Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 5: 2901 - 2910

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.249

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Energy Level on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Ningxiang Pigs

  • XIAO Yintao , 1, 2, 3 ,
  • XIA Minglong 1, 2, 3 ,
  • ZHENG Saizhen 1, 2, 3 ,
  • TAN Bi’e 1, 2, 3 ,
  • YIN Yulong 1, 2, 3 ,
  • CHEN Jiashun , 1, 2, 3, * ,
  • YIN Jie , 1, 2, 3, *
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  • 1 Animal Nutrition Genomics and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Pig), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changsha 410128, China
  • 3 Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, Changsha 410128, China
* CHEN Jiashun, lecturer, E-mail: ;
YIN Jie, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-12-05

  Online published: 2024-05-15

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy level on growth performance, slaughter performance and meat quality of Ningxiang pigs. A total of 120 Ningxiang pigs with body weight of (26±1) kg and similar age were randomly divided into 3 groups with 5 replicates per group and 8 pigs per replicate (half male and half female). Pigs in the 3 groups were fed diets with low, medium and high digestible energy, respectively. At 26 to 50 kg stage, the dietary digestible energy levels of all groups were 11.58 (low digestible energy group), 12.54 (medium digestible energy group) and 13.59 MJ/kg (high digestible energy group), respectively; at 51 to 80 kg stage, the dietary digestible energy levels of all groups were 11.34 (low digestible energy group), 12.31 (medium digestible energy group) and 13.31 MJ/kg (high digestible energy group), respectively. The pre-trial period lasted for 3 days, and the experimental period lasted for 110 days. The results showed as follows: 1) at 26 to 50 kg and 51 to 80 kg stages, the final body weight and average daily gain of Ningxiang pigs in high digestible energy group were significantly higher than those in medium digestible energy group and low digestible energy group (P<0.05), and the ratio of feed to gain was significantly lower than that in medium digestible energy group and low digestible energy group (P<0.05). 2) The backfat thickness of Ningxiang pigs in low digestible energy group was significantly lower than that in high digestible energy group (P<0.05); the drip loss in medium digestible energy group was significantly lower than that in high digestible energy group and low digestible energy group (P<0.05). 3) With the increase of dietary energy level, the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content in longissimus dorsi muscle of Ningxiang pigs was significantly increased (P<0.05). Among them, the myristate content in longissimus dorsi muscle in high digestibility energy group was significantly higher than that in low digestibility energy group (P<0.05), and the palmitic acid content in longissimus dorsi muscle in high digestibility energy group was significantly higher than that in the other 2 groups (P<0.05). The unsaturated fatty acid content in longissimus dorsi muscle in high digestibility energy group was significantly lower than that in low digestibility energy group (P<0.05); the monounsaturated fatty acid content in longissimus dorsi muscle in low digestibility energy group was significantly higher than that in the other 2 groups (P<0.05); the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in longissimus dorsi muscle in low digestibility energy group was significantly lower than that in the other 2 groups (P<0.05), and the linolenic acid content in longissimus dorsi muscle in high digestibility energy group was significantly higher than that in low digestibility energy group (P<0.05). In addition, the PUFA to SFA ratio in longissimus dorsi muscle in medium digestible energy group was significantly higher than that in the other 2 groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, in the range of dietary energy level (11.34 to 13.31 MJ/kg) in this experiment, increasing dietary energy level can improve the average daily gain, reduce the ratio of feed to gain, improve slaughter performance and meat quality of Ningxiang pigs, and when the dietary energy level is 12.31 MJ/kg, the proportion of muscle fatty acids and the meat quality are better.

Key words： energy; Ningxiang pigs; growth performance; slaughter performance; meat quality

Cite this article

XIAO Yintao , XIA Minglong , ZHENG Saizhen , TAN Bi’e , YIN Yulong , CHEN Jiashun , YIN Jie . Effects of Dietary Energy Level on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Ningxiang Pigs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(5) : 2901 -2910 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.249

宁乡猪是我国优良地方猪品种,具有繁殖率高、肌内脂肪含量高、肉质细嫩和抗性强等多种特点,但生长速度慢和脂肪过度沉积等缺点也限制了宁乡猪在市场上的推广。因此,通过营养调控的方法来弥补这些缺点对宁乡猪推广具有重大意义。饲粮能量是动物生长发育所需最基础的营养要素之一,饲粮能量水平直接决定动物的生长性能[1]。Ramos-Canché等[2]对10~25 kg的墨西哥无毛猪研究后发现,提高饲粮能量水平能显著改善猪的生产性能。吴国芳等[3]研究报道,提高饲粮能量水平可以使生长育肥期八眉三元猪的平均日增重(ADG)显著增加,料重比(F/G)显著降低,并能够显著提高屠宰性能及肉品质。任建刚等[4]通过对安格斯公牛研究后发现,适当的提高饲粮能量水平能提升安格斯公牛的育肥效益。此外,严鸿林等[5]研究表明,饲粮能量水平能够显著影响猪的胴体性状及肉品质。因此,适宜的饲粮能量水平不仅可以改善动物的生产性能、屠宰性能和饲料成本,对肉品质也有显著影响[6]。目前,关于宁乡猪的能量需求研究报道较少,缺乏相关建立能量需要量模型的技术参数,所以有必要研究宁乡猪的能量需要量。因此,本试验以生长育肥阶段宁乡猪为研究对象,探讨不同饲粮能量水平对宁乡猪生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响,以期确定宁乡猪适宜的饲粮能量水平,并为节约饲养成本、提高宁乡猪瘦肉率以及肉品质提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计及饲养管理

试验选取120头体重为(26±1) kg、日龄相近的宁乡猪,随机分成3个组,每组5个重复,每个重复8头猪(公母各占1/2)。3组试验猪分别饲喂低消化能、中消化能和高消化能水平的饲粮。其中,在26~50 kg阶段,各组饲粮消化能水平分别为11.58(低消化能组)、12.54(中消化能组)和13.59 MJ/kg(高消化能组);在51~80 kg阶段,各组饲粮消化能水平分别为11.34(低消化能组)、12.31(中消化能组)和13.31 MJ/kg(高消化能组)。预试期3 d,正试期110 d。
试验在湖南楚沩香农牧股份有限公司大龙猪场进行,严格按照该猪场生产规程对试验猪进行正常饲喂,自由饮水,每日打扫猪舍卫生,注意通风,并每周至少消毒2次。

1.2 试验饲粮

收集宁乡市十几家宁乡猪养殖场饲料样品,检测其营养水平,参考《猪营养需要量》(GB/T 39235—2020)中脂肪型生长育肥猪的营养需要量,设计本试验饲粮配方,不同试验阶段的饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 26~50 kg 51~80 kg
高消化能
High DE		 中消化能
Medium DE		 低消化能
Low DE		 高消化能
High DE		 中消化能
Medium DE		 低消化能
Low DE
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 50.00 40.00 26.00 50.00 41.00 29.00
豆粕Soybean meal 17.00 13.00 9.60 13.00 9.50 5.50
碎米Broken rice 14.00 7.50 6.10 13.00 6.00 3.00
米糠粕Rice bran meal 15.00 35.50 54.30 20.00 39.50 58.50
石粉Limestone 0.76 0.72 0.70 0.71 0.76 0.64
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
赖氨酸Lys 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.09 0.04 0.16
氯化钠NaCl 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
预混料Premix1) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
消化能DE/(MJ/kg) 13.59 12.54 11.58 13.31 12.31 11.34
粗蛋白质CP 14.70 14.72 14.85 13.65 13.78 13.70
钙Ca 0.64 0.62 0.63 0.61 0.64 0.60
有效磷AP 0.55 0.53 0.50 0.62 0.56 0.53
可消化赖氨酸DLys 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.75 0.67 0.75
可消化蛋氨酸DMet 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.26 0.26
可消化苏氨酸DThr 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.52 0.51 0.50
可消化色氨酸DTrp 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.14 0.14

1)预混料为26~50 kg阶段每千克饲粮提供 Premix provided the following per kg of diets during the stage from 26 to 50 kg:VA 2 100 IU,VD 225 IU,VE 20 IU,VK 0.8 mg,VB12 15 μg,VB2 3.5 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10.5 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 15 mg,生物素 biotin 0.1 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.5 mg,胆碱 choline 0.45 g,K (as kalium sulfate) 2 g,Mg (as magnesium sulfate) 0.5 g,Cu (as copper sulfate) 4 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 90 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 65 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 3 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.15 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.25 mg。

预混料为51~80 kg阶段每千克饲粮提供 Premix provided the following per kg of diets during the stage from 51 to 80 kg:VA 1 540 IU,VD 170 IU,VE 17 IU,VK 0.6 mg,VB12 9 μg,VB2 3 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 9.5 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 11 mg,生物素 biotin 0.1 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.4 mg,胆碱 choline 0.45 g,K (as kalium sulfate) 2 g,Mg (as magnesium sulfate) 0.5 g,Cu (as copper sulfate) 3.5 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 60 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 60 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 3 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.15 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.25 mg。

2)粗蛋白质为实测值,其余为计算值。 CP was a measured value, while the other were calculated values.

1.3 样品采集及指标测定

1.3.1 饲粮营养成分含量

饲粮中粗蛋白质含量参照《饲料中粗蛋白的测定 凯氏定氮法》(GB/T 6432—2018)测定,饲粮消化能水平参照《猪营养需要量》(GB/T 39235—2020)中各原料成分的消化能水平计算得出。

1.3.2 生长性能

每周通过记录各组猪的总采食量和体重,并以此来计算各阶段的平均日采食量(ADFI)、ADG和F/G。计算公式如下:
ADFI=总采食量/试验总天数;
ADG=总增重/试验总天数;
F/G=总采食量/总增重。

1.3.3 屠宰性能

试验结束时,禁食24 h,期间自由饮水,每个重复选取1头公猪进行屠宰,去除头、蹄、内脏和尾巴,并参照《瘦肉型猪胴体性状测定技术规范》(NY/T 825—2004)[7]测量其胴体重、眼肌面积和背膘厚;计算屠宰率、瘦肉率、板油比例和脂肪率。计算公式如下:
屠宰率(%)=100×胴体重/空体重;
瘦肉率(%)=100×瘦肉重量/(瘦肉重量+
脂肪重量+皮肤重量+骨骼重量);
板油比例(%)=100×板油重/胴体重;
脂肪率(%)=100×脂肪重量/(瘦肉重量+
脂肪重量+皮肤重量+骨骼重量)。

1.3.4 肉品质

参照《畜禽肉质的测定》(NY/T 1333—2007)[8]测量宁乡猪背最长肌的肉色、pH45 min、pH24 h以及滴水损失。通过苯∶石油醚(1∶1)混合物提取背最长肌样品脂质,加入氢氧化钾-甲醇溶液制备脂肪酸甲酯,采用气相色谱仪(Agilent 8890)测定中长链脂肪酸含量,测定结果用各脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的百分数表示,并计算多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)和饱和脂肪酸(SFA)的比值。计算公式如下:
滴水损失(%)=100×(初重-末重)/初重;
PUFA/SFA=(亚麻酸+亚油酸+花生四烯酸)/
(肉豆蔻酸+棕榈酸+硬脂酸)。

1.4 数据统计分析

试验数据经Excel 2019处理后,运用SPSS 26.0软件对初处理后的数据进行单因素方差分析,并采用Duncan氏法对其进行多重比较检验。试验结果数据采用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲粮能量水平对宁乡猪生长性能的影响

由表2可知,在26~50 kg阶段,高消化能组宁乡猪终末体重(FBW)比中、低消化能组分别提高了8.60%和13.75%(P<0.05),高消化能组ADG比中、低消化能组分别提高了19.65%和33.22%(P<0.05),高消化能组ADFI与中、低消化能组相比无显著差异(P>0.05);此外,高消化能组F/G与中、低消化能组相比显著降低(P<0.05);中消化能组和低消化能组之间生长性能指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。在51~80 kg阶段,高消化能组宁乡猪FBW比中、低消化能组分别提高了7.31%和13.04%(P<0.05),高消化能组ADG比中、低消化能组分别提高了23.04%和43.73%(P<0.05),高消化能组ADFI与中、低消化能相比无显著差异(P>0.05);高消化能组F/G与中、低消化能组相比显著降低(P<0.05);此外,中消化能组ADG显著高于低消化能组(P<0.05),F/G显著低于低消化能组(P<0.05)。
表2 饲粮能量水平对宁乡猪生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary energy level on growth performance of Ningxiang pigs

项目
Items		 高消化能组
High DE group		 中消化能组
Medium DE group		 低消化能组
Low DE group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
26~50 kg阶段26 to 50 kg stage
初始体重IBW/kg 26.21 26.28 26.28 0.18 1.00
终末体重FBW/kg 51.38a 47.31b 45.17b 0.58 <0.01
平均日增重ADG/g 493.40a 412.37b 370.37b 11.80 <0.01
平均日采食量ADFI/g 1 703.19 1 658.81 1 632.68 21.50 0.47
料重比F/G 3.45b 4.04a 4.47a 0.15 <0.01
51~80 kg阶段51 to 80 kg stage
初始体重IBW/kg 47.67 47.83 47.58 0.58 1.00
终末体重FBW/kg 76.31a 71.11b 67.51b 0.91 <0.01
平均日增重ADG/g 511.51a 415.72b 355.90c 12.58 <0.01
平均日采食量ADFI/g 2 302.82 2 378.58 2 371.20 35.37 0.73
料重比F/G 4.52c 5.72b 6.64a 0.13 <0.01

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮能量水平对宁乡猪屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

由表3可知,与低消化能组相比,高消化能组和中消化能组的板油比例分别提高了15.27%和12.76%,脂肪率分别提高了13.93%和3.79%,亮度(L*)值和红度(a*)值有着不同程度的降低,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。此外,高消化能组的背膘厚显著高于低消化能组(P<0.05),与中消化能组差异不显著(P>0.05);中消化能组的滴水损失显著低于高消化能组和低消化能组(P<0.05)。
表3 饲粮能量水平对宁乡猪屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary energy level on slaughter performance and meat quality of Ningxiang pigs

项目
Items		 高消化能组
High DE group		 中消化能组
Medium DE group		 低消化能组
Low DE group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
屠宰率Carcass rate/% 72.39 74.06 72.91 0.90 0.98
板油比例Suet ratio/% 5.51 5.39 4.78 0.22 0.79
脂肪率Fat rate/% 36.96 33.67 32.44 1.17 0.82
瘦肉率Lean meat rate/% 33.13 36.49 36.50 0.69 0.55
背膘厚Backfat thickness/mm 43.63a 38.20ab 31.81b 1.54 <0.01
眼肌面积Loin muscle area/cm2 1 433.90 1 439.15 1 410.41 41.55 0.92
pH45 min 5.83 5.83 5.66 0.04 0.15
pH24 h 5.78 5.75 5.61 0.05 0.49
滴水损失Drip loss/% 14.50a 10.56b 16.97a 0.93 0.01
亮度L* 46.10 45.80 47.38 0.83 0.62
红度a* 10.67 10.62 12.37 0.36 0.42
黄度b* 6.35 6.90 6.86 0.28 0.67

2.3 饲粮能量水平对宁乡猪肌肉中长链脂肪酸含量的影响

由表4可知,与高消化能组相比,低消化能组宁乡猪背最长肌中的肉豆蔻酸和亚麻酸含量显著降低(P<0.05),低消化能组和中消化能组背最长肌中的棕榈酸含量显著降低(P<0.05)。此外,中消化能组背最长肌中的硬脂酸、亚油酸和花生四烯酸含量最高,其中硬脂酸含量分别比低消化能组和高消化能组高9.32%和7.93%,亚油酸含量分别比低消化能组和高消化能组高21.40%和7.83%,花生四烯酸含量分别比低消化能组和高消化能组高15.16%和11.27%,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。低消化能组背最长肌中的棕榈油酸含量分别比中消化能组和高消化能组高9.84%和11.40%,低消化能组背最长肌中的油酸含量分别比中消化能组和高消化能组高22.43%和30.36%,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。
表4 饲粮能量水平对宁乡猪肌肉中长链脂肪酸含量的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary energy level on medium-long chain fatty acid contents in muscle of Ningxiang pigs %

项目
Items		 高消化能组
High DE group		 中消化能组
Medium DE group		 低消化能组
Low DE group		 均值标准误
SEM		 P值
P-value
饱和脂肪酸SFA/% 44.68a 42.18b 38.97c 0.69 <0.01
肉豆蔻酸C14∶0/% 1.69a 1.40ab 1.24b 0.17 0.02
棕榈酸C16∶0/% 30.38a 27.17b 25.29b 1.29 <0.01
硬脂酸C18∶0/% 12.61 13.61 12.45 0.61 0.46
不饱和脂肪酸UFA/% 55.30b 58.25ab 60.82a 0.81 <0.01
单不饱和脂肪酸MUFA/% 32.01b 33.87b 40.93a 3.66 0.04
棕榈油酸C16∶1/% 4.21 4.27 4.69 1.24 0.40
油酸C18∶1n-9/% 27.80 29.60 36.24 3.95 0.07
多不饱和脂肪酸PUFA/% 23.29a 24.38a 19.89b 1.25 0.02
亚油酸C18∶2n-6/% 17.89 19.29 15.89 2.76 0.27
亚麻酸C18∶3n-3/% 1.85a 1.14ab 0.57b 0.04 0.03
花生四烯酸C20∶4n-6/% 3.55 3.95 3.43 0.69 0.49
多不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸PUFA/SFA 0.52b 0.58a 0.51b 0.03 0.04
不同饲粮能量水平对宁乡猪背最长肌中的SFA、不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、PUFA和PUFA/SFA值均存在显著影响(P<0.05)。其中,高消化能组背最长肌中的SFA含量最高,比低消化能组和中消化能组分别提高了14.65%和5.93%(P<0.05);低消化能组背最长肌中的UFA含量显著高于高消化能组(P<0.05);低消化能组背最长肌中的MUFA含量最高,相较于中消化能组和高消化能组分别提高了20.84%和27.87%(P<0.05);中消化能组背最长肌中的PUFA含量最高,比低消化能组和高消化能组分别提高了22.57%(P<0.05)和4.68%(P>0.05);中消化能组背最长肌中的PUFA/SFA值显著高于低消化能组和高消化能组(P<0.05)。

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮能量水平对宁乡猪生长性能的影响

能量是猪生长发育过程中所需最基础的营养物质之一,且猪都具有为能而食的特性。饲粮能量水平可以直接影响猪的生长性能,饲粮能量水平过剩,会降低猪胴体品质,而饲粮能量水平匮乏,会降低猪的生产性能[9]。张娜娜等[10]利用不同能量水平饲粮饲喂深县猪,发现随着饲粮能量水平的提高,深县猪的ADG显著提高,F/G显著降低。吴国芳等[3]研究发现,随这饲粮能量水平的提高,生长育肥期八眉三元猪的ADG显著提高,F/G显著降低。但Fang等[11]和Zhao等[12]在“杜×长×大”猪上的研究表明,F/G随着饲粮能量水平的提高显著降低,但饲粮能量水平对生长期间的ADG没有显著影响。这可能与试验猪的种类、生长阶段以及饲粮能量水平梯度有关。此外,饲粮中的蛋白质水平也会影响动物机体对能量的吸收。Fang等[11]研究发现,在同等饲粮能量水平下,高蛋白质水平饲粮可以显著提高育肥猪的生长性能。陈佳亿等[13]通过低蛋白质饲粮饲喂宁乡猪后发现,低蛋白质饲粮会显著降低生长期宁乡猪ADG,提高F/G。在本试验条件下,各组饲粮的蛋白质水平无明显差异,能够很好得满足宁乡猪的生长发育,且随着饲粮能量水平的提高,宁乡猪的ADG显著提高,F/G显著降低。在26~50 kg阶段,当饲粮能量水平为13.59 MJ/kg时,宁乡猪的生长性能较佳;在51~80 kg阶段,当饲粮能量水平为13.31 MJ/kg时,宁乡猪的生长性能较佳。这可能是因为相比其他能量水平饲粮而言,高消化能水平饲粮可以提供更多的营养物质来提高宁乡猪的生长性能。

3.2 饲粮能量水平对宁乡猪屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

屠宰性能和肉品质与生猪养殖的经济效益息息相关[14]。陈琼等[15]通过对梅花星生长肥育猪饲喂不同能量水平饲粮后发现,梅花星生长肥育猪的屠宰性能和肉品质随着饲粮能量水平的变化均无显著差异。Zeng等[16]也通过研究荣昌猪后发现,饲粮能量水平与眼肌面积无显著相关。但唐敏等[17]研究指出,高能量水平饲粮可以显著提高烟台黑猪的眼肌面积和瘦肉率。本试验条件下,宁乡猪眼肌面积与饲粮能量水平呈正相关,但差异不显著,这可能是由于试验饲粮和动物品种不同引起的。
背膘厚作为衡量肉品质的重要指标之一,与瘦肉率成反比[18]。李龙[19]通过不同能量水平饲粮饲喂西门塔尔杂交肉牛后发现,高消化能组杂交肉牛的平均背膘厚相对于低消化能组杂交肉牛显著提高。吴国芳等[3]研究指出,随着饲粮能量水平的提高,八眉三元育肥猪的平均背膘厚显著提高。Suarez-Belloch等[20]研究发现,提高饲粮能量水平可以提高育肥猪的胴体脂肪厚度,但不影响肉品质。这与本试验结果一致,表明提高饲粮能量水平能够促进机体脂肪沉积,降低瘦肉率,提高背膘厚。但姜建阳等[21]研究不同能量水平饲粮对鲁莱猪的影响后发现,鲁莱猪的背膘厚随着饲粮能量水平的提高而显著降低。这可能是由于其低消化能组饲粮蛋白质水平过低,限制了饲粮能量转化为肌肉,多余的能量转化为脂肪在体内沉积,从而提高背膘厚。滴水损失是反映肌肉系水力的重要指标,滴水损失大,肌肉系水力差,肌肉品质差;相反,滴水损失小,肌肉系水力好,肌肉品质好。在本试验条件下,中消化能组的滴水损失显著低于高消化能组和低消化能组。

3.3 饲粮能量水平对宁乡猪肌肉中长链脂肪酸含量的影响

肉类的脂肪酸组成被认为是衡量肉类营养价值和风味的重要指标[22-23]。PUFA与SFA的比例被认为是影响肉类营养和健康价值的重要因素之一[24⇓⇓-27]。有研究表明,n-3 PUFA在改善心血管疾病和脂肪性肝病中发挥作用[28]。同时,脂肪酸的饱和度决定脂肪的紧实程度,直接影响肉的品质和可接受性[29]。郭飞等[30]通过不同能量水平饲粮饲喂大河乌猪后发现,其肌肉中的MUFA含量与饲粮能量水平成反比,PUFA含量则随着饲粮能量水平的提高显著提高。施安等[31]研究报道,提高饲粮能量水平可以显著提高黄渠桥羊羔背最长肌中的PUFA/SFA值以及n-3 PUFA和α-亚麻酸含量,表明提高饲粮能量水平可以显著改善肉质脂肪酸组成,提高肉质的营养水平。本试验条件下,低消化能组背最长肌中的MUFA含量显著提高,这可能是由于饲粮中较高的能量抑制了猪体内自身合成MUFA。中消化能组背最长肌中的PUFA含量最高,显著高于低消化能组,但与高消化能组差异不显著,这可能是由于PUFA大多是必需脂肪酸,无法自身合成,只能由饲粮供给,因此,高能量水平的饲粮可以促进PUFA的沉积。此外,本试验各组背最长肌中的PUFA/SFA值均高于0.45,肉品质极佳,其中,中消化能组的PUFA/SFA值显著高于其余2组,表明提高饲粮能量水平可以显著改善宁乡猪肌肉中的脂肪酸含量与比例,提高猪肉品质和风味,有益于人体健康。

4 结论

① 提高饲粮能量水平可以提高宁乡猪的ADG,降低F/G。在26~50 kg阶段,饲粮能量水平为13.59 MJ/kg时,宁乡猪的生长性能较佳;在51~80 kg阶段,饲粮能量水平为13.31 MJ/kg时,宁乡猪的生长性能较佳。
② 提高饲粮能量水平可以提高宁乡猪的背膘厚,且当饲粮能量水平为12.31 MJ/kg时,宁乡猪肌肉的滴水损失较低。
③ 当饲粮能量水平为12.31 MJ/kg时,宁乡猪肌肉脂肪酸比例较佳,肉品质较好。

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