Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 5: 2911 - 2923

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.250

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Compound Acanthopanax senticosus Powder on Serum Biochemical, Antioxidant and Immune Indexes of Sows and Suckling Piglets

  • PENG Xiong , 1 ,
  • LI Xiang 2 ,
  • WU Rongrong 1 ,
  • CAO Yuhang 1 ,
  • LIU Zikui 1, 2 ,
  • LIU Gaofeng 2 ,
  • SUN Zhiliang 1 ,
  • WU Yong , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • 2 Hunan Canzoho Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Liuyang 410329, China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-11-09

  Online published: 2024-05-15

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding compound Acanthopanax senticosus powder during late pregnancy and lactation on the serum biochemical, antioxidant and immune indexes of sows and sucking piglets. Sixty healthy Landrace×Yorkshire crossbred sows with similar parity, mating time and body condition were randomly divided into four groups (control group, low dose group, medium dose group and high dose group) and fed experimental diets supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 kg/t compound Acanthopanax senticosus powder based on as basal diet, respectively, with 15 replicates per group and one sow per replicate. The experiment began on day 80 of gestation and ended on day 21 of lactation. The results showed as follow: 1) compared with the control group, the average daily gain of suckling piglets in the middle and high dose groups showed an increasing trend (P=0.091). 2) On the 1st day of lactation, serum albumin (ALB) and inorganic phosphorus (IP) contents of sows in the low dose group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and serum glucose (GLU) content was significantly decreased compared with the control group (P<0.05); on the 21st day of lactation, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity of sows in the control group, low and medium dose groups was significantly increased compared with the high dose group (P<0.05); serum triglyceride (TG) content of 21-day-old suckling piglets in the low dose group was significantly increased compared with the control group, (P<0.05). 3) On the 1st day of lactation, compared with the control group, serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of sows in each dose group was significantly increased (P<0.05), while serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly decreased (P<0.05); on the 21st day of lactation, compared with the control group, serum catalase (CAT) activity of sows in low and medium dose groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of sows in high dose group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and serum MDA content of sows in low and medium dose groups tended to decrease (P=0.075); serum T-AOC of 21-day-old suckling piglets in low dose group was significantly higher than that in medium, high dose groups and control group (P<0.05), and serum MDA content in the medium and low dose groups had a decreasing trend compared with the control group (P=0.081). 4) Compared with the control group, the contents of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum of sows on the 1st and 21st day of lactation and the contents of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-6 in serum of suckling piglets at 21 days of age in low dose group were significantly decreased (P<0.05); serum IL-1β and IL-6 contents of sows on the 1st day of lactation and serum IFN-γ, IL-1β contents of sows on the 21st day of lactation and serum IFN-γ, IL-6 contents of suckling piglets at 21 days of age in medium dose group were significantly decreased (P<0.05); serum IL-1β, IL-6 contents of sows on the 1st day of lactation and serum IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2 and IL-6 contents of sows on the 21st day of lactation and serum IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-6 contents of suckling piglets at 21 days of age in high dose group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) content of sows on the 1st and 21st day of lactation and serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG and immunoglobulin M (IgM) contents of suckling piglets at 21 days of age in low dose group were significantly increased (P<0.05); serum IgA, IgG and IgM contents of sows on the 1st day of lactation and suckling piglets at 21 days of age and serum IgG content of sows on the 21st day of lactation in medium dose group were sig-nificantly increased (P<0.05); serum IgA, IgM and IgG contents of sows on the 1st day of lactation and suckling piglets at 21 days of age in high dose group were significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, compound Acanthopanax senticosus powder added to the basal diet has no adverse effect on the health of sows and suckling piglets, but it enhances the antioxidant and immune functions of sows and suckling piglets, and the optimal dosage is 0.5 kg/t.

Key words： compound Acanthopanax senticosus powder; sows; suckling piglets; antioxidant capacity; immune indexes

Cite this article

PENG Xiong , LI Xiang , WU Rongrong , CAO Yuhang , LIU Zikui , LIU Gaofeng , SUN Zhiliang , WU Yong . Effects of Compound Acanthopanax senticosus Powder on Serum Biochemical, Antioxidant and Immune Indexes of Sows and Suckling Piglets[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(5) : 2911 -2923 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.250

母猪健康状况是决定养猪企业竞争力和猪场经济效益的关键[1]。母猪的健康状况不仅受饲养模式、管理水平和疾病等因素的影响,还受自身生理活动的影响;母猪在妊娠-分娩-哺乳过程中,尤其在围产期,伴随生理状况、代谢环境的巨大变化,分解与合成代谢持续旺盛,机体氧化应激加强,出现母猪的免疫能力下降、产程变长、泌乳性能变差,仔猪出生重降低和死亡率升高等一系列问题,因此,对于围产期母猪进行保健尤为重要[2-3]。
现代研究发现中药可以通过免疫调节提高机体抗病力[4]。刺五加具有促进仔猪生长、调节肠道健康、提高机体抗氧化能力和免疫力的作用[5],在饲粮中添加以刺五加、女贞子和黄芪等中药组成的复方超微粉可显著提高断奶仔猪的抗氧化能力与免疫能力[6];女贞子具有提高生产性能、抗氧化、提高免疫力、促进脂类代谢、抑菌抗炎和改善畜禽产品品质等功能[7],在饲粮中添加8%的女贞子可改善母猪便秘情况并提高仔猪的初生重[8];越橘具有抗氧化、抗炎和降脂等功能[9]。此外,相较于单独使用刺五加或女贞子,刺五加和女贞子配伍使用时对缓解化疗引起的小鼠骨髓抑制具有更好的保护效果[10]。然而,关于刺五加、女贞子和越橘等中药应用于母猪围产期保健的报道较少。复方刺五加散由刺五加、女贞子和越橘按一定比例混合而成,具有增强抗氧化能力、调节免疫的作用。本试验通过给妊娠后期和哺乳期母猪饲喂不同比例的复方刺五加散,研究其对母猪和哺乳仔猪血清生化、抗氧化和免疫指标的影响,为复方刺五加散应用于母猪健康养殖提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

复方刺五加散由刺五加、女贞子和越橘粉末按5∶3∶2的比例组成,主要活性成分为齐墩果酸(≥1 000 mg/kg)、刺五加苷(紫丁香苷+刺五加苷E,≥200 mg/kg)。

1.2 试验设计

试验选取胎次、配种时间和体况相近的健康长×大二元杂交母猪60头,随机分为4组,每组15个重复,每个重复1头母猪。对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组在基础饲粮中分别添加0、0.5、1.0和2.0 kg/t的复方刺五加散。母猪妊娠期和哺乳期基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 妊娠期饲粮
Diet for
pregnancy		 哺乳期饲粮
Diet for
lactation
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 70.00 62.10
豆粕Soybean meal 16.00 22.00
小麦麸Wheat bran 5.00 5.00
鱼粉Fish meal 2.00 2.00
豆油Soybean oil 3.00 5.00
石粉Limestone 1.00 1.00
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.80 0.50
碳酸钙CaCO3 0.80 0.95
食盐NaCl 0.40 0.45
预混料Premix1) 1.00 1.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
消化能DE/(MJ/kg) 14.25 14.71
粗蛋白质CP 15.14 17.13
粗脂肪EE 7.32 9.73
粗灰分Ash 2.48 5.19
钙Ca 0.88 0.93
总磷TP 0.61 0.75

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 12 000 IU,VB1 20 mg,VB6 200 mg,VE 100 mg,VK3 2 mg,生物素 biotin 2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 20.0 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 50 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 20 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 50 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 200 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 20 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 100 mg。

2)营养水平为计算值,依据《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2020年第31版)》。Nutrient levels were calculated according to Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive in China (31th ed,2020).

1.3 饲养管理

饲养试验在江西某猪场进行,预饲5 d,每天在饲喂后观察母猪采食与粪便情况,对不适用于试验的母猪进行更换调整。正式试验从母猪妊娠第80天开始,至哺乳第21天结束。试验期间各组试验母猪饲养管理于同一栋妊娠舍,预产期前7天转入产房,试验母猪每天饲喂2次,根据分组饲喂添加不同比例复方刺五加散的基础饲粮,妊娠后期母猪进行限饲、哺乳期母猪自由采食,均自由饮水。其余饲养管理、免疫程序和防疫要求等按猪场的正常程序进行。

1.4 血样采集

试验母猪在哺乳第1天(开始分娩后24 h内)和第21天,每组选取8头母猪在空腹状态下从耳缘静脉采血5 mL;在仔猪21日龄时,每组从已采血母猪后代中随机挑选8头仔猪(公母各4头),前腔静脉采血5 mL。血样采集后室温静置1 h,550×g离心15 min,分离血清,于-20 ℃保存待测。

1.5 检测指标

1.5.1 试验母猪生产性能的测定

试验期间记录每头母猪产仔数(包括总产仔数、产活仔数、健仔数、弱仔数、死胎数和木乃伊数)以及每头哺乳仔猪的初生重与21日龄体重。健仔:体重≥0.8 kg,弱仔:体重<0.8 kg。根据记录的数据计算窝均产仔数、窝均活仔数、窝均健仔数、窝均弱仔数、窝均死胎数、窝均木乃伊数、窝均断奶仔猪数、初生个体重、初生窝重、21日龄断奶个体重、21日龄断奶窝重和哺乳仔猪平均日增重(ADG)。

1.5.2 试验母猪和哺乳仔猪血清生化指标的测定

采用全自动生化分析仪(STMT-120V,成都斯马特科技有限公司)测定试验母猪和哺乳仔猪血清中白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、尿素氮(UN)、葡萄糖(GLU)、钙(Ca)、无机磷(IP)和甘油三酯(TG)含量或活性,试剂盒购自成都斯马特科技有限公司;采用联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)试剂盒(武汉伊莱瑞特生物科技有限公司)检测试验母猪和哺乳仔猪血清中总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量。

1.5.3 试验母猪和哺乳仔猪血清抗氧化指标的测定

采用试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)测定试验母猪和哺乳仔猪血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。

1.5.4 试验母猪和哺乳仔猪血清细胞因子含量的测定

采用ELISA试剂盒(江苏雨桐生物科技有限公司)测定试验母猪和哺乳仔猪血清中干扰素-α(IFN-α)、干扰素-β(IFN-β)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量。

1.5.5 试验母猪和哺乳仔猪血清免疫球蛋白含量的测定

采用ELISA试剂盒(上海酶联生物科技有限公司)测定试验母猪和哺乳仔猪血清中免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量。

1.6 数据统计与分析

使用Excel 2019初步整理试验数据,采用SPSS 26.0统计软件对试验数据进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并采用Duncan氏法进行组间多重比较检验,试验数据用平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示。P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义,0.05≤P<0.10表示差异具有变化趋势。

2 结果

2.1 复方刺五加散对母猪生产性能的影响

由表2可知,哺乳期母猪平均日采食量各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);与对照组相比,各剂量组的窝均产仔数、窝均活仔数、窝均健仔数、窝均弱仔数、窝均死胎数、窝均木乃伊数、窝均断奶仔猪数、初生个体重、初生窝重、21日龄断奶个体重和21日龄断奶窝重均无显著差异(P>0.05);中剂量组和高剂量组哺乳仔猪平均日增重有增加的趋势,但未达到显著水平(P=0.091)。
表2 复方刺五加散对母猪生产性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of compound Acanthopanax senticosus powder on performance of sows

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 低剂量组
Low dose
group		 中剂量组
Medium dose
group		 高剂量组
High dose
group		 P值
P-value
母猪数Number of sows/头 15 15 15 15
哺乳期母猪平均日采食量
ADFI of sows during lactation period/kg		 4.98±1.89 4.57±1.97 4.85±2.04 4.91±1.77 0.907
窝均产仔数Average litter size/头 11.53±2.28 11.47±1.71 11.73±3.07 11.08±2.43 0.951
窝均活仔数
Average litter number of live piglets/头		 10.33±2.44 10.93±1.73 10.73±2.77 10.33±2.72 0.895
窝均健仔数
Average litter number of healthy piglets/头		 10.13±2.53 10.80±1.76 10.53±2.70 10.33±2.72 0.905
窝均弱仔数
Average litter number of weak piglets/头		 0.20±0.40 0.13±0.34 0.20±0.40 0.00±0.00 0.468
窝均死胎数
Average litter number of stillbirths piglets/头		 0.93±1.24 0.53±0.88 0.67±0.87 0.67±1.11 0.783
窝均木乃伊数
Average litter number of mummified pig fetuses/头		 0.20±0.40 0.00±0.00 0.27±0.57 0.17±0.55 0.426
窝均断奶仔猪数
Average litter number of weaned piglets/头		 10.00±1.51 10.13±0.88 9.60±0.95 9.93±1.44 0.698
初生个体重Birth weight of piglets/kg 1.59±0.35 1.46±0.20 1.56±0.24 1.60±0.22 0.420
初生窝重Litter weight at birth/kg 14.91±4.43 14.42±3.31 14.96±3.69 12.91±5.15 0.245
21日龄断奶个体重
Weaning weight of piglets at 21 days of age/kg		 5.70±1.16 5.48±0.63 6.13±0.74 6.15±0.83 0.135
21日龄断奶窝重
Weaning litter weight at 21 days of age/kg		 57.34±14.07 55.50±7.92 58.71±8.22 61.84±9.87 0.917
哺乳仔猪平均日增重
ADG of suckling piglets/g		 198.68±50.82 193.30±30.96 216.97±38.50 229.59±48.75 0.091

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different lowercase letter superscripts mean significant differ-ence (P<0.05), while with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 复方刺五加散对母猪和哺乳仔猪血清生化指标的影响

由表3可知,在哺乳第1天,与对照组相比,低剂量组母猪血清ALB、IP含量显著升高(P<0.05),血清GLU含量显著降低(P<0.05);血清TP、AST、ALT、UN、Ca、TG、TC、HDL-C和LDL-C含量或活性各组之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。在哺乳第21天,与高剂量组相比,对照组、低剂量组和中剂量组母猪血清AST活性显著升高(P<0.05)。对于21日龄哺乳仔猪,与对照组相比,低剂量组血清TG含量显著升高(P<0.05);血清ALB、TP、AST、ALT、UN、GLU、Ca、IP、TC、HDL-C和LDL-C含量或活性各组之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表3 复方刺五加散对母猪和哺乳仔猪血清生化指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of compound Acanthopanax senticosus powder on serum biochemical indexes of sows and suckling piglets

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 低剂量组
Low dose
group		 中剂量组
Medium dose
group		 高剂量组
High dose
group		 P值
P-value
母猪哺乳第1天Sows at day 1 of lactation
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 36.65±0.92b 41.83±1.76a 39.10±1.81ab 38.37±1.45b 0.042
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 74.10±1.13 77.77±4.55 77.27±9.85 67.57±3.72 0.244
天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶AST/(U/L) 34.50±3.53 51.33±24.58 70.33±46.54 21.00±7.94 0.265
丙氨酸氨基转移酶ALT/(U/L) 38.50±2.21 40.67±8.08 41.67±10.79 25.67±2.31 0.102
尿素氮UN/(μmol/L) 4.47±0.38 5.70±0.18 5.48±1.37 5.88±0.47 0.321
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 5.19±0.28a 2.76±0.63b 3.75±1.11ab 4.71±0.27ab 0.023
钙Ca/(mmol/L) 2.60±0.01 2.64±0.04 2.39±0.01 2.49±0.22 0.136
无机磷IP/(mmol/L) 1.63±0.04c 2.63±0.32a 2.36±0.44ab 1.74±0.23bc 0.021
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 0.31±0.01 0.32±0.03 0.32±0.02 0.30±0.01 0.591
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 1.45±0.26 1.49±0.45 1.48±0.23 1.77±0.25 0.562
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) 0.71±0.08 0.54±0.14 0.58±0.05 0.61±0.23 0.571
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) 1.32±0.32 1.14±0.38 1.09±0.11 1.37±0.26 0.586
母猪哺乳第21天Sows at day 21 of lactation
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 38.93±2.00 42.10±1.21 41.30±1.45 40.30±0.36 0.102
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 73.90±5.41 78.47±1.99 76.03±0.67 71.93±2.21 0.138
天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶AST/(U/L) 38.00±4.36a 39.67±5.69a 40.67±4.04a 28.33±4.04b 0.038
丙氨酸氨基转移酶ALT/(U/L) 37.00±1.73 40.00±6.08 40.67±4.73 31.67±1.15 0.085
尿素氮UN/(μmol/L) 6.98±0.91 5.82±0.46 5.95±0.47 5.95±0.95 0.254
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 5.74±0.89 6.42±0.58 6.17±0.60 5.18±0.57 0.197
钙Ca/(mmol/L) 2.60±0.16 2.73±0.08 2.69±0.21 2.47±0.02 0.176
无机磷IP/(mmol/L) 1.80±0.04 1.75±0.10 2.07±0.53 1.72±0.11 0.432
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 0.36±0.10 0.34±0.05 0.39±0.04 0.35±0.05 0.761
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 1.76±0.16 1.78±0.23 1.74±0.20 1.79±0.15 0.988
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) 0.62±0.08 0.67±0.06 0.68±0.08 0.70±0.11 0.199
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) 1.10±0.21 1.36±0.25 1.30±0.12 1.44±0.20 0.268
21日龄哺乳仔猪Suckling piglets at 21 days of age
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 36.03±5.23 31.80±3.28 34.53±4.53 34.23±4.03 0.596
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 55.93±8.41 45.80±4.45 50.30±6.34 53.50±5.01 0.173
天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶AST/(U/L) 196.50±123.89 76.75±33.20 86.00±81.74 296.00±260.28 0.185
丙氨酸氨基转移酶ALT/(U/L) 62.50±24.89 45.00±6.38 48.25±12.69 58.25±19.48 0.468
尿素氮UN/(μmol/L) 4.45±0.58 3.92±0.63 3.83±0.60 4.18±0.48 0.446
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 5.02±0.99 6.94±0.31 6.16±0.76 5.84±0.28 0.110
钙Ca/(mmol/L) 2.92±0.29 2.75±0.10 3.03±0.40 2.80±0.13 0.452
无机磷IP/(mmol/L) 4.18±0.82 3.48±0.10 3.76±0.46 4.07±0.25 0.227
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 0.32±0.04b 0.55±0.17a 0.34±0.07b 0.35±0.11b 0.035
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 3.46±0.41 3.91±0.15 4.31±0.23 4.06±0.86 0.160
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) 1.20±0.25 1.44±0.08 1.43±0.27 1.18±0.23 0.237
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) 3.35±0.75 3.82±0.67 4.26±0.50 2.90±1.71 0.316

2.3 复方刺五加散对母猪和哺乳仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表4可知,在哺乳第1天,与对照组相比,各剂量组母猪血清SOD活性显著升高(P<0.05),同时MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05);母猪血清T-AOC、CAT和GSH-Px活性各组之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。在哺乳第21天,与对照组相比,低剂量组、中剂量组母猪血清CAT活性显著升高(P<0.05);高剂量组母猪血清T-AOC显著降低(P<0.05);母猪血清GSH-Px活性和MDA含量各组之间无显著差异(P<0.05),但低剂量组、中剂量组MDA含量有降低趋势(P=0.075)。在21日龄哺乳仔猪血清中,低剂量组T-AOC显著高于对照组、中剂量组和高剂量组(P<0.05);CAT、GSH-Px、SOD活性与MDA含量各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),但各剂量组SOD活性较对照组均有升高的趋势(P=0.083),低剂量组、中剂量组MDA含量较对照组有降低趋势(P=0.081)。
表4 复方刺五加散对母猪和哺乳仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 4 Effect of compound Acanthopanax senticosus powder on serum antioxidant indexes of sows and suckling piglets

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 低剂量组
Low dose
group		 中剂量组
Medium dose
group		 高剂量组
High dose
group		 P值
P-value
母猪哺乳第1天Sows at day 1 of lactation
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) 5.47±1.02 6.79±0.36 5.78±0.97 5.55±0.88 0.275
过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) 0.15±0.09 0.41±0.13 0.33±0.15 0.15±0.03 0.126
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) 3.27±0.55 4.73±2.58 5.09±1.26 3.82±1.09 0.503
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) 67.62±5.91b 82.14±3.24a 81.78±7.32a 83.33±3.37a 0.019
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 5.57±2.04a 1.93±0.77b 2.64±0.45b 2.79±0.98b 0.028
母猪哺乳第21天Sows at day 21 of lactation
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) 6.48±2.09ab 8.07±0.69a 7.72±0.70a 4.07±2.04b 0.048
过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) 0.19±0.02c 0.54±0.08a 0.36±0.08b 0.10±0.04c <0.001
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) 2.91±1.26 3.73±0.89 3.19±1.04 2.91±0.83 0.736
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) 77.74±7.89 84.90±5.53 80.89±3.01 69.41±5.05 0.050
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 2.50±0.33 1.68±0.37 1.51±0.36 1.86±0.54 0.075
21日龄哺乳仔猪Suckling piglets at 21 days of age
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) 7.99±1.92b 12.30±0.95a 8.73±2.27b 7.80±2.37b 0.023
过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) 0.49±0.27 0.39±0.23 0.51±0.23 0.61±0.21 0.684
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) 2.36±1.14 2.45±1.04 3.27±0.94 3.14±1.03 0.591
超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) 66.07±10.48 78.00±4.84 79.16±1.99 72.92±5.12 0.083
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 5.14±1.83 2.52±0.95 2.86±1.10 4.39±1.38 0.081

2.4 复方刺五加散对母猪和哺乳仔猪血清细胞因子含量的影响

由表5可知,在哺乳第1天,与对照组相比,中剂量组、高剂量组母猪血清IFN-β含量显著升高(P<0.05),并呈剂量依赖性,低剂量组、中剂量组母猪血清IL-2含量显著升高(P<0.05),各剂量组母猪血清IL-1β、IL-6含量均显著降低(P<0.05);母猪血清IFN-α、IFN-γ含量各组之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。在哺乳第21天,与对照组相比,中剂量组、高剂量组母猪血清IFN-γ含量显著降低(P<0.05),各剂量组母猪血清IL-1β含量均显著降低(P<0.05),高剂量组母猪血清IL-2含量显著降低(P<0.05),低剂量组、高剂量组母猪血清IL-6含量显著降低(P<0.05);母猪血清IFN-α和IFN-β含量各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。在21日龄哺乳仔猪血清中,与对照组相比,各剂量组IFN-γ、IL-6含量均显著降低(P<0.05),低剂量组、高剂量组IL-2含量显著降低(P<0.05);IFN-α、IFN-β和IL-1β含量各组之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5 复方刺五加散对母猪和哺乳仔猪血清细胞因子含量的影响

Table 5 Effects of compound Acanthopanax senticosus powder on serum cytokine contents of sows and suckling piglets pg/mL

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 低剂量组
Low dose
group		 中剂量组
Medium dose
group		 高剂量组
High dose
group		 P值
P-value
母猪哺乳第1天Sows at day 1 of lactation
干扰素-α IFN-α 258.17±53.06 260.88±44.08 207.33±61.11 279.79±25.69 0.351
干扰素-β IFN-β 117.63±35.70c 134.17±31.97bc 180.67±25.95ab 194.34±16.16a 0.031
干扰素-γ IFN-γ 29.04±5.83 25.69±5.90 26.70±5.42 32.54±4.88 0.478
白细胞介素-1β IL-1β 131.31±6.37a 70.57±10.63b 32.33±10.25c 35.90±6.48c <0.001
白细胞介素-2 IL-2 151.68±25.55b 278.09±45.19a 220.51±33.77a 124.61±20.81b 0.002
白细胞介素-6 IL-6 74.48±8.59a 47.40±7.59bc 59.22±7.22b 40.03±6.61c 0.003
母猪哺乳第21天Sows at day 21 of lactation
干扰素-α IFN-α 281.30±30.68 288.30±7.24 285.64±27.30 287.52±13.05 0.979
干扰素-β IFN-β 144.86±14.55 215.41±58.93 160.10±15.69 152.93±17.23 0.101
干扰素-γ IFN-γ 53.93±3.50a 48.14±7.13ab 38.53±7.04bc 29.97±3.82c 0.004
白细胞介素-1β IL-1β 120.42±22.92a 33.67±7.94b 34.18±7.66b 33.03±1.91b <0.001
白细胞介素-2 IL-2 225.56±34.01a 255.71±20.19a 226.98±26.21a 88.20±30.54b <0.001
白细胞介素-6 IL-6 56.47±6.74a 39.21±7.76b 44.43±10.30ab 14.45±7.77c 0.002
21日龄哺乳仔猪Suckling piglets at 21 days of age
干扰素-α IFN-α 120.30±19.58 98.74±28.86 129.00±27.34 116.22±21.74 0.401
干扰素-β IFN-β 32.13±8.96 55.35±13.06 44.14±14.09 58.75±21.07 0.100
干扰素-γ IFN-γ 55.17±1.55a 27.71±3.21c 36.56±5.22b 39.50±1.99b <0.001
白细胞介素-1β IL-1β 137.78±9.52 99.98±30.16 119.36±20.45 141.68±18.03 0.055
白细胞介素-2 IL-2 245.08±36.38a 69.56±31.78c 217.24±34.90a 127.88±24.16b <0.001
白细胞介素-6 IL-6 73.74±4.40a 11.46±7.05d 56.55±10.06b 25.48±5.23c <0.001

2.5 复方刺五加散对母猪和哺乳仔猪血清免疫球蛋白含量的影响

由表6可知,在哺乳第1天,与对照组相比,低剂量组母猪血清IgA、IgM、IgG含量升高,其中IgG含量的升高程度达到显著水平(P<0.05);中剂量组、高剂量组母猪血清IgA、IgM、IgG含量均显著升高(P<0.05),并呈剂量依赖性。在哺乳第21天,与对照组相比,低剂量组、中剂量组母猪血清IgG含量显著升高(P<0.05),且IgA和IgM含量均有升高趋势(P=0.083、P=0.056)。在21日龄哺乳仔猪血清中,与对照组相比,低剂量组、中剂量组IgA、IgM、IgG含量均显著升高(P<0.05),高剂量组IgA含量显著升高(P<0.05)。
表6 复方刺五加散对母猪和哺乳仔猪血清免疫球蛋白含量的影响

Table 6 Effects of compound Acanthopanax senticosus powder on serum immunoglobulin contents of sows and suckling piglets

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 低剂量组
Low dose
group		 中剂量组
Medium dose
group		 高剂量组
High dose
group		 P值
P-value
母猪哺乳第1天Sows at day 1 of lactation
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) 294.46±27.70b 373.51±64.99b 497.63±23.39a 533.35±58.15a 0.001
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(mg/mL) 4.94±1.27b 6.94±0.58b 11.25±1.48a 12.30±0.87a <0.001
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/mL) 11.64±2.07c 16.54±0.68b 21.53±1.16a 18.23±1.62b <0.001
母猪哺乳第21天Sows at day 21 of lactation
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) 444.45±59.22 505.48±7.52 521.01±15.26 475.93±21.60 0.083
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(mg/mL) 10.53±1.51 13.12±0.50 13.06±1.63 11.23±0.38 0.056
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/mL) 16.19±1.38b 21.55±1.16a 22.81±1.73a 16.34±1.76b 0.001
21日龄哺乳仔猪Suckling piglets at 21 days of age
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) 371.66±49.74b 481.08±77.28a 545.19±40.21a 460.21±54.61a 0.008
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(mg/mL) 7.30±2.42b 13.95±3.06a 13.47±1.33a 9.64±2.42b 0.005
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/mL) 13.38±3.37b 18.11±1.12a 19.90±2.60a 16.96±2.42ab 0.020

3 讨论

3.1 复方刺五加散对母猪生产性能以及血清生化指标的影响

在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加刺五加提取物可增加平均日增重,降低料重比,提高生产性能[11]。在妊娠后期母猪饲粮中添加以女贞子为主药的“复方女贞子散”,可增加母猪的产仔成活率、仔猪的初生重和断奶重[12]。本试验结果显示,在妊娠第80天至哺乳第21天母猪饲粮中添加复方刺五加散对母猪的生产性能无显著影响,但添加复方刺五加散中剂量组、高剂量组仔猪的平均日增重具有增长的趋势,说明复方刺五加散可通过母猪对哺乳仔猪的生长性能产生一定的积极影响。
血清生化指标的变化与机体的新陈代谢密切相关,不仅反映机体内营养物质的代谢情况,也能反映某些组织、器官机能的变化[13]。血清ALB、TP和UN含量能反映动物机体蛋白质代谢的强弱,血清ALT和AST活性用于判断肝脏功能。本试验中,饲粮添加复方刺五加散可显著提高母猪血清ALB含量,但对哺乳仔猪血清TP、UN含量无显著影响,提示其能增强母猪的蛋白质代谢;对母猪以及哺乳仔猪血清ALT和AST活性无显著影响,说明其不会损伤母猪与仔猪的肝脏功能。越橘提取物可以改善肝脏脂质代谢基因的表达,减少细胞内TG的积累[14],但复方刺五加散对母猪及哺乳仔猪血清TG、Ca、P、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C含量均无显著影响。

3.2 复方刺五加散对母猪和哺乳仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响

母猪在妊娠、分娩和哺乳过程中,生理状态和代谢发生急剧变化,抗氧化能力的下降导致脂质过氧化诱导细胞氧化应激反应,造成组织损伤[15]。血清中T-AOC及CAT、SOD、GSH-Px活性与MDA含量是评价机体抗氧化能力的重要指标。复方刺五加散中的刺五加、女贞子和越橘均具有显著的抗氧化能力。刺五加中的刺五加苷可提高急性肝损伤小鼠肝脏组织中CAT、SOD、GSH-Px活性,抑制MDA产生,从而改善氧化应激状态[16]。酒女贞子可增强肝肾阴虚大鼠肝脏与肾脏组织中CAT和GSH-Px活性,并降低MDA含量[17];在饲粮中添加100和400 mg/kg越橘提取物可提高黄羽肉鸡肝脏、空肠黏膜和血浆中抗氧化酶的活性[18]。本试验中,复方刺五加散可以提高母猪血清中T-AOC、CAT和SOD活性,并显著降低母猪血清中MDA含量,改善了母猪的抗氧化功能,这与团队前期研究得出的复方刺五加散可提高小鼠抗氧化功能的效果[19]一致。这可能是复方刺五加散中的齐墩果酸螯合了氧自由基产生过程中的过渡金属离子,从源头上抑制自由基的产生;此外,复方刺五加散中的刺五加苷E、紫丁香苷等具有抗氧化活性的物质可以直接与自由基反应或中断自由基的链式反应[20];同时,刺五加提取物可以间接通过影响抗氧化酶的合成来提高抗氧化功能[21]。另外,本试验中的复方刺五加散具有提高仔猪血清SOD活性、T-AOC,降低仔猪血清MDA含量的趋势,且低、中剂量的复方刺五加散改善机体抗氧化能力的效果最佳,这与哺乳第21天母猪血清抗氧化能力的变化趋势基本一致,提示复方刺五加散后可能通过母猪胎盘或乳汁的途径传递抗氧化物质,从而提高仔猪的抗氧化能力。

3.3 复方刺五加散对母猪和哺乳仔猪血清细胞因子含量的影响

细胞因子是由淋巴细胞、单核-巨噬细胞以及相关免疫细胞产生的具有免疫调节功能的小分子多肽或蛋白质类物质,可以充分反映血清的免疫状态。母猪在分娩时可能遭受组织损伤和感染,并有可能引起炎症,增加促炎因子IL-1β和IL-6等的产生,导致发热、细胞凋亡和氧化损伤[22];当机体受损时,辅助性T1细胞(TH1)的活化和数量增加,导致由TH1分泌的IL-2、IFN-γ含量升高[23]。本试验中,相较于哺乳第1天,在哺乳第21天对照组、低剂量组和高剂量组母猪血清细胞因子含量均有所变化,在对照组中母猪血清IFN-γ、IL-2含量上升,提示母猪可能发生炎症反应或免疫应答,但中剂量组中母猪血清细胞因子含量稳定,推测产后未发生显著炎症或免疫反应。研究发现,刺五加提取物具有显著降低肠道炎症小鼠血清中IL-1β和IL-6含量,从而减轻炎症程度的作用[24]。本试验中,各剂量组母猪血清中IL-1β、IL-6和IFN-γ含量均有所下降,提示复方刺五加散具有降低母猪产后机体炎症反应的能力,这可能与刺五加和女贞子中的抗炎成分有关。紫丁香苷可显著降低猪小肠上皮细胞J2中促炎细胞因子IL-6和IFN-γ的相对表达量[25];刺五加苷E能降低高海拔诱发心脏损伤大鼠心脏组织中炎症蛋白NOD样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)/半胱天冬酶-1(Caspase-1)的表达,来减少促炎细胞因子IL-1β的释放[26];此外,齐墩果酸可通过降低鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染小鼠Toll样受体4(TLR4)的表达来抑制核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路的激活,从而减少IL-1β和IL-6的分泌[27]。上述结果提示复方刺五加散可能通过影响细胞因子的基因表达、信号转导和合成与分泌来调节免疫功能。本试验中哺乳仔猪血清中IFN-α、IFN-β、IFN-γ、IL-1β、IL-2和IL-6含量变化的趋势与母猪血清中一致,表明仔猪受母猪免疫状态的影响;低剂量组仔猪血清中IL-2和IL-6较母猪下降更多,可能低剂量组仔猪受到炎症反应的影响更小。

3.4 复方刺五加散对母猪和哺乳仔猪血清免疫球蛋白含量的影响

免疫球蛋白是反映动物体液免疫机能的重要指标,其中IgA可清除呼吸道、消化道等黏膜上皮的病原体,IgG具有抗菌抗病毒作用,IgM具有激活补体的功能[28]。刺五加提取物可促进镉中毒小鼠脾脏中巨噬细胞、B淋巴细胞和T淋巴细胞数量的增加[29],显著提高断奶仔猪血清中IgG和IgM的含量[11]。本试验中,各剂量组母猪在哺乳第1天血清中免疫球蛋白含量均高于对照组,提示复方刺五加散具有增强母猪免疫力的效果;在哺乳第21天母猪和21日龄哺乳仔猪的血清中,低、中剂量组的IgA、IgG和IgM含量显著升高,而高剂量组没有显著变化,表明复方刺五加散增强母猪的免疫功能后,通过乳汁途径影响仔猪,同时,高剂量组母猪由于过量摄入复方刺五加散,降低了其在哺乳后期增强免疫的效果[30]。这可能与刺五加和女贞子中的具有免疫调节的生物活性物质相关。女贞子多糖可增强中性粒细胞吞噬功能,活化B淋巴细胞和T淋巴细胞[31];女贞子可降低围产期奶牛血液中性粒细胞比例,提高淋巴细胞比例,其含有的齐墩果酸对中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网释放具有增强作用[32];紫丁香苷具有抑制补体的经典活化途径的C3转化酶、增加血清中的IgG含量和活化巨噬细胞等作用[33]。因此,复方刺五加散可能通过调控免疫细胞组成比例、促进免疫细胞增殖、促进抗体的生成和增强免疫细胞功能等多种途径对母猪产生积极的免疫调节作用。

4 结论

综上所述,复方刺五加散对母猪和哺乳仔猪的健康状况无不良影响,但可增强母猪与哺乳仔猪的抗氧化与免疫功能,在本试验条件下,以0.5 kg/t的添加量最为适宜。

感谢湖南省普通高等学校科技创新团队支持计划和湖南省兽药工程技术研究中心对本研究的支持。

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