Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 4: 2690 - 2698

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.231

RESEARCH PAPER

A Study of Contamination of T-2 Toxin, Ochratoxin A and Fumonisin in Feed Ingredients and Compound Feed in China

  • ZHAO Wei , 1, 2 ,
  • LI Xuewu 1, 2 ,
  • DESSALEGN Lamesgen 1 ,
  • SUN Hua 1 ,
  • GUO Linying 3 ,
  • LIU Meng , 1 ,
  • SUN Lvhui , 1
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  • 1 Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Resources Exploration and Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2 Newhope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
  • 3 Henan Institute of Agricultural, Animal and Aquatic Products Inspection & Testing Technologies, Zhengzhou 453099, China
*LIU Meng, E-mail: ;
SUN Lvhui, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-11-09

  Online published: 2024-04-15

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the individual and combined contamination situation of T-2 toxin, ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisin (FUM) in feed ingredients and compound feed in China. The T-2 toxin, OTA and FUM contents were measured in 474, 385 and 1 905 feed ingredients and compound feed samples collected from different regions of China, respectively. The results showed that the total contamination rates of T-2 toxin, OTA and FUM in feed ingredients and compound feed were 26.8%, 61.8% and 59.3%, respectively, and their content mean values were 0 to 45.8 μg/kg, 0.3 to 11.1 μg/kg and 0 to 16.3 mg/kg respectively. Notably, the proportions of feed ingredients and compound feed with T-2 toxin, OTA and FUM contents exceeding Chinese Hygienical Standard for Feeds were 0.4%, 0.3% and 0.5%, respectively. Moreover, over 60% feed ingredients and compound feed were co-contaminated with mycotoxins, and the co-contamination rate ranged from 30.3% to 88.9%. In conclusion, the contamination situation of T-2 toxin, OTA and FUM in feed ingredients and compound feed in China is more serious, so it is particularly important to strengthen the monitoring of the contamination of the above-mentioned mycotoxins in livestock and poultry feed in China and the implementation of relevant preventive measures during production.

Key words： feed; T-2 toxin; ochratoxin A; fumonisin; contamination

Cite this article

ZHAO Wei , LI Xuewu , DESSALEGN Lamesgen , SUN Hua , GUO Linying , LIU Meng , SUN Lvhui . A Study of Contamination of T-2 Toxin, Ochratoxin A and Fumonisin in Feed Ingredients and Compound Feed in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(4) : 2690 -2698 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.231

霉菌毒素是由真菌产生的天然毒性次级代谢产物,广泛存在于被污染的饲料原料和配合饲料中,主要包括黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、呕吐毒素(DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEA)、T-2毒素、赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)和伏马毒素(FUM)[1]。其中,AFB1、DON和ZEA对饲料原料和配合饲料的污染情况最为常见,它们是污染玉米、小麦、大麦和花生等饲料原料及其副产品的主要毒素[2⇓-4]。T-2毒素是由镰刀菌产生的A类单端孢霉烯族真菌毒素中毒性最强的一种,对免疫系统和神经系统均可产生较强的毒性[5]。OTA通常比其他赭曲霉毒素的毒性更强,对畜禽具有肾脏毒性和免疫毒性,具有致癌、致畸和致突变的作用[6]。FUM有3种亚型,对畜禽具有神经毒性、肠道毒性、肝脏毒性、肾脏毒性、免疫毒性和生殖毒性[7]。由于这些霉菌毒素会通过影响饲料原料和配合饲料的质量和安全进而威胁畜禽和人类的健康,因此,世界各国都建立了饲料原料和配合饲料中霉菌毒素的安全标准。例如,欧盟对饲料原料和配合饲料中OTA和FUM的限量分别设定在50~250 μg/kg和5~60 mg/kg,而对T-2毒素的限量没有作明确规定[8-9]。2017年,我国国家质检总局和国家标准化委员会联合发布了T-2毒素、OTA和FUM的《饲料卫生标准》(GB 13078—2017)[10],规定饲料原料和配合饲料中T-2毒素、OTA和FUM的限量标准分别为≤500 μg/kg、≤100 μg/kg和5~60 mg/kg(表1)。
表1 我国饲料原料和配合饲料中霉菌毒素的限量标准

Table 1 Limit standard of mycotoxin in feed ingredients and compound feed in China[10]

项目
Items		 限量标准
Limited standard
T-2毒素 T-2 toxin/(μg/kg)
植物性饲料原料 Plant feed ingredients ≤500
猪、禽配合饲料 Compound feed for pig and poultry ≤500
赭曲霉毒素A OTA/(μg/kg)
谷物及其加工产品 Cereals and its processed products ≤100
配合饲料 Compound feed ≤100
伏马毒素 FUM/(mg/kg)
饲料原料(玉米及其加工产品) Feed ingredients (corn and its processed products) ≤60
犊牛、羔羊精料补充料 Concentrate supplement for calve and lamb ≤20
马、兔精料补充料 Concentrate supplement for horse and rabbit ≤5
其他反刍动物精料补充料 Concentrate supplement for other ruminant ≤50
猪浓缩饲料 Concentrated feed for pig ≤5
家禽浓缩饲料 Concentrated feed for poultry ≤20
猪、兔、马配合饲料 Compound feed for pig, rabbit and horse ≤5
家禽配合饲料 Compound feed for poultry ≤20
鱼配合饲料 Compound feed for fish ≤10
我国暖湿气候特征明显,全年降水量较多,尤其是秋季多雨的气候使玉米从生长期到收获期一直处于高湿环境,有利于霉菌的生长以及霉菌毒素的产生,从而容易引起饲料遭受霉菌毒素污染[11-12]。此外,我国作为养殖大国,饲料总产量逐年增加,2022年我国的饲料总产量达到3.02亿t[13],而饲料原料和配合饲料的储存和运输过程中也增加了霉菌毒素污染的风险。近年来,养殖生产中T-2毒素、OTA和FUM危害畜禽健康的事件时有发生,但是,目前关于这3种毒素在饲料原料和配合饲料中的污染情况报道相对较少。因此,研究我国饲料原料和配合饲料中T-2毒素、OTA和FUM污染情况具有十分重要的意义,这有利于预防畜禽霉菌毒素中毒并确保饲料和食品安全。本研究分别检测了474、385和1 905份来自不同地区的饲料原料和配合饲料中T-2毒素、OTA和FUM含量,以期为我国养殖和饲料生产中霉菌毒素的防控提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 样品采集

从我国不同地区的饲料公司和畜禽养殖场采集饲料原料和配合饲料样品,采样方法参照《国家饲料采样标准》(GB/T 14699.1—2005)[14]。在检测之前将样品收集在密封袋中,并于-20 ℃冷冻保存。后续分别对474、384和1 905个饲料原料和配合饲料样品中的T-2毒素、OTA和FUM含量进行检测。

1.2 主要仪器与试剂

Theromo酶标仪、高速冷冻离心机均购自赛默飞世尔(上海)仪器有限公司。T-2毒素、OTA和FUM检测试剂盒均购自ROMER国际贸易(北京)有限公司;甲醇(分析纯)购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司。

1.3 霉菌毒素的提取

称取(5.00±0.05) g样品于50 mL离心管中,加入25 mL 70%甲醇溶液,涡旋混匀,4 200 r/min离心10 min,静置2 min,用滤纸过滤上清液,收集滤液。T-2毒素和OTA待测液直接使用,FUM待测液用纯水1∶20稀释待用[15]。

1.4 霉菌毒素含量的检测

采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法,参照试剂盒说明书检测各样本中T-2毒素、OTA和FUM含量,每个样品测定2个平行值。具体步骤如下:首先在96孔板中加入200 μL酶联偶合物,再加入100 μL标准品或样本充分混合,将其中的100 μL混合液转移至试剂盒配备的由抗体包被的96孔板中,T-2毒素和FUM室温孵育10 min,OTA室温孵育15 min,纯水清洗4次,拍干,然后加入100 μL底物,室温孵育5 min,最后加入100 μL终止液,酶标仪读吸光度(OD)值,将得到的OD450值和OD630值带入到ROMER国际贸易(北京)有限公司的霉菌毒素含量计算软件中,计算出检测样品中各霉菌毒素含量[15]。

1.5 数据统计与分析

所有数据都采用Excel 2019进行统计分析,并计算不同样品类别的霉菌毒素污染率和超标率。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲料原料和配合饲料中T-2毒素的污染情况

饲料原料和配合饲料中T-2毒素的污染情况见表2。研究结果发现,玉米、豆粕等20种饲料原料和配合饲料中T-2毒素的污染率为0~87.5%;其中,米糠粕、鱼配合饲料和虾配合饲料中T-2毒素的污染率最低(0),而喷浆玉米皮中T-2毒素的污染率最高(87.5%)。值得注意的是,小麦、喷浆玉米皮和发酵棉籽蛋白中T-2毒素含量的中位值最高(>40 μg/kg),其中,小麦中T-2毒素含量的最大值为577.9 μg/kg。此外,0.8%的玉米和3.1%的小麦中T-2毒素含量超过我国《饲料卫生标准》(500 μg/kg)。
表2 饲料原料和配合饲料中T-2毒素的污染情况

Table 2 Contamination situation of T-2 toxin in feed ingredients and compound feed

项目
Items		 样本数
Sample
numbers		 平均值
Mean
value/
(μg/kg)		 中位值
Median
value/
(μg/kg)		 最大值
Maximum
value/
(μg/kg)		 污染率
Contamination
rate/%		 超标率
Over-
standard
rate/%
玉米 Corn 124 15.0 1.4 529.6 25.0 0.8
玉米胚芽粕 Corn germ meal 27 21.3 6.1 89.2 40.7 0.0
玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal 19 6.3 1.8 33.1 10.5 0.0
喷浆玉米皮 Sprayed corn husk 8 42.6 43.2 78.6 87.5 0.0
豆粕 Soybean meal 18 5.4 0.0 27.5 16.7 0.0
小麦 Wheat 32 45.8 32.0 577.9 56.2 3.1
麦麸 Wheat bran 19 33.2 14.5 124.2 36.8 0.0
面粉 Wheat flour 9 16.8 0.0 59.8 44.4 0.0
小麦次粉 Wheat middings 13 30.0 35.0 76.9 53.8 0.0
干酒糟及其可溶物 DDGS 40 8.2 0.7 96.4 12.5 0.0
米糠粕 Rice bran meal 7 2.3 0.0 15.9 0.0 0.0
花生粕 Peanut meal 5 8.0 0.0 20.5 20.0 0.0
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal 5 8.1 1.7 22.9 20.0 0.0
发酵棉籽蛋白 Fermented cottonseed protein 7 41.6 56.5 59.1 71.4 0.0
家禽配合饲料 Compound feed for poultry 98 14.3 1.9 249.6 17.3 0.0
猪配合饲料 Compound feed for pig 15 23.8 12.4 87.5 33.3 0.0
鱼配合饲料 Compound feed for fish 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
虾配合饲料 Compound feed for shrimp 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
牛精料补充料
Concentrate supplement for cattle		 13 5.8 1.5 25.3 7.7 0.0
羊精料补充料
Concentrate supplement for sheep		 5 14.0 0.0 35.0 40.0 0.0
合计 Total 474 17.1 10.4 129.0 26.8 0.4

T-2毒素含量≥20 μg/kg定义为样本污染。

T-2 toxin content≥20 μg/kg is defined as sample contamination.

2.2 饲料原料和配合饲料中OTA的污染情况

饲料原料和配合饲料中OTA的污染情况见表3。研究结果发现,玉米、豆粕等20种饲料原料和配合饲料中OTA的污染率为14.3%~100%;其中,豆粕中OTA的污染率最低(14.3%),喷浆玉米皮、面粉、发酵棉籽蛋白和虾配合饲料中OTA的污染率最高(100%)。值得注意的是,玉米蛋白粉和家禽配合饲料中OTA含量的中位值>10 μg/kg,而玉米中OTA含量的最大值为225.9 μg/kg。此外,1.1%的玉米中OTA含量超过我国《饲料卫生标准》(100 μg/kg)。
表3 饲料原料和配合饲料中OTA的污染情况

Table 3 Contamination situation of OTA in feed ingredients and compound feed

项目
Items		 样本数
Sample
numbers		 平均值
Mean
value/
(μg/kg)		 中位值
Median
value/
(μg/kg)		 最大值
Maximum
value/
(μg/kg)		 污染率
Contamination
rate/%		 超标率
Over-
standard
rate/%
玉米 Corn 95 7.9 0.4 225.9 45.3 1.1
玉米胚芽粕 Corn germ meal 12 7.8 7.0 16.3 91.7 0.0
玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal 14 11.1 6.6 62.6 92.9 0.0
喷浆玉米皮 Sprayed corn husk 8 9.3 9.1 18.6 100.0 0.0
豆粕 Soybean meal 7 0.3 0.0 2.3 14.3 0.0
小麦 Wheat 32 5.0 4.1 15.6 81.3 0.0
麦麸 Wheat bran 17 6.2 2.6 39.0 76.5 0.0
面粉 Wheat flour 1 7.8 7.8 7.8 100.0 0.0
小麦次粉 Wheat middings 6 4.6 4.6 8.1 83.3 0.0
干酒糟及其可溶物 DDGS 28 4.7 3.1 18.1 64.3 0.0
米糠粕 Rice bran meal 2 7.8 7.8 13.9 50.0 0.0
花生粕 Peanut meal 9 6.0 4.4 10.3 88.9 0.0
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal 2 6.0 6.0 11.9 50.0 0.0
发酵棉籽蛋白 Fermented cottonseed protein 6 8.3 9.6 11.9 100.0 0.0
家禽配合饲料 Compound feed for poultry 122 10.4 1.7 91.6 49.2 0.0
猪配合饲料 Compound feed for pig 5 6.8 1.0 21.3 40.0 0.0
鱼配合饲料 Compound feed for fish 5 2.9 3.1 5.9 80.0 0.0
虾配合饲料 Compound feed for shrimp 7 5.2 6.1 8.2 100.0 0.0
牛精料补充料
Concentrate supplement for cattle		 2 4.1 4.1 7.9 50.0 0.0
羊精料补充料
Concentrate supplement for sheep		 5 2.6 2.6 4.2 80.0 0.0
合计 Total 385 6.2 4.6 31.4 61.8 0.3

OTA含量≥2.0 μg/kg定义为样本污染。

OTA content≥2.0 μg/kg is defined as sample contamination.

2.3 饲料原料和配合饲料中FUM的污染情况

饲料原料和配合饲料中FUM的污染情况见表4。研究结果发现,玉米、豆粕等21种饲料原料和配合饲料中FUM污染率为0~100%;其中,面粉和虾配合饲料的污染率最低(0),而喷浆玉米皮、兔配合饲料和羊精料补充料的污染率最高(100%)。值得注意的是,花生粕、发酵棉籽蛋白及喷浆玉米皮中FUM含量的中位值较高,分别为16.3、14.9及8.9 mg/kg;而玉米和干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)中FUM含量的最大值较高,分别为261.8和186.0 mg/kg。此外,0.2%的玉米、5.0%的小麦次粉、0.7%的DDGS、2.4%的米糠粕、18.2%的花生粕、10.0%的发酵棉籽蛋白、0.3%的家禽配合饲料、0.7%的猪配合饲料和20.0%的兔配合饲料中FUM含量超过我国《饲料卫生标准》(5~60 mg/kg)。
表4 饲料原料和配合饲料中FUM的污染情况

Table 4 Contamination situation of FUM in feed ingredients and compound feed

项目
Items		 样本数
Sample
numbers		 平均值
Mean
value/
(mg/kg)		 中位值
Median
value/
(mg/kg)		 最大值
Maximum
value/
(mg/kg)		 污染率
Contamination
rate/%		 超标率
Over-
standard
rate/%
玉米 Corn 604 3.1 1.0 261.8 76.2 0.2
玉米胚芽粕 Corn germ meal 60 5.9 1.8 45.7 91.7 0.0
玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal 70 5.1 1.9 51.9 91.4 0.0
喷浆玉米皮 Sprayed corn husk 19 8.9 9.1 26.7 100.0 0.0
豆粕 Soybean meal 49 1.0 0.0 46.7 4.1 0.0
小麦 Wheat 67 0.1 0.0 0.8 14.9 0.0
麦麸 Wheat bran 64 5.1 0.0 59.2 23.4 0.0
面粉 Wheat flour 10 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
小麦次粉 Wheat middings 20 4.8 0.0 89.6 25.0 5.0
干酒糟及其可溶物 DDGS 134 3.6 1.0 186.0 10.4 0.7
米糠粕 Rice bran meal 42 2.5 0.1 83.9 23.8 2.4
花生粕 Peanut meal 11 16.3 0.0 90.1 18.2 18.2
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal 22 2.2 0.0 46.0 9.1 0.0
发酵棉籽蛋白 Fermented cottonseed protein 10 14.9 10.7 90.1 60.0 10.0
家禽配合饲料 Compound feed for poultry 308 1.3 0.6 32.1 78.2 0.3
猪配合饲料 Compound feed for pig 140 0.7 0.4 7.7 77.1 0.7
鱼配合饲料 Compound feed for fish 40 0.4 0.2 2.3 52.5 0.0
虾配合饲料 Compound feed for shrimp 19 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
兔配合饲料 Compound feed for rabbit 5 2.6 0.9 6.9 100.0 20.0
牛精料补充料
Concentrate supplement for cattle		 206 0.3 0.2 3.2 41.3 0.0
羊精料补充料
Concentrate supplement for sheep		 5 4.7 4.4 10.0 100.0 0.0
合计 Total 1 905 3.9 1.4 60.0 59.3 0.5

FUM含量≥0.2 mg/kg定义为样本污染。

FUM content≥0.2 mg/kg is defined as sample contamination.

2.4 饲料原料和配合饲料中T-2毒素、OTA或FUM联合污染情况

饲料原料和配合饲料中T-2毒素、OTA或FUM联合污染情况见表5。在玉米、豆粕等20种饲料原料和配合饲料中,60%以上的饲料样品中霉菌毒素的联合污染率高达30.3%~88.9%,面粉和虾配合饲料中霉菌毒素的联合污染率最低(0),而喷浆玉米皮中霉菌毒素的联合污染率最高(88.9%)。
表5 饲料原料和配合饲料中T-2毒素、OTA和FUM联合污染情况

Table 5 Combined contamination situation of T-2, OTA and FUM in feed ingredients and compound feed

项目
Items		 样本数
Sample numbers		 联合污染率
Combined
contamination rate/%
玉米 Corn 122 30.3
玉米胚芽粕 Corn germ meal 27 44.4
玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal 18 44.4
喷浆玉米皮 Sprayed corn husk 9 88.9
豆粕 Soybean meal 11 9.1
小麦 Wheat 29 51.7
麦麸 Wheat bran 24 41.7
面粉 Wheat flour 5 0.0
小麦次粉 Wheat middings 9 55.6
干酒糟及其可溶物 DDGS 47 40.4
米糠粕 Rice bran meal 8 12.5
花生粕 Peanut meal 7 28.6
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal 2 50.0
发酵棉籽蛋白 Fermented cottonseed protein 7 85.7
家禽配合饲料 Compound feed for poultry 120 35.8
猪配合饲料 Compound feed for pig 10 20.0
鱼配合饲料 Compound feed for fish 5 80.0
虾配合饲料 Compound feed for shrimp 7 0.0
牛精料补充料 Concentrate supplement for cattle 15 6.7
羊精料补充料 Concentrate supplement for sheep 5 20.0
合计 Total 487 36.1

3 讨论

不同饲料原料和配合饲料被不同的霉菌毒素污染的情况不同,本研究对我国饲料原料和配合饲料中常见霉菌毒素的单独或联合污染情况进行调查分析,发现T-2毒素、OTA和FUM在饲料原料和配合饲料中的总污染率分别高达26.8%、61.8%和59.3%,特别是OTA和FUM总污染率均在60%左右,且60%以上的饲料样品中霉菌毒素的联合污染率高达30.3%~88.9%,表明我国饲料原料和配合饲料的霉菌毒素污染情况比较严峻。
在所检测的饲料原料和配合饲料中,T-2毒素的总污染率为26.8%,而T-2毒素在不同饲料原料和配合饲料中T-2毒素的污染率为0~87.5%,其中米糠粕、鱼配合饲料和虾配合饲料中T-2毒素的污染率为0%,而喷浆玉米皮中T-2毒素的污染率为87.5%。T-2毒素的污染较为普遍,据相关统计在全球75个国家8 721种农作物中,约有23%的农作物受到了T-2毒素污染[16]。而程传民等[17]研究表明,玉米、玉米副产物、小麦、小麦副产物和饼粕类样品中T-2毒素的检出率均高于20%,但污染程度较轻,所有样品均无超标。本研究结果与上述报道一致,T-2毒素对不同的饲料原料和配合饲料均有污染,但总污染率为26.8%,且超标率只有0.4%。T-2毒素的产生与环境密切相关,低温、高湿环境可促进T-2毒素的产生,碱性环境可抑制T-2毒素的产生[18]。因此今后要严格控制饲料原料和配合饲料的储存和运输环境,减少T-2毒素的产生和对饲料原料和配合饲料的污染。
黄志伟等[19]研究表明,17种植物性饲料原料中OTA的总污染率为8.06%,其中玉米皮、麦麸、小麦次粉、面粉和花生粕中OTA的污染率分别为50.0%、11.1%、14.0%、33.3%和100%。本研究分析的饲料原料和配合饲料中,OTA的总污染率为61.8%,而OTA在不同饲料原料和配合饲料中的污染率为14.3%~100%,其中豆粕中OTA的污染率为14.3%,而喷浆玉米皮、面粉、发酵棉籽蛋白和虾配合饲料中OTA的污染率高达100%,说明喷浆玉米皮、面粉、发酵棉籽蛋白等是OTA污染最为严重的饲料原料,与程传民等[17]的研究结果一致。本研究还发现,只有玉米中的OTA含量超标,表明应该更加关注重视玉米的田间生产和储存过程中霉变的问题,减轻OTA对玉米等饲料原料的污染。
本研究所检测的饲料原料和配合饲料中,FUM的总污染率为59.3%,而FUM在不同饲料原料和配合饲料中的污染率为0~100%,其中面粉和虾配合饲料中FUM的污染率为0,而喷浆玉米皮、兔配合饲料和羊精料补充料中FUM的污染率高达100%,稍高于黄志伟等[19]报道的FUM对62份植物性饲料原料的污染率(37.09%),这可能是因为部分饲料原料和配合饲料的取样地区及气候不同[20]。另外,玉米中FUM的污染率高达76.2%,且玉米胚芽粕、玉米蛋白粉、喷浆玉米皮、兔配合饲料和羊精料补充料中FUM的污染率均超过90%,说明FUM在玉米及其副产物中处于高风险程度,与王庆伟等[21]的研究结果一致。而FUM在玉米、小麦次粉和DDGS等多种饲料原料中均有超标,超标的饲料原料种类和超标率均大于T-2毒素和OTA,说明实际生产中更应积极监管和防控FUM在玉米等饲料原料中的污染。
值得注意的是,不同霉菌毒素之间还存在联合毒性作用[2]。本研究结果显示,60%以上的饲料原料和配合饲料中霉菌毒素的联合污染率高达30.3%~88.9%,从而导致霉菌毒素的限定标准制定和污染防控更加复杂[22⇓-24]。同时,霉菌毒素对畜禽具有多重危害,饲料原料和配合饲料中的霉菌毒素污染不仅会给养殖企业造成经济损失,还会通过食物链威胁人类的健康[25-26]。因此,为了减少霉菌毒素的污染,应该从饲料原料和配合饲料的储存、运输和生产等不同环节分别进行防控。首先,应当加强饲料原料和配合饲料中的储存管理,定期检测饲料原料和配合饲料储藏间温度和湿度,防止饲料霉变等;其次,定期检测、监控饲料原料和配合饲料中的霉菌毒素污染情况;最后,还需加强对已受霉菌毒素污染的饲料原料和配合饲料处理,选择合适的脱毒技术进行防控处理[24]。

4 结论

我国饲料原料和配合饲料被T-2毒素、OTA和FUM污染的情况普遍存在,总污染率分别为26.8%、61.8%和59.3%,且60%以上的饲料样品中霉菌毒素的联合污染率高达30.3%~88.9%,其中分别有0.4%、0.3%和0.5%的饲料原料和配合饲料中T-2毒素、OTA和FUM含量超过了我国《饲料卫生标准》。生产中加强监测我国畜禽饲料中T-2毒素、OTA和FUM的污染情况和实施相关防控措施的非常重要。

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