg;当初生重为48~50 kg时,未来第3胎奶牛日产奶量最高,其次是46~48 kg和42~44 kg。不过,因为当初生重为48~50 kg时,3胎奶牛数数据较少,考虑到偏差较大,故不作参考。综合本研究中初生重对顺产率的影响统计,即犊牛初生重<46 kg时,成母牛顺产率可达85.46%以上。犊牛初生重≥46 kg时,顺产率急剧下降,且犊牛每增加2 kg初生重,难产风险增加约3.47%。因此,推荐犊牛初生重为44~46 kg。推荐结果较张孔杰等[6]、徐明等[26]和刘广振等[27]偏高,可能是由于规模牧场拥有较专业接产工人,严格按照标准操作规程(SOP)要求操作,相同条件下,顺产率较高。
本研究结果显示,当哺乳期日增重为800~850 g时,未来头胎和第2胎奶牛日产奶量最高;当哺乳期日增重≥1 050 g时,未来第3胎奶牛日产奶量最高,哺乳期日增重为800~850 g次之。第3胎的结果规律与头胎和第2胎有所差异,可能是由于随着时间的延长,哺乳期日增重对日产奶量影响效果减弱,也可能是由于第3胎数据量和奶牛数相对较少,偏差较大,故第3胎结果仅供参考。Zanton等[25]研究认为,哺乳期最佳日增重为800 g左右;Hulsen[28]推荐犊牛2月龄日增重为850 g;孔庆斌等[29]研究认为,哺乳期日增重保持在0.8~0.9 kg,有利于未来生产水平的提升;徐明等[26]研究认为,犊牛哺乳期日增重在0.8~1.0 kg时,各胎次产奶量较高;Hoseyni等[30]研究认为,哺乳期日增重大≥800 g有利于提升成年生产水平,以上报道与本研究结果基本一致。但Bach等[16]和Soberon等[31]研究认为,哺乳期日增重越大对后期生产性能越有利,当哺乳期日增重达到1 000 g时,头胎奶牛产奶量将增加1.1~1.5 t。综上所述,推荐哺乳期日增重应在800 g以上,但本研究相对数据量较大,因此仍推荐哺乳期日增重范围为800~850 g。

4 结论

① 产犊场年季、胎次、初生重、哺乳期日增重、泌乳阶段、公畜以及胎次与初生重和哺乳期日增重之间的互作效应对荷斯坦奶牛日产奶量影响极显著。
② 初生重为44~48 kg的荷斯坦奶牛未来日产奶量表现较优,但当初生重≥46 kg时,成母牛顺产率下降幅度明显。
③ 随着哺乳期日增重的增加,各胎次荷斯坦奶牛日产奶量表现为先上升后下降趋势,当哺乳期日增重为800~850 g时,各胎次日产奶量表现较优。
④ 综上所述,推荐荷斯坦奶牛犊牛初生重为44~46 kg,哺乳期日增重为800~850 g。
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