1 材料与方法
1.1 试验原料及饲粮
表1 玉米DDGS原料营养成分(干物质基础)Table 1 Nutrients of corn DDGS raw material (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 玉米DDGS编号Corn DDGS number | 平均值 Mean | 变异系数 CV | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||
| 干物质(烘干基础) DM (drying basis) | 90.10 | 89.50 | 85.20 | 87.20 | 88.00 | 2.55 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 31.04 | 31.36 | 26.47 | 30.83 | 29.92 | 7.74 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 12.32 | 3.02 | 8.69 | 11.24 | 8.82 | 47.14 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 4.66 | 5.25 | 4.58 | 5.39 | 4.97 | 8.25 |
| 淀粉ST | 4.11 | 5.03 | 4.70 | 4.93 | 4.69 | 0.88 |
| 粗纤维CF | 10.43 | 8.94 | 12.68 | 10.55 | 10.65 | 14.44 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 32.30 | 39.11 | 29.23 | 27.87 | 32.12 | 15.60 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 12.99 | 13.18 | 13.38 | 13.53 | 13.27 | 1.79 |
| 总能GE/(MJ/kg) | 22.81 | 20.97 | 22.82 | 22.44 | 22.26 | 3.94 |
表2 饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 试验饲粮Experimental diets | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||||||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||||||
| 玉米Corn | 59.35 | 47.15 | 47.15 | 47.15 | 47.15 | ||||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 20.60 | 16.37 | 16.37 | 16.37 | 16.37 | ||||||
| 玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal | 2.00 | 1.59 | 1.59 | 1.59 | 1.59 | ||||||
| 花生粕Peanut meal | 4.00 | 3.18 | 3.18 | 3.18 | 3.18 | ||||||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 6.00 | 4.76 | 4.76 | 4.76 | 4.76 | ||||||
| 玉米DDGS Corn DDGS | 4.00 | 3.18 | 3.18 | 3.18 | 3.18 | ||||||
| 待测玉米DDGS Test corn DDGS | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | |||||||
| 赖氨酸Lys (70%) | 0.96 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | ||||||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | ||||||
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | ||||||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | ||||||
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | ||||||
| 腐植酸钠Sodium humate | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | ||||||
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride (60%) | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | ||||||
| 小苏打NaHCO3 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||||
| 丙酸钙Calcium propionate | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||||||
| 石粉Limestone | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.92 | ||||||
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | ||||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||||||||
| 干物质(烘干基础) DM (drying basis) | 92.20 | 92.70 | 90.10 | 91.10 | 89.40 | ||||||
| 总能GE/(MJ/kg) | 20.28 | 20.75 | 21.34 | 21.03 | 21.42 | ||||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 21.77 | 24.01 | 23.53 | 22.34 | 23.02 | ||||||
| 粗脂肪EE | 10.09 | 10.14 | 8.32 | 9.77 | 10.07 | ||||||
| 粗纤维CF | 5.21 | 6.69 | 5.66 | 3.07 | 3.24 | ||||||
| 粗灰分Ash | 4.56 | 4.96 | 4.99 | 5.05 | 5.15 | ||||||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 9.00 | 14.02 | 14.87 | 16.47 | 16.55 | ||||||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 5.53 | 6.80 | 5.88 | 5.05 | 5.03 | ||||||
| 淀粉ST | 4.71 | 3.70 | 3.76 | 3.89 | 3.84 | ||||||
| 钙Ca | 0.61 | ||||||||||
| 总磷TP | 0.46 | ||||||||||
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 12 500 IU,VB1 0.01 mg,VB2 8.00 mg,VB6 4.5 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,VD3 3 500 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 3 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.5 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 12 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 34 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 80 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 80 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.70 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.30 mg。 | |
2)营养水平为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.2 试验设计
1.3 饲养管理和样品采集
1.4 家禽12室联排开路式呼吸测热装置
1.5 样品测定及方法
1.6 计算公式
采食量(kg);
粪能(MJ)]/采食量(kg);
总产热量(kJ);
能(MJ/kg)-氮沉积量(kg)×34.39;
6.25×23.84;
蛋白质沉积能(MJ);
热增耗(MJ)]/采食量(kg)。
5.02×CO2生成量(L)。
有效能×a(%)]/b(%)。
1.7 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 玉米DDGS原料的营养成分
2.2 肉鸡玉米DDGS原料的有效能值和能量转化效率
表3 肉鸡玉米DDGS原料的有效能值和能量转化效率(干物质基础)Table 3 Effective energy values and energy conversion efficiency of corn DDGS raw material in broilers (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 玉米DDGS编号Corn DDGS number | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||
| 有效能值Effective energy values/(MJ/kg) | ||||||
| 表观代谢能AME | 16.05 | 18.73 | 18.73 | 18.36 | 0.56 | 0.27 |
| 氮校正表观代谢能AMEn | 15.96 | 18.72 | 18.68 | 18.38 | 0.56 | 0.25 |
| 净能NE | 12.52 | 15.18 | 14.74 | 12.86 | 0.80 | 0.61 |
| 能量转化效率Energy conversion efficiency/% | ||||||
| 表观代谢能/总能AME/GE | 70.35 | 89.33 | 82.07 | 81.84 | 2.81 | 0.08 |
| 净能/表观代谢能NE/AME | 78.88 | 80.86 | 79.43 | 69.08 | 3.98 | 0.70 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.3 玉米DDGS原料营养成分含量与有效能值相关性分析及净能预测方程
表4 玉米DDGS原料营养成分含量与有效能值相关性分析Table 4 Correlation analysis of nutrient contents and effective energy values of corn DDGS raw material |
| 项目 Items | 粗蛋 白质 CP | 粗脂肪 EE | 粗灰分 Ash | 淀粉 ST | 粗纤维 CF | 中性洗 涤纤维 NDF | 酸性洗 涤纤维 ADF | 总能 GE | 表观 代谢能 AME | 氮校 正表观 代谢能 AMEn | 净能 NE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质CP | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| 粗脂肪EE | -0.06 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| 粗灰分Ash | 0.63** | -0.32* | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 淀粉ST | 0.12 | -0.66** | 0.74** | 1.00 | |||||||
| 粗纤维CF | -0.92** | 0.45** | -0.66** | -0.24 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 0.47** | -0.80** | 0.20 | 0.20 | -0.75** | 1.00 | |||||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | -0.36* | 0.05 | 0.44** | 0.67** | 0.38* | -0.59** | 1.00 | ||||
| 总能GE | -0.49** | 0.89** | -0.63** | -0.65** | 0.79** | -0.86** | 0.11 | 1.00 | |||
| 表观代谢能AME | -0.37* | -0.64** | 0.43** | 0.92** | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.72** | -0.45** | 1.00 | ||
| 氮校正表观代谢能 AMEn | -0.35* | -0.64** | 0.45** | 0.93** | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.73** | -0.46** | 1.00** | 1.00 | |
| 净能NE | -0.38* | -0.90** | 0.01 | 0.60** | -0.01 | 0.54 | 0.10 | -0.61** | 0.75** | 0.74** | 1.00 |
*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01。 | |
* mean P<0.05, and ** mean P<0.01. |
表5 肉鸡玉米DDGS净能预测逐步回归方程(干物质基础)Table 5 Net energy prediction stepwise regression equation for corn DDGS in broilers (DM basis) |
| 编号No. | 预测方程Prediction equation | 决定系数R2 | P值P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 净能=12.455-0.359×粗脂肪+0.425×粗纤维 | 0.999 | P<0.01 |
表6 肉鸡玉米DDGS净能预测值与实测值比较(干物质基础)Table 6 Comparison of predicted and measured values of net energy of corn DDGS in broilers (DM basis) MJ/kg |
| 项目 Items | 玉米DDGS编号Corn DDGS number | 平均值 Mean | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
| 实测值Measured values | 12.52 | 15.18 | 14.74 | 12.86 | 13.83 |
| 预测值Predicted values | 12.47 | 15.17 | 14.72 | 12.90 | 13.82 |
| 差值Difference | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.02 | -0.04 | 0.01 |
| 相对标准偏差RSD/% | 0.002 8 | 0.000 5 | 0.001 0 | 0.002 2 | 0.000 5 |
2.4 不同饲粮对肉鸡生长性能、氮平衡和能量代谢的影响
表7 不同饲粮对肉鸡生长性能和氮平衡的影响Table 7 Effects of different diets on growth performance and nitrogen balance of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 试验饲粮Experimental diets | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||||
| 生长性能Growth performance | |||||||
| 体重BW/g | 1 502.33 | 1 446.60 | 1 481.80 | 1 454.17 | 1 499.45 | 8.65 | 0.13 |
| 采食量FI/(g/d DM) | 129.69a | 120.32ab | 108.24bc | 111.34bc | 103.82c | 2.64 | <0.01 |
| 体增重BW gain/(g/d) | 104.33a | 92.93ab | 112.00a | 97.44a | 73.37b | 4.09 | <0.01 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.24b | 1.30ab | 0.98c | 1.15b | 1.42a | 0.04 | <0.01 |
| 呼吸量Respiratory capacity | |||||||
| 氧气消耗量 O2 consumption/[L/(kg BW0.70·d)] | 45.04 | 42.95 | 40.22 | 40.54 | 40.76 | 0.67 | 0.16 |
| 二氧化碳产生量 CO2 production/[L/(kg BW0.70·d)] | 46.39a | 41.75b | 38.67b | 38.99b | 40.29b | 0.77 | 0.01 |
| 呼吸熵RQ | 1.03 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0.28 |
| 氮平衡Nitrogen balance/(g/d) | |||||||
| 氮摄入量Nitrogen intake | 4.52ab | 4.62a | 4.07bc | 3.98c | 3.83c | 0.10 | 0.01 |
| 氮排出量Nitrogen excreta | 1.42 | 1.64 | 1.46 | 1.33 | 1.43 | 0.04 | 0.19 |
| 氮沉积量Nitrogen retained | 3.09a | 2.99a | 2.62b | 2.65b | 2.39b | 0.07 | <0.01 |
表8 不同饲粮对肉鸡能量代谢的影响Table 8 Effects of different diets on energy metabolism of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 试验饲粮Experimental diets | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||||
| 能量平衡Energy balance/[kJ/(kg BW0.70·d)] | |||||||
| 总产热量THP | 961.57 | 904.53 | 844.85 | 851.76 | 861.65 | 14.28 | 0.08 |
| 热增耗HI | 511.57 | 454.53 | 394.85 | 401.76 | 411.65 | 14.28 | 0.08 |
| 沉积能RE | 588.73a | 550.66a | 506.53ab | 549.21a | 408.84b | 19.87 | 0.02 |
| 蛋白质沉积能RE as protein | 347.21a | 343.97a | 296.20b | 303.73b | 268.65c | 8.02 | <0.01 |
| 脂肪沉积能RE as fat | 241.53 | 206.69 | 210.32 | 245.48 | 140.19 | 14.60 | 0.14 |
| 总能摄入量GEI | 1 978.33a | 1 928.09ab | 1 752.46bc | 1 800.35abc | 1 674.82c | 35.49 | 0.02 |
| 表观代谢能摄入量AMEI | 1 550.30a | 1 455.19ab | 1 351.37bc | 1 400.96bc | 1 270.49c | 27.16 | <0.01 |
| 净能摄入量NEI | 1 038.73a | 1 000.66a | 956.53ab | 999.21a | 858.84b | 19.87 | 0.02 |
| 有效能值Effective energy values/(MJ/kg DM) | |||||||
| 表观代谢能AME | 15.89a | 15.67b | 16.45a | 16.38a | 16.28ab | 0.11 | 0.04 |
| 氮校正表观代谢能AMEn | 15.78ab | 15.57b | 16.36a | 16.29a | 16.20ab | 0.11 | 0.04 |
| 净能NE | 10.65 | 10.78 | 11.64 | 11.70 | 11.02 | 0.15 | 0.10 |
| 能量转化效率Energy conversion efficiency/% | |||||||
| 表观代谢能/总能AME/GE | 78.35 | 75.50 | 77.11 | 77.89 | 76.00 | 0.41 | 0.23 |
| 净能/表观代谢能NE/AME | 67.06 | 68.80 | 70.70 | 71.44 | 67.65 | 0.72 | 0.33 |
