REVIEW

Research Progress in Nutritional Requirements and Compound Feed of Freshwater Eels

  • WANG Yuyu , 1 ,
  • JIA Jing 1 ,
  • LI Yuanyuan , 2, * ,
  • ZHANG Xinming 1
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  • 1 Department of Marine Technology, Rizhao Polytechnic, Rizhao 276826, China
  • 2 Rizhao Ocean and Fisheries Institution, Rizhao 276800, China
* senior engineer, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-01-04

  Online published: 2024-05-15

Abstract

Eels is one of the most important farmed fish in China, with an output of 255,300 tons in 2021, accounting for about 2/3 of the world’s total eel culture production, has an important position in aquatic product export. At present, there have been many studies on the nutritional requirements and compound feed for freshwater eels, while no studies have been conducted to determine the nutritional requirements of marine eels. This paper reviewed the research progress in nutritional requirements of freshwater eels for dietary protein, essential amino acids, lipid, essential fatty acids, carbohydrate, vitamins and mineral elements, dietary protein sources and lipid sources replacement as well as functional feed additives, in order to provide reference for the research and development of efficient and environmentally-friendly compound feeds for freshwater eels and promote the high-quality development of freshwater eel culture.

Cite this article

WANG Yuyu , JIA Jing , LI Yuanyuan , ZHANG Xinming . Research Progress in Nutritional Requirements and Compound Feed of Freshwater Eels[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(5) : 2728 -2742 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.235

鳗鲡目(Anguilliformes)分为鳗鲡亚目(Anguilloidei)和线鳗亚目(Nemichthyoidei)2个亚目。我国产鳗鲡亚目13科115种,主要包括鳗鲡科(Anguillidae)、康吉鳗科(Congridae)和海鳗科(Muraenesocidae)等。鳗鲡是鳗鲡目鳗鲡科鳗鲡属肉食性鱼类的统称,其对食物和水环境条件适应性强,肉质鲜美、营养丰富,因此,鳗鲡已成为重要的养殖经济鱼类之一。目前,全世界已开展养殖的鳗鲡种类有日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)、欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla)、美洲鳗鲡(Anguilla rostrata)、花鳗鲡(Anguilla marmorata)、澳洲鳗鲡(Auguilla australis)和太平洋双色鳗鲡(Anguilla bicolor pacifica)等[1]。我国养殖的鳗鲡种类主要有淡水养殖的日本鳗鲡、欧洲鳗鲡和美洲鳗鲡[2]以及少量海水养殖的星康吉鳗(Conger myriaster)。据2022年中国渔业统计年鉴数据,我国鳗鲡年养殖产量从2010年的21.38万t增加到2021年的25.53万t,约占世界养殖产量的2/3,其中养殖产量前3位的省份是福建、广东和江西,约占全国总产量的90%以上;鳗鲡产品出口创汇13.64亿美元,其中烤鳗创汇占86%,鳗鲡全产业链年产值超300亿元[3]。研究显示,摄食鳕鱼卵的欧洲鳗鲡玻璃鳗的生长性能、存活率和营养状况优于摄食配合饲料的玻璃鳗,但鳕鱼卵是寄生虫传播的重要媒介,导致30%的玻璃鳗腹腔内寄生有复殖吸虫[4]。目前,淡水鳗鲡的饲料主要有粉状饲料和膨化饲料。粉状饲料具有溶失率高、饲料浪费和污染水体以及引起鳗鲡生长差异大等缺点,而膨化饲料淀粉含量高和加工工艺不当会影响鳗鲡体色及品质。因此,需要研发营养均衡的高效环保型鳗鲡系列开口配合饲料、膨化饲料等。目前,有关鳗鲡营养需求和配合饲料的研究主要集中在日本鳗鲡、欧洲鳗鲡、美洲鳗鲡和花鳗鲡等淡水鳗鲡,而海水鳗鲡尚未开展相关研究。本文综述了国内外关于淡水鳗鲡的营养需求和配合饲料研究进展,以期为淡水鳗鲡的精准营养和高效环保型配合饲料的研发提供参考。

1 蛋白质、氨基酸对淡水鳗鲡生长性能的影响

1.1 饲料蛋白质含量对淡水鳗鲡生长性能的影响

有关淡水鳗鲡对饲料中蛋白质需求量的研究较多。Nose等[5]的研究显示,在水温25 ℃条件下,以酪蛋白为蛋白质源并补充精氨酸和胱氨酸时,日本鳗鲡幼鳗(初始体质量3.1 g)对饲料中蛋白质的需求量为44.5%。Okorie等[6]以鱼粉和血粉为蛋白质源,以增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率为评价指标,得出日本鳗鲡幼鳗[(15.0±3.0) g]对饲料中蛋白质的需求量为44.3%、蛋能比(P/E)为24.1 mg/kJ,日本鳗鲡玻璃鳗[(0.10±0.02) g]对饲料中蛋白质的需求量为49.2%、P/E为29.8 mg/kJ,这表明日本鳗鲡对蛋白质的需求量随日龄增加而降低。Degani等[7]以鸡肉粉和玉米粉为蛋白质源,得出体质量1~2 g的欧洲鳗鲡获得最大生长时的饲料蛋白质含量为45%。基于生长、饲料效率和蛋白质效率及养分消化率等指标发现,白鱼粉是欧洲鳗鲡(40 g)的优质饲料蛋白质源,其获得最大生长时的饲料蛋白质含量为42.4%[8]。而有研究发现,饲料蛋白质含量为30%、P/E为16.1 g/MJ时,欧洲鳗鲡(35~40 g)的生长和饲料利用效果最佳[9]。Tibbetts等[10]以鲱鱼粉为蛋白质源,配制蛋白质含量分别为35%、39%、43%、47%和51%的试验饲料,饲喂美洲鳗鲡(8~22 g)84 d,结果发现,饲料蛋白质含量为47%(可消化P/E为22 g/MJ)组美洲鳗鲡的生长和饲料利用率最佳。在饲料粗脂肪含量为5%条件下,以鱼粉为蛋白质源时,体质量为2.29和21.97 g花鳗鲡获得最大生长时的饲料蛋白质含量分别为50%和45%[11]。我国水产行业标准《鳗鲡配合饲料》(SC/T 1004—2010)规定,鳗鲡粉状配合饲料的蛋白质含量为白仔鳗≥45.0%、黑仔鳗≥42.0%、幼鳗≥40.0%、成鳗≥38.0%,膨化配合饲料的蛋白质含量为幼鳗≥43.0%、成鳗≥40.0%[12]表1中列出了几种淡水鳗鲡的饲料蛋白质需求量,总体上来看,淡水鳗鲡对蛋白质的需求量在30%~50%,不同研究所得蛋白质需求量的差异较大与鳗鲡种类、生长阶段、蛋白质源、能量水平、饲料类型和养殖环境等存在差异有关。饲料蛋白质含量会影响氮的排泄,进而影响养殖水体环境。研究发现,澳洲鳗鲡幼鳗[(2.30±0.02) g]氨氮和尿素氮排泄率峰值出现在摄食后4~8 h,蛋白质的摄入量与氨氮和尿素氮排泄量呈正相关,其中55%蛋白质组氨氮日排泄量显著高于35%和45%蛋白质组[13]。饲料P/E增加或不变时,欧洲鳗鲡[14]和美洲鳗鲡[15]的氨氮排泄量随饲料蛋白质含量的增加而升高。通常地,在不影响鱼类生长和健康的前提下,可采用碳水化合物或脂肪替代饲料中部分蛋白质,以降低水中氨氮浓度,改善水质[16-18]
表1 几种淡水鳗鲡的饲料蛋白质需求量

Table 1 Dietary protein requirement of several freshwater eels

序号
No.
种类
Species
体质量
Body weight/g
蛋白质源
Protein sources
蛋白质需求量
Protein requirements/%
参考文献
References
1 日本鳗鲡 3.1 酪蛋白、精氨酸、胱氨酸 44.5 [5]
2 日本鳗鲡 15.0±3.0 鱼粉、血粉 44.3 [6]
3 日本鳗鲡 0.10±0.02 鱼粉、血粉 49.2 [6]
4 欧洲鳗鲡 1~2 鸡肉粉、玉米粉 ≥45 [7]
5 欧洲鳗鲡 40 白鱼粉、鲱鱼粉 42.4 [8]
6 欧洲鳗鲡 35~40 白鱼粉 30 [9]
7 美洲鳗鲡 8~22 鲱鱼粉 47 [10]
8 花鳗鲡 2.29 鱼粉 50 [11]
9 花鳗鲡 21.97 鱼粉 45 [11]

1.2 饲料蛋白质来源对淡水鳗鲡生长性能的影响

鱼粉供给量短缺和需求量增加的矛盾导致鱼粉价格和饲料成本过高,开发新型饲料蛋白质源替代鱼粉已成为水产营养与饲料研究的热点之一。有关淡水鳗鲡饲料中鱼粉替代的研究较多。
鳗鲡对不同蛋白质饲料原料的利用存在差异。研究表明,澳洲鳗鲡幼鳗[(3.15±0.42) g]对高脂鸡肉粉、血粉和肉粉等动物副产品干物质(67.66%~86.33%)和能量(18.3~22.4 MJ/kg)的消化率优于豆粕、菜籽粕、羽扇豆粉和豌豆粉等植物蛋白质源(33.08%~70.51%和8.0~14.1 MJ/kg)[19]。进一步的研究发现,玉米蛋白粉和豆粕分别替代澳洲鳗鲡幼鳗[(2.23±0.40) g]饲料中23%的鱼粉蛋白对其生长性能无显著影响,而羽扇豆粉替代23%的鱼粉蛋白则显著降低了其生长和饲料效率[20]。澳洲鳗鲡对鲨鱼肉粉和豆粕干物质(83.3%和81.6%)和蛋白质的表观消化率(79.4%和91.6%)显著高于肉粉(33.4%和53.0%),对豆粕和鲨鱼肉粉必需氨基酸(EAA)的表观消化率也显著高于肉粉[21]。澳洲鳗鲡[(5.4±0.1) g]饲料中豆粕含量高达20%时对其生长和饲料利用无显著影响[22]。对日本鳗鲡[(37.62±0.16) g]的研究也发现,饲料中添加15%~20%的发酵豆粕无消极影响,需要注意的是,发酵豆粕替代鱼粉后应适当调整饲料中矿物元素添加量[23]。相反地,欧洲鳗鲡(150 g)饲料中添加22.5%的豆粕替代25%的鱼粉蛋白会引起生长、饲料效率和肌肉n-3/n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)比例显著降低[24]。花鳗鲡饲料中添加10%发酵豆粕、鱿鱼肝粉或玉米蛋白粉均对其生长、饲料效率和蛋白质效率产生负面影响[25]。葵籽饼粉可替代欧洲鳗鲡(56 g)饲料(蛋白质含量30%,能量水平18.5 MJ/kg)中50%的鱼粉而对其摄食、生长、饲料效率和蛋白质效率无显著影响,而葵籽饼粉替代100%的鱼粉则导致以上指标显著降低[26]。植物蛋白质源替代鱼粉的负面效应与其可消化碳水化合物含量低和抗营养因子含量高导致的蛋白质等营养物质利用率降低以及氨基酸不平衡有关。
研究表明,鸡肉粉和鸡油可部分替代欧洲鳗鲡(2.12 g)饲料中的鱼粉和鱼油而不会影响其生长率[27]。以鱼粉为饲料蛋白质源时,鸡油对鳗鲡肌肉中n-3 PUFA含量无显著影响,而大豆油对其脂肪酸组成有显著影响[18]。在不补充氨基酸的情况下,血红蛋白粉可替代饲料中50%的鱼粉而不会影响日本鳗鲡幼鳗(12.8 g)的生长;在补充精氨酸、异亮氨酸和蛋氨酸情况下,血红蛋白粉替代鱼粉的比例可达75%[28]。血红蛋白粉替代鱼粉有2个优势:一是可以减少磷排放;二是血红蛋白粉黏合能力较强,可降低饲料中土豆淀粉的使用量。以肉粉替代饲料中23%的鱼粉蛋白对澳洲鳗鲡幼鳗(2.23 g)生长率无显著影响[20];而以肉粉替代饲料中50%或100%的鱼粉则导致欧洲鳗鲡(56 g)的生长性能和饲料效率显著降低,这与高比例肉粉替代鱼粉导致饲料中必需氨基酸含量降低和粗灰分含量升高有关[21,26]。饲料中添加60 g/kg海产品加工副产物或酵母蛋白对欧洲鳗鲡幼鳗[(1.5±0.3) g]的生长、个体均匀度和摄食量具有积极作用[29];饲料中添加60 g/kg海产品加工副产物对玻璃鳗[(250±100) mg]生长和大小均匀度无显著影响,但是促进了胰腺和肠道功能的发育成熟,提高了胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶和氨基肽酶活性[29]
根据饲料蛋白质源的营养互补作用,采用复合动植物蛋白质源和补充氨基酸被认为是降低饲料中鱼粉使用量的最为经济有效的方法之一。日本鳗鲡成鳗[(119.60± 0.97) g]饲料中鱼粉类似物(17.0%家禽副产品粉+20.0%皮革粉+16.0%羽毛粉+17.6%豆粕+19.9%血粉+1.5%鱼油+5.0%鱿鱼肝粉+2.0%赖氨酸+1.0%蛋氨酸)替代鱼粉的适宜比例为15.39%~20.00%[30]。类似的,鱼粉类似物能够替代日本鳗鲡(9 g)饲料中10%的鱼粉而对其生长和健康无显著影响,添加0.4%的松岗石粉或0.1%的西地格丝兰提取物时可将替代比例提高到20%[31]。发酵豆粕型饲料中添加1%的赖氨酸和1%的蛋氨酸可缓解其对花鳗鲡的负面影响,但是氨基酸添加量过高会产生负面影响[25]。在葵籽饼粉替代100%鱼粉的欧洲鳗鲡饲料中添加1.6%的晶体氨基酸混合物(赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、组氨酸和苏氨酸)可显著改善其摄食、生长和饲料效率[26],这说明欧洲鳗鲡能够有效利用晶体氨基酸。采用复合植物蛋白质源(玉米蛋白粉、谷朊粉、豆粕和大豆浓缩蛋白)替代饲料中50%或75%的鱼粉对欧洲鳗鲡玻璃鳗[(190±60) mg]的生长、发育和胰酶(总碱性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、胆盐激活脂肪酶和α-淀粉酶)活性无显著影响,但成活率低于天然食物组[32]

1.3 饲料氨基酸对淡水鳗鲡生长性能的影响

研究发现,鳗鲡的必需氨基酸主要有10种,分别是赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、苏氨酸、精氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸和缬氨酸[33]。有关鳗鲡必需氨基酸适宜需求量的研究较少。
研究者利用“理想蛋白质”模型,采用A/E(某种必需氨基酸占肌肉总必需氨基酸的比例)的方法估算了花鳗鲡[34]、美洲鳗鲡[35]、日本鳗鲡[36]和欧洲鳗鲡[37]对饲料中10种必需氨基酸的需要量,详见表2。由表中数据可知,随着体质量的增加,淡水鳗鲡对饲料中必需氨基酸的需求量呈降低的趋势。然而,采用A/E方法得到的淡水鳗鲡必需氨基酸需求量的数据忽略了用于维持基础代谢的氨基酸的支出。
表2 不同生长阶段淡水鳗鲡的必需氨基酸需求量

Table 2 Requirements of essential amino acids in different growth stages of freshwater eels %

必需氨基酸
Essential amino acids
黑仔鳗
Glass eel
幼鳗
Elver
成鳗
Adult eel
NRC
(2011)
苏氨酸Thr 1.21~1.30 1.13~1.20 1.02~1.12 1.50
缬氨酸Val 1.32~1.40 1.26~1.30 1.14~1.20 1.50
蛋氨酸Met 0.98~1.27 0.93~1.20 0.88~1.10 1.20
异亮氨酸Ile 1.14~1.26 1.00~1.18 0.90~1.06 1.50
亮氨酸Leu 2.03~2.20 1.90~2.10 1.70~1.90 2.00
苯丙氨酸Phe 1.89~2.19 1.76~2.09 1.60~1.98 2.20
赖氨酸Lys 2.60~2.72 2.40~2.70 2.20~2.40 2.00
色氨酸Trp 0.15~0.30 0.14~0.30 0.13~0.30 0.40
组氨酸His 0.96~1.27 0.91~1.19 0.87~1.08 0.80
精氨酸Arg 1.85~1.99 1.76~1.90 1.60~1.70 1.70
参考文献References [34 -36] [34 -37] [34 -37] [38]

NRC(2011)为日本鳗鲡成鳗必需氨基酸需求量的推荐量,饲料蛋白质水平为38%,且蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸需要量分别为半胱氨酸、酪氨酸缺乏状态下的推荐值。

NRC (2011) is the recommended amount of EAAs requirement by adult Japanese eel, when the dietary protein level is 38%, and the Met and Phe requirements are the recommended values when Cys and Tyr are deficient, respectively.

2 饲料脂肪、脂肪酸对淡水鳗鲡生长性能的影响

2.1 饲料脂肪来源对淡水鳗鲡生长性能的影响

研究表明,鳗鲡对脂肪的消化利用能力较高,可有效利用脂肪作为能量来源[10,39-40]。澳洲鳗鲡对鳕鱼油、亚麻籽油和葵花籽油的消化率分别为95.6%、90.2%和94.9%[41]。以鱼油和玉米油(1∶2)为脂肪源,得出日本鳗鲡幼鳗和玻璃鳗适宜的饲料脂肪需求量分别为15%和6%[6],玻璃鳗对脂肪的需求量低可能与其消化功能不完善和缺乏脂肪酶有关,这有待于进一步研究。以玉米油和鱼油(1∶1)为脂肪源,配制P/E为14.1~24.4 g/MJ的饲料饲喂欧洲鳗鲡60 d,结果发现,鳗鲡生长速度、饲料效率和蛋白质利用率随饲料P/E的降低而增加,当饲料脂肪含量为20%、P/E为16.1 g/MJ时,生长和饲料利用效果最佳[9]。饲料脂肪含量为20%时,欧洲鳗鲡获得最佳的生长速度[18]。在饲料含50%蛋白质的条件下,以鱼油为脂肪源,得出体质量为7.52和14.74 g的花鳗鲡的饲料脂肪适宜需求量均为8%[11]。在体质量为2~10 g的欧洲鳗鲡饲料中添加30%的家禽脂肪并不能显著提高其生长速度[40]。饲料中添加6.43%~6.78%的鱼油可提高美洲鳗鲡幼鳗[(8.34±0.12) g]的生长性能、肠道脂肪酶活性和体脂肪含量,调节肝脏脂肪代谢酶活性,以增重率和饲料效率为评价指标,经二次回归得出美洲鳗鲡幼鳗饲料适宜脂肪含量为11.30%~11.59%[42]。与欧洲鳗鲡类似,花鳗鲡[(6.86±0.11) g]需要较高的饲料脂肪含量维持其良好的生长,以生长率为评价指标,折线模型得出花鳗鲡饲料适宜脂肪含量为19.53%~19.87%[43]。值得注意的是,淡水鳗鲡对饲料脂肪的利用与蛋白质源有关。饲喂脱脂冻干鲨鱼卵的日本鳗鲡仔稚鳗的成活率和生长最佳,其次是饲喂冻干鲨鱼卵和脱脂鸡蛋黄,最差的是饲喂鸡蛋黄,这表明可以通过低脂肪高蛋白质饲料原料的组合降低饲料脂肪含量,这对仔稚鳗的存活和生长具有积极效果[44]。日本鳗鲡幼鳗饲料脂肪含量由46%降至31%时,饲喂酶处理鱼粉饲料后生长性能略有改善[45]

2.2 饲料中利用脂肪节约蛋白质对淡水鳗鲡生长性能的影响

在保证鱼类生长和健康的前提下,饲料中适量添加脂肪对于降低饲料蛋白质含量和饲料成本具有重要意义。日本鳗鲡仔鳗饲料蛋白质含量由52%降至41%,而脂肪含量由7%增至16%时,对其生长率无显著影响,其中饲料蛋白质含量为41%、脂肪含量为16%组鳗鲡生长最快[46]。对澳洲鳗鲡[(5.4±0.1) g]的研究发现,饲料蛋白质含量50%、脂肪含量15%组的生长和饲料效率最佳,其次是蛋白质含量40%、脂肪含量20%组和蛋白质含量40%、脂肪含量15%组,而蛋白质含量40%、脂肪含量25%组和蛋白质含量50%、脂肪含量25%组较差[22]。以上结果说明,淡水鳗鲡饲料中脂肪含量在15%~20%时对生长有促进作用,这可解释为较高的饲料脂肪含量为鳗鲡提供了充足的可利用能量,减少了蛋白质分解供能,从而发挥脂肪节约蛋白质效应。此外,鳗鲡生长过程中脂肪的大量沉积可能与其洄游所需的能量储存有关[24]。需要注意的是,淡水鳗鲡饲料中脂肪含量过高会引起饲料蛋白质与可消化能比例失调,导致脂肪在肝脏和腹腔等体组织内过度蓄积,最终影响其生长、繁殖、肌肉品质和健康[22,41]。研究显示,花鳗鲡饲料适宜脂肪含量为19.53%~19.87%,脂肪含量为21.67%时会导致肝细胞肥大和脂质液泡化[43]。参考相关文献,表3列出了部分淡水鳗鲡的饲料脂肪需求量,淡水鳗鲡对脂肪需求量的差异可能与鱼的种类和生长阶段、脂肪源、脂肪含量、饲料配方、养殖环境等方面的差异有关,在实际生产中需要综合考虑以实现饲料脂肪的精准营养。
表3 几种淡水鳗鲡的饲料脂肪需求量

Table 3 Dietary lipid requirements of several freshwater eels

序号
No.
种类
Species
体质量
Body weight/g
脂肪源
Lipid sources
脂肪需求量
Lipid requirements/%
参考文献
References
1 日本鳗鲡 15.0±3.0 鱼油、玉米油 15 [6]
2 日本鳗鲡 0.10±0.02 鱼油、玉米油 6 [6]
3 欧洲鳗鲡 35~40 鳕鱼肝油、玉米油 20 [9]
4 花鳗鲡 7.52 鱼油 8 [11]
5 花鳗鲡 14.74 鱼油 8 [11]
6 欧洲鳗鲡 0.30±0.01 鸡油 20 [18]
7 美洲鳗鲡 8.34±0.12 鱼油 11.30~11.59 [42]
8 花鳗鲡 6.86±0.11 鱼油 19.53~19.87 [43]

2.3 饲料脂肪酸含量对淡水鳗鲡生长性能的影响

一般认为,海洋硬骨鱼类合成长链多不饱和脂肪酸(LC-PUFA)的能力有限,需要通过饲料摄入二十碳五烯酸(C20∶5n-3,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(C22∶6n-3,DHA)和花生四烯酸(C20∶4n-6,ARA)等必需脂肪酸以满足其正常生长发育及生理代谢的需要,尤其是n-3和n-6 PUFA以及n-3/n-6 PUFA会影响幼体早期发育生活史[47]。与海水鱼类相比,淡水鱼类需要亚油酸(C18∶2n-6,LA)或亚麻酸(C18∶3n-3,LNA)或二者均需要[48]。日本鳗鲡具有LC-PUFA生物合成途径的2种关键酶——Δ6脂肪酸去饱和酶2(Δ6 Fads2)和脂肪酸延长酶5(Elovl5),但是从C18 PUFA生物合成EPA和ARA需要Δ5脂肪酸去饱和酶,通过“Sprecher”途径从EPA生物合成DHA则需要延长酶[脂肪酸延长酶2(Elovl2)和/或脂肪酸延长酶4(Elovl4)],这种生物合成模式类似于淡水鱼类[49-50]。欧洲鳗鲡也存在LA向ARA转化的活跃途径[51]。采用14C标记脂肪酸体内孵育的方法,对欧洲鳗鲡柳叶状幼体脂质摄取和脂肪酸代谢的研究结果显示,幼鳗对PUFA没有去饱和/延长能力,因此需要在饲料中添加ARA、DHA和EPA等必需脂肪酸[52]。此外,欧洲鳗鲡柳叶状幼体具有代谢磷脂酰胆碱和磷脂酰乙醇胺等磷脂的能力,考虑到LC-PUFA酯化成磷脂可提高幼体的可用性,特别是ARA和DHA,应通过磷脂而不是由甘油三酯提供,以保证柳叶鳗获得最佳脂肪酸营养[53]
淡水鳗鲡对饲料脂肪酸需求量的研究主要集中在日本鳗鲡(表4)。研究发现,以玉米油和鳕鱼肝油的混合油为脂肪源,得出日本鳗鲡适宜生长需要0.5% LA以及0.5%或1% LNA[39]。类似地,以椰子油、玉米油和亚麻籽油为脂肪源,得出循环水养殖条件下日本鳗鲡幼鳗对LNA和LA的需求量分别为0.35%~0.50%和0.50%~0.65%[54]。以生长率为评价指标,通过折线模型分析得出日本鳗鲡幼鳗(27 g)对ARA的需求量为0.69%~0.71%[55];而通过多项式回归和方差分析得出大规格日本鳗鲡成鳗(157 g)对ARA的需求量为0.71%~0.92%[56]。在鱼类必需脂肪酸需求量的研究中,既要考虑不同种类脂肪酸的需求量,还要考虑不同种类脂肪酸之间的比例。研究显示,饲料中玉米油(富含LA)和鳕肝油(富含LNA)比例为2∶1时对日本鳗鲡的生长最有利[57]
表4 日本鳗鲡的饲料脂肪酸需求量

Table 4 Dietary fatty acid requirements of Japanese eel

序号
No.
体质量
Body weight/g
脂肪源
Lipid sources
需求量
Requirements/%
参考文献
References
1 玉米油、鳕鱼肝油 LA:0.5;LNA:0.5 [39]
2 玉米油、鳕鱼肝油 LNA:1 [39]
3 椰子油、玉米油、亚麻籽油 LNA:0.35~0.50 [54]
4 椰子油、玉米油、亚麻籽油 LA:0.50~0.65 [54]
5 27 鱼油、亚麻籽油 ARA:0.69~0.71 [55]
6 157 ARA:0.71~0.92 [56]

LA:亚油酸 linoleic acid;LNA:亚麻酸 linolenic acid;ARA:花生四烯酸 arachidonic acid。

n-3和n-6 PUFA是鳗鲡亲鱼生长和繁殖所必需的[39,54-55]。在性腺发育过程中,这些脂肪酸的积累、转化和代谢直接影响鳗鲡繁殖性能和仔稚鳗质量,尤其是n-6/n-3 PUFA过高对其卵品质和胚胎发育会产生不利影响[58-59]。胚胎发育是淡水鳗鲡雌鳗繁殖后代的主要瓶颈,一旦孵化,其幼鳗存活率和质量与捕获的野生雌鳗无显著差异[47]。从卵品质和脂肪酸组成的角度来说,日本鳗鲡亲鱼饲料中添加混合油(玉米油∶鳕鱼油=1∶1)的效果要优于单独添加玉米油或鳕鱼油[60]。在欧洲鳗鲡亲鱼饲料中提高ARA、EPA和DHA等PUFA的含量并延长饲喂期可显著增加浮卵量、卵脂肪含量,提高受精率、孵化率、胚胎存活率和子代质量,对繁育成功至关重要[61-62]。饲料n-3 PUFA含量和鲑鱼垂体提取物对欧洲鳗鲡雌鳗性腺成熟指数存在明显的交互作用,提高饲料DHA和EPA含量可促进卵母细胞的生长,持续注射18.75 mg/kg脑垂体提取物会促进卵巢发育[63],这说明鳗鲡亲鱼的卵巢发育受到饲料营养和激素的影响。
有关淡水鳗鲡饲料脂肪源替代的研究较少。在水温25或27 ℃条件下,欧洲鳗鲡饲料中添加5%或10%的鸡油时,其增重和体脂肪含量显著高于豆油组,且添加10%鸡油组显著高于添加5%鸡油组[18]。采用牛油替代饲料中50%的鱼油对欧洲鳗鲡幼鳗(150 g)生长和肌肉品质无不良影响[24]。在花鳗鲡幼鳗[(6.00±0.06) g]饲料中添加5%的大豆油完全替代鱼油对其生长率和饲料利用率无负面影响,而添加玉米油、花生油和葵花籽油则会降低饲料利用率,鱼油组花鳗鲡肌肉EPA含量和n-3/n-6 PUFA显著高于植物油组,而肌肉n-6 PUFA含量和亚油酸含量则相反,综合生长、饲料效率及饲料成本来看,大豆油可作为花鳗鲡饲料中替代鱼油的首选脂肪源,葵花籽油和花生油次之,玉米油最差[64]。未来应开展混合动植物油替代鱼油在淡水鳗鲡上的应用效果的评估研究;此外,需要关注鱼油替代引起的PUFA含量显著降低的问题。

3 饲料碳水化合物对淡水鳗鲡生长性能的影响

碳水化合物是饲料能量来源之一,淡水鳗鲡对饲料碳水化合物的利用率达20%~30%[65]。鳗鲡可消化吸收饲料中78%~98%的土豆α-淀粉(添加量20%~60%)[66]。当饲料中蛋白质含量由61%降至46%、蔗糖添加量由10%增加到30%时,欧洲鳗鲡幼鳗(4.9 g)体增重、饲料效率、蛋白质沉积率、体脂肪含量、肝糖原含量和血浆葡萄糖浓度升高[65]。对欧洲鳗鲡(5 g)的研究也发现,饲料中添加38%的小麦粉具有节约蛋白质的作用[67]。在饲料蛋白质含量为45%的前提下,采用30%不同来源碳水化合物饲喂欧洲鳗鲡(4.5 g)79 d,结果显示,小麦粉和面包粉是较好的碳水化合物源,优于可溶性玉米淀粉、高粱淀粉和生土豆淀粉[16,68]。在饲料蛋白质含量为28.8%、脂肪含量为8%条件下,欧洲鳗鲡可以利用高含量(40%)的饲料碳水化合物,木薯淀粉是欧洲鳗鲡良好的碳水化合物源[69]。碳水化合物的加工工艺和饲料配方会影响鳗鲡的生长。鳗鲡对饲料中高含量生淀粉消化率低可解释为肠道木糖酶被吸附在生淀粉上使其活性降低,抑制了淀粉水解;鳗鲡对水热处理和糊化玉米淀粉的消化率可提高到85%,糊化的α-淀粉或小麦淀粉适合用作鳗鲡饲料碳水化合物源[70]。饲料蛋白质含量为45%的条件下,饲料中葡萄糖含量为20%或30%时,欧洲鳗鲡幼鳗(1.21 g)的生长性能和体脂肪含量显著高于10%葡萄糖组和可溶性玉米淀粉组[17]。通过增加脂类和/或碳水化合物的比例来降低饲料P/E,可提高欧洲鳗鲡幼鳗(35~40 g)的生长率和饲料效率,且碳水化合物对蛋白质的节约作用比脂肪更有效[71]。以上研究表明,鳗鲡能够较好的利用蔗糖、葡萄糖等低分子碳水化合物作为能量来源,实际生产中可通过增加饲料碳水化合物含量、降低蛋白质含量实现饲料降本增效。相反地,花鳗鲡对高含量的饲料碳水化合物的耐受性较低[43],具体原因有待于深入研究。

4 饲料微量营养成分对淡水鳗鲡生长性能的影响

4.1 饲料维生素对淡水鳗鲡生长性能的影响

有关淡水鳗鲡对维生素需求量的研究集中在维生素C和维生素E对日本鳗鲡生长、免疫力和繁殖性能的影响等方面(表5)。以L-抗坏血酸钙为维生素C源,得出日本鳗鲡幼鳗[(11.0±0.2) g]饲料维生素C的适宜含量27 mg/kg[72]。以维生素C磷酸酯为维生素C源,以生长率和饲料效率为评价指标,通过折线回归模型得出日本鳗鲡幼鳗[(15.0±0.3) g]对饲料维生素C的需求量为41.1~43.9 mg/kg[73]。而以肝脏和精巢维生素C含量为评价指标,通过折线回归模型得出饲料维生素C的适宜含量分别为410.8和911.8 mg/kg,组织学观察发现维生素C参与日本鳗鲡雄鳗性腺的发育[74]
表5 日本鳗鲡对饲料维生素需求量

Table 5 Dietary vitamin requirements of Japanese eel

维生素
Vitamins
维生素源
Vitamin sources
体质量
Body weight/g
评价指标
Evaluation indexes
需求量
Requirements/(mg/kg)
参考文献
References
维生素C VC L-抗坏血酸钙 11.0±0.2 生长率、饲料效率 >27 [72]
维生素C VC L-抗坏血酸-2-磷酸酯 15.0±0.3 生长率、饲料效率 41.1~43.9 [73]
维生素C VC L-抗坏血酸-2-磷酸酯 360±10 肝脏、精巢维生素C含量 410.8~911.8 [74]
维生素E VE DL-α-生育酚醋酸酯 15.0±0.3 生长率、饲料效率 21.2~21.6 [75]
维生素E VE α-生育酚 360±10 肝脏维生素E含量 212.9 [76]
DL-α-生育酚醋酸酯为维生素E源,以生长率和饲料效率为评价指标,通过折线回归模型得出日本鳗鲡幼鳗[(15.0±0.3) g]对饲料维生素E的需求量为21.2~21.6 mg/kg[75]。而以肝脏α-生育酚含量为评价指标,通过折线回归模型得出日本鳗鲡α-生育酚最佳需求量为212.9 mg/kg[76]。饲料中添加200 mg/kg α-生育酚醋酸酯(α-TA)和5 mg/kg ARA可协同提高日本鳗鲡雌亲鱼[(279±9) g]血清超氧化物歧化酶活性,且卵巢α-TA含量显著升高,肝脏α-TA和ARA含量分别与α-TA和ARA添加量呈线性关系[77]L-抗坏血酸-2-单磷酸钠/钙(AMP-Na/Ca)是日本鳗鲡维生素C的有效来源,饲料中添加较高水平维生素C(762 mg/kg)可改善日本鳗鲡[(75.5±4.4) g]血液生化指标和非特异性免疫参数,AMP-Na/Ca(762 mg/kg)和牛乳铁蛋白(500 mg/kg)的组合使用可显著提高鳗鲡血清溶菌酶和黏液杀菌活性[78]。注射维生素C和维生素E可提高日本鳗鲡亲鱼和卵中维生素C含量,改善卵品质,从而提高孵化率和成活率[79]。不同研究者得出的淡水鳗鲡的维生素需求量存在差异,这可能与鳗鲡发育阶段、维生素源、饲料组成、评价指标、回归模型和环境条件等不同有关。

4.2 饲料矿物元素对淡水鳗鲡生长性能的影响

研究发现,饲料中缺乏矿物元素会引起淡水鳗鲡摄食、饲料效率和生长性能降低[38]。在水体钙含量为19 mg/L的条件下,鳗鲡对饲料钙、磷、镁、铁、碘、锌、铜和锰的需求量分别为0.27%、0.29%、0.04%、150~170 mg/kg、1~5 μg/g、50~100 μg/g、5 μg/g和20~30 μg/g[38]。以白鱼粉为蛋白质源的饲料中,以三氯化铝(AlCl3)和亚硫酸铁(FeSO4)分别为铝源和铁源,得出体质量0.84~0.87 g的日本鳗鲡幼鳗饲料铝和铁含量分别为15和100 μg/g时其生长和饲料效率最好[80]。鳗鲡对多糖矿物元素复合物(铁、镁、锌)的吸收利用率要高于无机态,组织蓄积量大,因此,饲料中多糖矿物元素复合物添加量应低于无机态矿物元素[81]
将欧洲鳗鲡暴露于迟缓爱德华氏菌和海洋弧菌中,腹腔注射铁(9 μg/g体质量)可使细菌半数致死量(LD50)降低100倍,并缩短欧洲鳗鲡死亡的时间;将欧洲鳗鲡短期暴露在铜浓度分别为0.4、0.7、1.7和3.9 mol/L的水中,迟缓爱德华氏菌攻毒后,其死亡率增加,且1.7 mol/L组与对照组显著,这些结果表明铜、铁以及病原体对欧洲鳗鲡健康存在协同作用[82]。鳗鲡体内金属的生物积累会损害其健康和品质[83-84],并使自然群体遗传多样性下降[85]。重金属富集会损害鳗鲡的繁殖质量,一是亚致死金属暴露与体脂质储存受损有关[84];二是重金属在降海洄游过程中被激活,进而危及性腺成熟和产卵[86]。有关淡水鳗鲡对矿物质的精准需求有待于深入研究。

4.3 功能性添加剂对淡水鳗鲡生长性能的影响

益生菌、中草药、低聚糖、生物活性物质等功能性添加剂具有安全且无毒副作用,具有替代抗生素的巨大潜力,越来越多的引起养殖者的关注。
在微生态制剂方面,饲料中添加戊糖乳杆菌(108 CFU/g)可显著提高日本鳗鲡的生长性能、摄食率、饲料效率、免疫力和抗氧化能力以及迟缓爱德华氏菌攻毒后的存活率[87],在日本鳗鲡[88]和欧洲鳗鲡[89]饲料中分别添加108 CFU/g的枯草芽孢杆菌和108 CFU/kg的丁酸梭菌也得到了类似的结论;饲料中添加合生元(枯草芽孢杆菌+低聚果糖、地衣芽孢杆菌+甘露寡糖)可促进日本鳗鲡生长,提高免疫基因热休克蛋白70(HSP70)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)的表达量、肠道绒毛长度及对嗜水气单胞菌的抗病力[90];在日本鳗鲡饲料中添加5×106 CFU/g的枯草芽孢杆菌和5 g/kg的甘露寡糖,二者在促生长、改善肠道形态、提高非特异性免疫力和抗鳗弧菌等方面具有良好的协同效应[91];饲料中添加2.0 g/kg的解淀粉芽孢杆菌和2.0 g/kg的液态脂肪酶复合物,可增强日本鳗鲡幼鱼的非特异性免疫力,提高其对鳗弧菌和嗜水气单胞菌的抵抗力[92]
在中草药方面,饲料中添加0.5%的槲寄生提取物能够提高日本鳗鲡的非特异性免疫力,降低嗜水气单胞菌感染死亡率[93];饲料中添加100 mg/kg的杜仲皮提取物可改善日本鳗鲡生长性能,提高血清溶菌酶和髓过氧化物酶活性,降低血清转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶活性及葡萄糖、皮质醇含量,上调铜/锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/ZnSOD)和锰超氧化物歧化酶(MnSOD)等抗氧化酶的表达,具有高度的保肝和缓解应激效果[94];在日本鳗鲡雌亲鱼饲料中添加淫羊藿(0.034 g/kg BW)和菟丝子浸膏(0.034 g/kg BW)有助于促进卵母细胞中油滴的累积和肝脏卵黄蛋白原等营养物质的积累,提高肌肉ARA、EPA和DHA等PUFA的吸收和储存[95]
在其他功能性添加剂方面,给日本鳗鲡腹腔分别注射10 mg/kg大麦、云芝多糖、葡聚糖、小核菌多糖和酵母聚糖等多糖,可提高其溶菌酶活性,增强血清、前肾和外周血吞噬细胞的吞噬作用[96];在日本鳗鲡饲料中添加0.25%~0.50%的蜂胶时,其生长和饲料效率最佳,添加0.5%~1.0%的蜂胶可提高其免疫应答和抗迟缓爱德华氏菌的能力[97];饲料中添加10~20 g/kg的黄褐土可促进日本鳗鲡生长,提高血清超氧化物歧化酶和溶菌酶活性以及对迟缓爱德华氏菌的抗病力[98];饲料中分别添加0.5%丙氨酸、0.1%组氨酸、1.0%甘氨酸和0.5%脯氨酸,可促进日本鳗鲡摄食,提高消化率和生长率,促摄食生长效果表现为组氨酸>脯氨酸>丙氨酸>甘氨酸[99];饲料中添加200 mg/kg姜黄素可降低美洲鳗鲡幼鱼血清转氨酶活性和肝脏炎症因子[白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)]的表达量,改善体色[100];饲料中添加1.31%牛磺酸[101]、500 mg/kg胆汁酸[102]或300 mg/kg原花青素[103]均可促进鳗鲡生长,提高血清免疫能力和肝脏健康状况,调节脂肪代谢。
迟缓爱德华氏菌和嗜水气单胞菌是鳗鲡养殖中面临的主要病原菌,该病原菌的爆发会给鳗鲡养殖业造成严重损失[104]。鉴于注射免疫会引起鳗鲡应激和浸泡免疫存在成本高等缺点,口服疫苗是更为有效和具有推广前景的免疫方法。Jun等[105]研究显示,淀粉水凝胶型口服疫苗(108 CFU/尾)可上调白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和TNF-α等促炎细胞因子及IFN-α的表达。总之,益生菌、中草药和多糖类物质等可作为免疫增强剂应用于鳗鲡养殖,这不仅可促进淡水鳗鲡的生长和健康,还可作为抗生素的替代品有利于鳗鲡产品的安全。

5 小结

鳗鲡肉质鲜美,在国内外市场上深受消费者欢迎,具有良好的发展潜力。综合以上研究结果,淡水鳗鲡对饲料蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的需求量分别为30%~50%、5%~20%和10%~20%。这些营养需求和饲料研究方面的数据可为淡水鳗鲡配合饲料的优化以及鳗鲡养殖业的高质量发展提供科学依据。
今后,淡水鳗鲡营养生理与饲料研发需要解决的问题主要有:1)野生鳗鲡苗驯化过程中从内源营养到外源营养转口料的研发和加工工艺的探索;2)目前有关淡水鳗鲡营养需求的研究主要集中在幼鳗阶段,应加强开展不同养殖模式、不同生长发育阶段(尤其是苗种和养成阶段)鳗鲡的营养需求研究,构建精准营养需求数据库;3)有关复合蛋白质源或脂肪源替代鱼粉或鱼油的研究较少,这方面值得深入研究,以筛选出淡水鳗鲡饲料中适宜的蛋白质源和脂肪源,研发高效环保型配合饲料;4)开展维生素A、维生素D、维生素K和B族维生素及矿物元素对鳗鲡生长、繁殖和健康影响的研究;5)鉴于鳗鲡粉状料存在溶失率高,易引起水污染的难题,需要通过筛选黏合剂和改善饲料加工工艺以提高饲料和粪便的水中稳定性;6)针对膨化饲料引起的鳗鲡生长差异大和体色问题,需要开展体色异常调控及着色剂改善方面研究,并构建配套的精准投喂技术策略。

感谢集美大学水产学院翟少伟教授提供的关于鳗鲡配合饲料应用情况的相关资料。

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